CONTENTS

Grain Size analysis 1 Consistency limits Specific gravity 1 Permeability tests Unconfined compression test 1 Direct shear test 1 Core cutter and sand replacement 1 Compaction test California bearing ratio test 1

10.Consolidation test

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY SIEVE ANALYSIS Exp No:

AIM: To determine the grain size distribution of a soil by sieve analysis as per IS:2720(Part-4). APPARATUS: Sieves-100mm , 63mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.4mm, 1.2mm, 600m,300m,150 m,75 m,

Date:

Trays, brushes for cleaning sieves. PROCEDURE: Obtain 500g of oven dried sample

Take a certain quantity of soil and separate the soil fraction passing and retain on the 4.75mm sieve Conduct a separate sieve analysis test for each fraction

Sieve the soil retained on 4.75mm sieve by hand sieving through the following sets of sieves 100mm, 63mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm. Agitate the sieve while sieving such that the soil sample rolls in irregular motion over the sieve. Rub the sample with rubber pestle. Record the mass of material retained on each sieve. If the soil contains more than about 20% of gravel particle with cohesive particle. SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS : IS SIEVE NO PARTICLE SIZE(mm) MASS OF SOIL RETAINED PERCENTAGE RETAINED CUMULATIVE % RETAINED PERCENTAGE FINER 20mm

10mm

4.75mm

2mm

1mm

600 m

300 m

150 m

75 m

Pan

Total mass of the soil taken = GRAPH: Plot a graph for particle size distribution and percentage finer on semi log graph and plot the values of D60, D30, D10. CALCULATION: Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) = D60/D10 = Coefficient of curvature (Cc) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = RESULT:

D10 D60 Cu Cc Gravel

= = = = = = =

Sand , silt and clay Percentage finer INFERENCE:

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT & PLASTIC LIMIT

AIM: To determine the liquid limit of a soil using a mechanical limit device as per IS 2720 : Part 5 : 1985. APPARATUS: Mechanical liquid limit device Grooving tools Evaporating dish Spatula Palette Knives Balance of 0.01g sensitivity Wash Bottle or beaker Apparatus for water content determination PROCEDURE:

 Clean and check the liquid limit device to see that it is working order .Also clean the grooving tools. Use a gauge or the handle of the grooving tools and the adjusting plate of the liquid limit device such that the cup falls exactly 10mm for one revolution of the handle. After adjusting, secure the plate by tightening the screw. Weight about 120g of the soil sample passing 425m IS sieve and transfers it to an evaporating dish or on the flat glass plate. Mix the soil with distilled water to form a uniform paste.

Take a portion of the paste in the cup (of the liquid limit device) above the spot where the cup rests on the base ,squeeze down ,spread into position ,and level to a depth of 10mm at a point of maximum thickness. Divide the soil in the cup by firmly running tool diametrically such that a sharp groove is formed. Use type B or C grooving tools for non-adhesive soils. Add a small quantity of soil from the evaporating dish, mix it thoroughly and repeat step-6 and 5 until two consecutive runs give the same no of drops for closure of the groove. Take a representative slice of the soil sample, about the width of the spatula, at right angles to the groove, including that portion of the groove in which the soil flowed together, for water content determination. Transfer the remaining soil to the evaporation dish and add more water to soil to change the consistency of the paste. Repeat the steps 5 to 8 for 4 to 5 times and record the number of drops required to close the groove in the range of 15 to 35. COMPUTATION AND RESULTS: Plot the number of drops on the logarithmic scale and water content on an arithmetic scale and join them by a straight line. Such a curve is called a flow curve. Read the moisture content corresponding to 25 drops from the curve and repeat it to the nearest whole number as the liquid limit (WL of the solid). Extend the flow curve on either side and find the slope of the line as defined in water content at N1 and N2 drops and repeat it as flow index If .

S No.

Description

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

1.

Weight of the empty can, W1 (g)

2.

Weight of can + Weight of wet soil, W2 (g)

3.

Weight of can + weight of dry soil, W3 (g)

4.

Water Content, w =

5.

Number of blows as observed, n

FLOW INDEX:

If= (W2 W1)

_____________

log10(N2/N1)

Where

W1=the water content corresponding to N1 drops W2=the water content corresponding to N2 drops

RESULTS

The liquid limit of the given soil sample is = The flow index of the given soil sample is =

PLASTIC LIMIT
AIM: To determine the plastic limit of a soil as per IS 2720: Part 5 : 1985 APPARATUS: Evaporating dish or flat glass plate Palette knife or spatula Surface for rolling ground plate about 200mm * 150mm Balance of 0.01g sensitivity Rod -3mm in diameter and bout 100mm long Apparatus for water content determination PROCEDURE: Take about 20gm of soil passing through 425m IS sieve in an evaporation dish or glass plate add distilled water and thoroughly mix such that the soil mass becomes plastic enough to be easily molded with the fingers. For clayey soil allow sufficient time for moisture equilibrium. Take about 8g of thin wet soil, make a ball out of it, and roll it on glass plate with the palm of the hand to form a thread of uniform diameter. Continue the rolling till the thread is of 3mm diameter. Knead the soil together to form a uniform means and rolls again. Continue the kneading until the thread just crumble at 3mm diameter. Repeat 1 to 3 steps to obtain more determination of the plastic limit.

COMPUTATION: If mean water content obtained from these trails is the plastic limit of the soil (Wp).The indices are calculated, Plasticity index=

Water content=

SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOIL

AIM: To determine the shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkage of soils. APPARATUS: Evaporating dishes, spatula, shrinkage dish-45mm diameter and 15mm height, straight edge150mm in length, glass plates, plain and with metal prongs-75mmX75mm,3mm thick, glass cup 50-55mm in diameter and 25mm in height, sieve 425m IS sieve, balance of 0.1g sensitivity, mercury, desiccators-with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid. Procedure: Clean the shrinkage dish and weigh it (M1). Fill the dish with mercury. Remove the excess mercury by pressing a glass plate over the top of the dish. Weigh the mercury, divide it by the density of mercury and obtain the volume of the dish which is the volume of the wet soil (V). Take about 30g of soil passing the 425 m IS sieve in an evaporating dish and thoroughly mix with water of an amount slightly greater than the liquid limit. The soil water mix should be capable of flowing if allowed to drop. Coat the inside of shrinkage dish with a thin layer of grease and fill one third of the dish with soil water mixture. Tap the dish on a firm surface, cushioned by several layers of blotting paper, rubber sheet or similar material. In three operations, completely fill the dish. Strike off the excess soil-paste with a straight edge, clean the outside surface and weigh (M2).

 Dry the soil pat until the color changes from dark to light and then dry it in a temperature controlled oven. After drying, cool it in air and weigh the shrinkage dish and dry the soil pat (M3). Fill the glass cup with mercury and remove the excess mercury by pressing the glass plate with three prongs firmly over the top of the cup. Place the glass cup with mercury in a large evaporating dish and place the dry soil pat on the surface of the mercury. Force the soil pat under the mercury carefully by means of the glass plate with the prongs so that the soil pat is completely submerged in mercury. Collect the displaced mercury, weigh it and find its volume which is the volume of the dry soil pat (V0).

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Moisture content of wet soil pat; w = x100 Shrinkage Limit Ws=[w-((V-V0)/M0)]*100 Shrinkage Index Is= Ip-Ws Shrinkage Ratio R= Mo /Vo Volumetric Shrinkage(Vs)= (W1-W2)*R Determination no: 1 2 3 1.Mass of shrinkage dish (M1)g

2. Mass of shrinkage dish with wet soil(M2)g

3. Mass of shrinkage dish with dry soil pat(M3)g

4. Mass of dry soil pat M0=M3-M1 g

5. Mass of wet soil M=M2-M1

6. Water content(%wt)

7. Mass of shrinkage cup wit mercury(g)

8. Mass of mercury only(g)

9.volume of shrinkage dish=volume of wet soil(V)ml

10. mass of displaced mercury(g)

11. volume of dry soil pat(V0) ml

12. shrinkage limit(remolded soil) ws=(w-()x100)%

Result: The shrinkage limit of the soil is ..% OVERALL INFERENCE(LL, PL&SL):

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS Exp No:

AIM: To determine the specific gravity of soil solids as per IS:2720(Part -3(1&2)). APPARATUS: Density bottle with stopper, Pycnometer(glass jar with rubber bun), ground glass plate, hot water bath, glass rod, wash bottle. DEFINITION: The specific gravity of soil grains (or solids) usually called (G) is the ratio of the weight in air of the given volume of dry soil solids at a stated temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at the stated temperature. PROCEDURE: Density Bottle Method: Clean and dry the density bottle Weigh the empty density bottle with stopper to the nearest 0.001g(W1)

Date:

Transfer about 1/3rd (about 10 to 20 grams) of soil sample oven dried at 105-110oC and passing through 2mm IS sieve to the bottle and weigh to nearest 0.001g(W2). Add air free distilled water into the bottle such that the soil in the bottle is fully covered(W3).

 Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it. Fill the bottle with only distilled water and weigh it. Let it be (W4) Glass jar(Pycnometer) method: Weigh a clean and dry glass jar and ground glass plate or plastic slip cover to nearest 0.2 g(W1). slip(W2). Add 200 g of fine grained soil into the jar and weight the along with the

Add 500 ml of water at room temp to the soil. Set aside the jar and its contents for 4 hours in case of medium or coarse grained soils. Add some water to the jar allow the soil to settle , and then fill the jar up to the brim with more water. Carefully dry the outside of the jar and weight the jar and contents along with the slip cover to the slip cover to the nearest 0.2g(W3). Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it. Fill the bottle with only distilled water and weigh it. Let it be (W4)

CALCULATIONS: Fine grained soil:

Details Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Weight of bottle (W1)g

Weight of bottle + 1/3of soil (W2)g

Weight of bottle + 1/3of soil + water (W3)g

Weight of bottle + water (W4)g

Specific Gravity (G)=

(b )Coarse grained soil:

Details Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Weight of bottle (W1)g

Weight of bottle + 1/3of soil (W2)g

Weight of bottle + 1/3of soil + water (W3)g

Weight of bottle + water (W4)g

Specific Gravity (G)=

RESULT: Specific gravity of coarse grained = Specific gravity of fine-grained soil = INFERENCE:

PERMEABILITY TEST a.)Constant Head Exp No:

AIM: To determine the permeability of a given soil using a falling or constant head permeameter as per IS: 2720(part 17). APPARATUS: Permeameter mould , compaction equipment, drinage base, drinage cap, set of stand pipe, stop watch, thermometer and source of water. DEFINITION: The rate of flow of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross sectional area of porous medium under unit hydraulic gradient is defined as co-efficient of permeability. PROCEDURE: Take 2.5 kg of sample and desired water content, spread uniformly and allow moisture equilibrium to be attained. Weigh the empty permeameters. Attach the extension collar, grease the inside of the mould and collar and keep the assembly on a firm base. Choose the type of compaction and compactive effort to suit the field condition and complete the compaction process. through it. Remove the collar, level the soil. Detach the base plate and weigh. Assemble the mould, drainage base and cap along with porous disc. Saturate the specimen, by allowing water to flow with a sufficient head

Date:

 Connect the specimen through the top inlet to the constant head water reservoirs. Open the bottom outlet and ascertain that the flow has attained a steady state. Collect the quantity of flow for a convenient time interval (t) and repeat this for the same time interval twice. Find the mass of wet soil the mould. Keep samples for water content determination.

OBSERVATION:
Diameter of specimen (D)= Area of specimen(A) = Length of specimen (L)= Constant head water (h)= S.NO Time(s) Volume(ml)V K=VL/Aht cm/s

K=VL/Aht

RESULT: The coefficient of permeability is ......... INFERENCE: Look at the table shown below

SOIL TYPE COEFFICIENT 0F PERMEABILITY(mm/s) DRAINAGE CONDITION Coarse gravel

Fine gravel-Fine Sand

Silt- sand admixtures

Silt

clay >1

1 -10-2

10-2 -10-4

10-4 -10-6

<10-6

Good

Medium

Low

Very-low

Almost Impervious

b.)Falling Head Exp No:

AIM: To determine the permeability of a given soil using a falling head permeameter as per IS:2720(Part-17) APPARATUS: Permeameter mould , compaction equipment, drainage base, drainage cap, set of stand pipe, stop watch, thermometer and source of water. PROCEDURE: Take 2.5 kg of sample and desired water content, spread uniformly and allow moisture equilibrium to be attained. Weigh the empty permeameters. Attach the extension collar, grease the inside of the mould and collar and keep the assembly on a firm base. Choose the type of compaction and compactive effort to suit the field condition and complete the compaction process. through it. Remove the collar, level the soil. Detach the base plate and weigh. Assemble the mould, drainage base and cap along with porous disc. Saturate the specimen, by allowing water to flow with a sufficient head

Date:

 Inlet nozzle of the mould is connected to the stand pipe allow some water to flow until steady state of flow is obtained. Note down the time interval t for a fall of head in the stand pipe h. Repeat step 8 three times to determine t for the same head.

Find a by collecting q(vol of water) for the stand pipe. Weigh it correct to 1gm and find a from q/h=a.

Therefore the coefficient of permeability

OBSERVATION:
Diameter of specimen(D) = Area of specimen(A) = Length of specimen(L) = Description 1 Set 2 Set

1.Area of stand pipe (a) 2.Cross sectional area of soil specimen( A) 3.Length of soil specimen( L) 4.Initial reading of stand pipe(h1 ) 5.Final reading of stand pipe( h2) 6.Time(t) 7.Test temperature(T) 8.Coefficient of permeability at T(kt ) 9.Coefficient of permeability at 27o C k27

K at standard temperature of 270 C = K*t/27oC

t= Vicosity of water at room temperature(27oC) 27oC= Viscosity of water at 27oC

RESULT: The coefficient of permeability is ......... INFERENCE: Look at the table shown below SOIL TYPE COEFFICIENT 0F PERMEABILITY(mm/s) DRAINAGE CONDITION Coarse gravel

Fine gravel-Fine Sand

Silt- sand admixtures

Silt

clay >1

1 -10-2

10-2 -10-4

10-4 -10-6

<10-6

Good

Medium

Low

Very-low

Almost Impervious

UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST

AIM: To measure the compressive strength and sensitivity of a cylindrical sample of cohesive soil as per IS:2720(Part-10). DEFINITION The unconfined compressive strength is defined as the ratio of failure load to the cross sectional area of the soil specimen if it is not subjected to any lateral pressure. = P/A = unconfined compressive strength P = Failure load A = corrected area at failure APPARATUS: Loading frame of capacity of 2 t, with constant rate of movement. With the least count of the dial gauge attached to the proving ring! Proving ring of 0.01 kg sensitivity for soft soils; 0.05 kg for stiff soils. Soil trimmer.

Frictionless end plates of 75 mm diameter (Perspex plate with silicon grease coating). Evaporating dish (Aluminum container). Soil sample of 75 mm length. Dial gauge (0.01 mm accuracy). Balance of capacity 200 g and sensitivity to weigh 0.01 g.

Oven, thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature at the desired level. What is the range of the temperature used for drying the soil . Sample extractor and split sampler. Dial gauge (sensitivity 0.01mm). Vernier calipers

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (SPECIMEN)

 In this test, a cylinder of soil without lateral support is tested to failure in simple compression, at a constant rate of strain. The compressive load per unit area required to fail the specimen as called Unconfined compressive strength of the soil. Preparation of specimen for testing A. Undisturbed specimen Note down the sample number, bore hole number and the depth at which the sample was taken. tube. Place the sampling tube extractor and push the plunger till a small length of sample moves out. comes out. Trim the projected sample using a wire saw. Again push the plunger of the extractor till a 75 mm long sample Remove the protective cover (paraffin wax) from the sampling

Cutout this sample carefully and hold it on the split sampler so that it does not fall. Take about 10 to 15 g of soil from the tube for water content determination. Note the container number and take the net weight of the sample and the container. Measure the diameter at the top, middle, and the bottom of the sample and find the average and record the same. B. Moulded sample For the desired water content and the dry density, calculate the weight of the dry soil Ws required for preparing a specimen of 3.8 cm diameter and 7.5 cm long. Measure the length of the sample and record. Find the weight of the sample and record.

Add required quantity of water Ww ( 8%, 10%, 12%)to this soil. Ww = WS W/100 gm

Mix the soil thoroughly with water.

The prepared sample is placed in the mould, having an internal height of 7.5 cm and internal diameter of 3.8 cm and each layer is tampered 25 times using standard tamping rod. Test procedure Take two frictionless bearing plates of 75 mm diameter. Place the specimen on the base plate of the load frame (sandwiched between the end plates). Place a hardened steel ball on the bearing plate. Adjust the center line of the specimen such that the proving ring and the steel ball are in the same line. Fix a dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the specimen. The deformation and proving dials are set to zero and an axial load with a strain rate of 0.5 to 2 per minute is applied Adjust the gear position on the load frame to give suitable vertical displacement. Start applying the load and record the readings of the proving ring dial and compression dial for every 5 mm compression. Continue loading till failure(Fracture surface) is appeared. Draw the sketch of the failure pattern in the specimen. Eject the specimen from the constant volume mould. Place the lubricated mould with plungers in position in the load frame. Record the correct height, weight and diameter of the specimen.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION Initial length of the specimen Initial dia of the specimen Initial area of specimen A0 Weight of specimen (g) Least count of deformation dial gauge (mm/div) LC = 0.01mm L = ___ cm = ___cm = ___cm2 = ___g

Proving ring of dial gauge 1 div

= 2.5 Kg

Sl No Deformation (l) Strain

= (l) / l0 Corrected area Ac = A0

1- Load Compressive Stress Kg/mm2

(Div)

(mm)

(Div)

(kg)

1 20 0.2

2 40 0.4

3 60 0.6

4 80 0.8

5 100 1.0

6 120 1.2

7 140 1.4

8 160 1.6

9 180 1.8

10 200

2.0

11 220 2.2

12 240 2.4

13 260 2.6

14 280 2.8

15 300 3.0

16 320 3.2

17 340 3.4

18 360 3.6

19 380 3.8

20 400 4.0

21 420 4.2

22 440 4.4

23 460

4.6

24 480 4.8

25 500 5.0

26 520 5.2

27 540 5.4

28 560 5.6

29 580 5.8

30 600 6.0

GRAPH: A graph is plotted for starin vs compressive stress.

RESULT: The Unconfined compressive strength q0 The Strain at failure The Cohesion C (kg/mm2) = = = kg/mm2 kg/mm2

DIRECT SHEAR TEST

EXPERIMENT NO: AIM

Date:

To determine the shear strength of a given sample at known density and moisture content by direct test IS:2720 ( Part 13 ). APPARATUS PROCEDURE Prepare the soil specimen from an undisturbed soil sample or from compacted and remolded sample. Soil specimen may be directly prepared in the shear box by compaction. Place the porous stone in the box. For undrained test, place the grid on the stone keeping the separation on the grid at right angles to the direction of shear. For consolidated drained and undrained tests, use the perforated grid in the place of the plain grid. Sample trimmer Stop watch Balance Spatula Straight Edge Drying Crucibles Drying Oven Scale Shear Box Compaction Device Base Plates Grid Plates Dial Gauges

 Weigh the box with soil specimen. Place the box inside the container and mount it on the loading frame. Bring the upper half of the box into contact with the proving ring assembly. Mount the loading yoke on the ball placed on the loading pad. Mount the dial gauge on the yoke to record the vertical movement and other dial gauge on the container to record the shear movement. Removing the fixing screws from the box and raise slightly the upper half of the box. Adjust all the three dial gauges to read zero. Apply shear load at constant rate of strain.

Record readings of proving ring dial gauge and vertical and shear movement dial gauges at half minute intervals. Continue the test until the specimen fails. The failure is assumed when the proving ring dial gauge begins to recede after reaching the maximum or at a shear displacement of approximately 20% of the specimen length. A graph is to be plotted using Normal stress and corresponding Shear stress values Repeat the test on identical specimen under increasing normal stress of 0.5,1,2, and 4 kg/ sq.cm. FORMULA

Tf = C + n tan where, Tf = shear strength of soil or shear stress at failure C = cohesion n = total normal stress on the failure plane and = angle of internal friction of the soil OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Weight of soil used Area of the box (6 cm x 6 cm) Thickness of sample

= = =

g cm2 cm

Volume of the sample Proving ring dial reading divisions

cm3

= 0.484kg

S No. Normal Stress (N/mm2) Proving ring dial reading (divisions)

Shear load (N) Shear stress at failure (N/ mm2) 1

GRAPH:

Plot a graph for Normal stress vs Shear stress.

RESULT

The angle of internal friction of the given sample is =

INFERENCE:

DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY

a)SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD EXPERIMENT NO: AIM To determine the field density and moisture content by sand replacement method as per IS:2720( Part -28) APPARATUS Sand pouring cylinder molded above a pouring cone and separated by a shutter cover plate and a shutter. Cylindrical calibrating container, 10 cm internal diameter and 15 cm internal depth fitted with flange 5 cm wide and 5 cm thick. cone. PROCEDURE Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing the l.00-mm IS Sieve and retained on the 600micron IS Sieve shall be used. It shall be free from organic matter, and shall have been oven dried and stored for a suitable period to allow its water content to reach equilibrium with atmospheric humidity. A) Determination of mass of sand filling cone Fill the clean closely graded sand in the sand pouring cylinder up to a height of 1 cm below the top and determine the total initial mass of the cylinder plus sand (M1). Allow the sand of volume equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the soil, to run out the cylinder by opening the shutter. Close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass plate. Tools for excavating hole. Weighing balance. Moisture content cans. Glass plate about 45 cm square and 1 cm thick. Metal tray with central hole of diameter equal to the diameter pouring DATE:

 Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out. Close the valve when no further movement of sand is observed. Remove the cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the glass surface and its mass M2 will give the mass of sand filling the pouring cone. Put the sand back into the cylinder, to have the constant mass (M1).

B) Determination of bulk density of sand Determine the volume of the calibrating container by filling it with water full to the rim for finding the mass of the water. container. Place the sand pouring cylinder concentrically on top of the calibrating

Open the shutter and permit the sand to run in to the container. When no Movement is noticed, close the shutter, remove the cylinder and find its mass M3.

C) Determination of dry density of soil in-place Expose about 45 cm square area of the soil to be tested and trim it down to level surface Keep the tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of approximately 10 cm diameter and 15 cm deep and collect all the excavated soil in the tray. Find the mass M of the excavated soil.

Remove the tray, and place the sand pouring cylinder, so that the base of the cylinder concentrically covers the hole. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole and close the shutter when no further movement of sand is seen. Remove the cylinder and determine its mass M4. FORMULA Bulk density of soil = Weight / Volume where,

M = Weight of excavated soil V = Volume of sand in the hole

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS Calculation of dry density of sand

S No. Observations & Calculations

1.

Volume of the calibrating container (Vc), cc

2.

Mass of pouring cylinder filled with sand (M1), g

3.

Mass of sand in the cone (M2), g

4.

Mass of pouring cylinder after pouring sand in calibrating container and cone (M3), g

5.

Mass of sand in the calibrating container (Mc = M1-M2-M3), g

6.

Dry density of sand (s= Mc/Vc), g/cc

Bulk density of soil

S No.

Observations & Calculations

1.

Mass of excavated soil (M), g

2.

Mass of pouring cylinder filled with sand (M1), g

3.

Mass of pouring cylinder after pouring into hole and cone (M4), g

4.

Mass of sand in hole (Ms=M1-M4-M2)

5.

Volume of sand in hole (V= Ms/s), cc

6.

Bulk density (= M/V), g/cc

7.

Empty weight of the can (W1), g

8.

Weight of the can + wet soil (W2), g

9.

Weight of the can + dry soil (W3), g

10.

Water content w = (w2-w3) x 100 / (w3-w1) , %

11.

Dry density d = / (1+w)

RESULTS

The bulk field density of soil is The water content of the soil is

g/cc %

The dry density of the soil is

g/cc

b).CORE CUTTER METHOD EXPERIMENT NO: AIM Date:

To determine the field density and the moisture content of the soil sample. IS:2720( Part-29) APPARATUS 900mm Cylindrical core cutter of 100mm internal diameter and 130mm long Steel rammer of weight 9kg, overall length with foot and staff being

Steel dolly 2.5cm high and 10cm internal diameter with wall thickness 7.5mm fitted with a lip to enable it to be fitted on top of the core cutter PROCEDURE Measure the inside dimensions of the core cutter and calculate its volume. Find the mass of the core cutter. Expose the small area, about 30cm square, to be tested and level it. Put the dolly on the top of the core-cutter and drive the assembly in to the soil with the help of the rammer. Dig out the container from the surrounding soil, and trim flat the end of the core-cutter. FORMULA M Bulk density = V where, M = mass of soil in core cutter g V = internal volume of core cutter cc , g/cc Find the mass of the cutter full of soil. Keep some representative soil specimen for water content determination.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS S No. Description Sample 1. Internal diameter of core cutter (d), cm

2. Internal height of core cutter (h), cm

3. Mass of empty core cutter (M1), g

4. Mass of core cutter with soil (M2), g

5. Mass of empty can (C1), g

6. Mass of can + wet soil (C2), g

7. Mass of can + dry soil (C3), g

8. Mass of wet soil (M=M2-M1), g

9. Volume of core cutter (V=r2h), g

10. Bulk density of soil ( = M/V), g/cc

11. Water content of soil {w =(C2-C3) x 100/(C3-C1)}, %

12. Dry density {d = /(1+w)}, g/cc

RESULTS

The bulk or field density of given soil The water content of given soil is The dry density of given soil is

= = =

g/cc % g/cc

PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

a.)STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST EXPERIMENT NO: AIM To find out optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the given soil sample as per IS:2720(Part-7). APPARATUS Cylindrical metal mould having an internal diameter of 10 cm, an effective height of 12.73cm, and capacity of about 1000 cc. PROCEDURE The test consists of compaction of soil at various water contents in the mould in three equal layers, each being given 25 blows with the 2.6 kg hammer dropped from a height of 31cm. The dry density of the soil sample can be obtained by finding the bulk density of compacted soil and its water content. About 5kg of air dried, pulverized soil passing through 4.75mm sieve is taken and mixed thoroughly with an arbitrary water content say 4%. The mixed soil is placed in the mould and compacted by giving blows with the hammer uniformly over the surface such that the compacted height of the soil is about 1/3rd of the height of the mould. The second and third layers are similarly compacted each being given 25 blows. The last compacted layer should not project more than 6 mm into the collar. The collar is removed and the excess soil is trimmed off to make it level with the top of the mould. Detachable base plate. Collar having effective height of 5 cm. Hammer having a weight of 2.6 kg and falling through a height of 31 cm. Date:

 The weight of the mould with base plate plus compacted soil is taken. A representative sample is taken from the centre of the compacted specimen and kept in oven for water content determination. The compacted soil is taken out of the mould, broken with hand and remixed with raised water content. Again the soil is compacted in the mould in three equal layers as described above and the corresponding dry density ( d ) and the water content (w) are thus determined. The test is repeated on soil samples with increasing water content and the corresponding dry densities are determined. A compaction curve is plotted between water content as the abscissa and the corresponding dry densities as ordinates. The dry density goes on increasing as the water content is increased till the maximum dry density is reached. The water content corresponding to the maximum dry density is called the optimum water content w. FORMULA The bulk density and the corresponding dry density for compacted soil are calculated from the following relationsWet density, = W / Vg/cc

Dry density, d = / (1 + w) g/cc where, W - Weight of compacted specimen w - Water content V - Volume of the mould - Wet density of soil in g/cc d - Dry density of soil in g/cc OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS Mould diameter = 10 cm Mould height = 12.75 cm

Mould volume = 1000 cc

Details

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Weight of empty mould (g) (W1)

Weight of the empty mould with the compacted soil(g) (W2)

Weight of compacted soil (g) (W3) = (W2) - (W1)

Bulk density b (g/cm)

Can No.

Weight of wet soil sample (g) (w1)

Weight of dry soil sample (g) (w2)

Weight of water (g) (w3) = w1 w2

Water content (w %) = w3/w2 100

Dry density d (g/cm) = {b / (1+w)}

RESULT The optimum moisture content of the soil sample is Maximum dry density of the soil sample is g/cc %

b).MODIFIED PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST EXPERIMENT NO: AIM To find out optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the given soil sample as per IS:2720(Part-8). APPARATUS Cylindrical metal mould having an internal diameter of 10 cm, an effective height of 12.73cm, and capacity of about 1000 cc. PROCEDURE The test consists of compaction of soil at various water contents in the mould in five equal layers, each being given 25 blows with the 4.89 kg hammer dropped from a height of 31cm. The dry density of the soil sample can be obtained by finding the bulk density of compacted soil and its water content. About 5kg of air dried, pulverized soil passing through 4.75mm sieve is taken and mixed thoroughly with an arbitrary water content say 4%. Detachable base plate. Collar having effective height of 5 cm. Hammer having a weight of 4.89 kg and falling through a height of 31 cm. Date:

 The mixed soil is placed in the mould and compacted by giving blows with the hammer uniformly over the surface such that the compacted height of the soil is about 1/5th of the height of the mould. The remaining layers are similarly compacted each being given 25 blows. The last compacted layer should not project more than 6 mm into the collar. The collar is removed and the excess soil is trimmed off to make it level with the top of the mould. The weight of the mould with base plate plus compacted soil is taken. A representative sample is taken from the centre of the compacted specimen and kept in oven for water content determination. The compacted soil is taken out of the mould, broken with hand and remixed with raised water content. Again the soil is compacted in the mould in three equal layers as described above and the corresponding dry density ( d ) and the water content ( w ) are thus determined. The test is repeated on soil samples with increasing water content and the corresponding dry densities are determined. A compaction curve is plotted between water content as the abscissa and the corresponding dry densities as ordinates. The dry density goes on increasing as the water content is increased till the maximum dry density is reached. The water content corresponding to the maximum dry density is called the optimum water content w. The bulk density and the corresponding dry density for compacted soil are calculated from the following relationsWet density, = W / V, g/cc

Dry density, d = / (1 + w), g/cc where, W - Weight of compacted specimen w - Water content V - Volume of the mould - Wet density of soil in g/cc d - Dry density of soil in g/cc

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS Mould diameter = 10 cm Mould height = Mould volume = cm cc

Details

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Weight of empty mould (g)

Weight of the mould with the compacted soil(g)

Weight of compacted soil (g)

Bulk density (g/cm)

Weight of Can +wet soil sample (g)

Weight of Can + dry soil sample (g)

Water content %

Dry density (g/cm)

RESULT: The optimum moisture content of the soil sample is Maximum dry density of the soil sample is g/cc %

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

Expt No: Aim:

Date:

To determine the California bearing ratio by conducting a load penetration test in the laboratory as per IS:2720-(Part-16)-1987

GENERAL The CBR test is a penetration test developed by the California division of Highways, as a method evaluating the stability of soil sub-grade and other flexible highway materials. The test results have been correlated with the pavement thickness requirements for highways and airfields. The CBR test may be conducted in the laboratory on a prepared specimen in a mould or in-situ in the field. Definition: CBR is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with standard circular piston(50mm) at the rate of 1.25 mm/min. to that required for the corresponding penetration of a standard material. Apparatus: 1.Cylindrical mould with inside dia 150 mm and height 175 mm, provided with a detachable extension collar 50 mm height and a detachable perforated base plate 10 mm thick. 2. Spacer disc 148 mm in dia and 47.7 mm in height along with handle. 3. Metal rammers. Weight 2.6 kg with a drop of 310 mm (or) weight 4.89 kg a drop 450 mm. 4. Weights. One annular metal weight and several slotted weights weighing 2.5 kg each, 147 mm in dia, with a central hole 53 mm in diameter. 5. Loading machine. With a capacity of atleast 5000 kg and equipped with a movable head or base that travels at an uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min. Complete with load indicating device. 6. Metal penetration piston 50 mm dia and minimum of 100 mm in length. 7. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm. 8. Sieves. 4.75 mm and 20 mm I.S. Sieves. 9. Miscellaneous apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straight edge, scales soaking tank

or pan, drying oven, filter paper and containers.

PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN Undisturbed specimen Attach the cutting edge to the mould and push it gently into the ground. Remove the soil from the outside of the mould which is pushed in . When the mould is full of soil, remove it from weighing the soil with the mould or by any field method near the spot. Determine the density Remoulded specimen Prepare the remoulded specimen at Proctors maximum dry density or any other density at which C.B.R> is required. Maintain the specimen at optimum moisture content or the field moisture as required. The material used should pass 20 mm I.S. sieve but it should be retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve. Prepare the specimen either by dynamic compaction or by static compaction. PROCEDURE FOR PENETRATION TEST Place the mould containing the specimen with the base plate in position and top face exposed in lower plate of testing machine. Place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the penetration test machine. Seat the penetration piston at the center of the specimen with the smallest possible load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so that full contact of the piston on the sample is established. Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so that the penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.

 Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. Note the maximum load and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a penetration less than 12.5 mm. Detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and determine the moisture content.

CBR value is calculated by the formula

Load sustained by specimen at defined penetration level CBR = Load sustained by standard crushed stone at same penetration level Penetration Dial Load Dial Corrected Load Readings Penetration (mm) Proving ring reading Load (Kg) 100

0 0 0 0

0 50 0.5

100 1

150 1.5

200 2

250 2.5

300 3

400 4

500 5

750 7.5

1000 10

1250

12.5

1500 15

The Standard Load Values Penetration (mm) Standard load (Kg) Unit standard load ( Kg / Sq. cm ) 2.5 1370

70 5.0 2055 105 7.5 2630 134 10.0 3180 162 12.5 3600 183

CBR 2.5 = x 100 =

CBR5.0 = x 100 =

LOAD PENETRATION CURVE: Plot load penetration curve. This curve is usually concave upwards although the initial portion of the curve may be a convex downwards. A correction Shall be applied by drawing a tangent to the point of greatest slope and shift the origin The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm.Corresponding to the penetration value at which CBR value is desired. The calculated load value should be taken from the load penetration curve. RESULT:

The CBR value of given soil sample is = INFERENCE:

The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm. Generally the C.B.R. value at 2.5 mm will be greater that at 5 mm and in such a case/the former shall be taken as C.B.R. for design purpose. If C.B.R. for 5 mm exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test should be repeated. If identical results follow, the C.B.R. corresponding to 5 mm penetration should be taken for design.

CONSOLIDATION TEST Expt No: AIM To determine the settlements due to primary consolidation of soil by conducting one dimensional test as per IS:2720(Part-15) APPARATUS: 1.Consolidation Cell a) b) c) d) e) f) g) A ring of diameter = 60mm and height = 20mm Two porous plates or stones of silicon carbide, aluminum oxide or porous metal. Guide ring. Outer ring. Water jacket with base. Pressure pad. Rubber basket. Date:

Loading device consisting of frame, lever system, loading yoke dial gauge fixing device and weights. Dial gauge to read to an accuracy of 0.002mm. Thermostatically controlled oven.

Stopwatch to read seconds. Sample extractor.

Miscellaneous items like balance, soil trimming tools, spatula, filter papers, sample containers. PRINCIPAL INVOLVED When a compressive load is applied to soil mass, a decrease in its volume takes place, the decease in volume of soil mass under stress is known as compression and the property of soil mass pertaining to its tendency to decrease in volume under pressure is known as compressibility. In a saturated soil mass having its void filled with incompressible water, decrease in volume or compression can take place when water is expelled out of the voids. Such a compression resulting from a long time static load and the consequent escape of pore water is termed as consolidation. Then the load is applied on the saturated soil mass, the entire load is carried by pore water in the beginning. As the water starts escaping from the voids, the hydrostatic pressure in water gets gradually dissipated and the load is shifted to the soil solids which increases effective on them, as a result the soil mass decrease in volume. The rate of escape of water depends on the permeability of the soil. 1) From the sample tube, eject the sample into the consolidation ring. The sample should project about one cm from outer ring. Trim the sample smooth and flush with top and bottom of the ring by using a knife. Clean the ring from outside and keep it ready from weighing. 2) Remoulded sample :

a) Choose the density and water content at which samples has to be compacted from the moisture density relationship. b) c) d) Calculate the quantity of soil and water required to mix and compact. Compact the specimen in compaction mould in three layers using the standard rammers. Eject the specimen from the mould using the sample extractor.

PROCEDURE 1. Saturate two porous stones either by boiling in distilled water about 15 minute or by keeping them submerged in the distilled water for 4 to 8 hrs. Wipe away excess water. Fittings of the consolidometer which is to be enclosed shall be moistened.

 Assemble the consolidometer, with the soil specimen and porous stones at top and bottom of specimen, providing a filter paper between the soil specimen and porous stone. Position the pressure pad centrally on the top porous stone. Mount the mould assembly on the loading frame, and center it such that the load applied is axial. Position the dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the specimen. The dial gauge holder should be set so that the dial gauge is in the begging of its releases run, allowing sufficient margin for the swelling of the soil, if any. Connect the mould assembly to the water reservoir and the sample is allowed to saturate. The level of the water in the reservoir should be at about the same level as the soil specimen. Apply an initial load to the assembly. The magnitude of this load should be chosen by trial, such that there is no swelling. It should be not less than 50 g/cm3 for ordinary soils & 25 g/cm2 for very soft soils. The load should be allowed to stand until there is no change in dial gauge readings for two consecutive hours or for a maximum of 24 hours. Note the final dial reading under the initial load. Apply first load of intensity 0.1 kg/cm2 start the stop watch simultaneously. Record the dial gauge readings at various time intervals. The dial gauge readings are taken until 90% consolidation is reached. Primary consolidation is gradually reached within 24 hrs. At the end of the period, specified above take the dial reading and time reading. Double the load intensity and take the dial readings at various time intervals. Repeat this procedure fir successive load increments. The usual loading intensity are as follows : 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kg/cm2. After the last loading is completed, reduce the load to of the value of

the last load and allow it to stand for 24 hrs. Reduce the load further in steps of the previous intensity till an intensity of 0.1 kg/cm2 is reached. Take the final reading of the dial gauge. Reduce the load to the initial load, keep it for 24 hrs and note the final readings of the dial gauge. Quickly dismantle the specimen assembly and remove the excess water on the soil specimen in oven, note the dry weight of it.

OBSERVATION AND READING Table I Data and observation sheet for consolidation test pressure, compression and time. Project : Name of the project Depth of the sample : 2m Empty weight of ring : Diameter of ring : mm Height of ring : Dial Gauge = mm (least count) gm Borehole no. : 1 Description of soil : Area of ring : 4560 mm2 (45.60 cm2) Volume of ring : 115.82 cm3 Specific gravity of soil sample No:

Pressure Intensity (Kg/cm2) 0.1 Elapsed Time 0.25 1 2.5 4 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 8

6.25 9 16 25 30 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 24 hrs

Observation Sheet for Consolidation Test : Pressure Voids Ratio Applied pressure Final dial reading Dial change Specimen height

Height solids Height of voids Void ration 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1

CALCULATIONS 1. Height of solids (HS) is calculated from the equation

HS = WS/G -A 2. Void ratio. Voids ratio at the end of various pressures are calculated from equation e = (H - HS)/HS 3. Coefficient of consolidation. The Coefficient of consolidation at each pressures increment is calculated by using the following equations : Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method) Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)

In the log fitting method, a plot is made between dial reading and logarithmic of time, the time corresponding to 50% consolidation is determined. In the square root fitting method, a plot is made between dial readings and square root of time and the time corresponding to 90% consolidation is determined. The values of Cv are recorded in table II. 4. Compression Index. To determine the compression index, a plot of voids ratio (e) Vs logt is made. The initial compression curve would be a straight line and the slope of this line would give the compression index Cc. 5. Coefficient of compressibility. It is calculated as follows av = 0.435 Cc/Avg. pressure for the increment where Cc = Coefficient of compressibility 6. Coefficient of permeability. It is calculated as follows K = Cv.av *(unit weight of water)/(1+e). Graphs 1. Dial reading VS log of time or Dial reading VS square root of time. 2. Voids ratio VS logs (average pressure for the increment).