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PERGAMON
Applied M a t h e m a t i c s Letters 13 (2000) 59-64

Applied Mathematics Letters

w w w . e l s e v i e r , n l / l o c a t.e / a m l

F l u i d F o r c e s on a T r a n s v e r s e l y Oscillating Cylinder
S. I~[OCABIYIK Department of Mathematics and Statistics Memorial University of Newlbundland St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7

(Received February 1999; rvvised aTzd accepted ,June 1999)

Abstract--The n u m e r i c a l solution of t h e u n s t e a d y t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l Navier-Stokes e q u a t i o n s is used to investigate t h e fluid forces experienced by a t r a n s l a l i n g a n d transversely oscillating cylinder. C a l c u l a t i o n s are first p e r f o r m e d in an oscillatory frequency range o u t s i d e t h e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o u when o s c i l l a t o r y - t o - t r a n s l a t i o n M velocity ratio is 1.5 a n d at a fixed R e y n o l d s n u m b e r R = 10 a. T h e objecl of t h i s s t u d y is to e x a m i n e t h e effect of increase of forced oscillation frequency on t h e fluid iorces. T h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y are in good a g r e e m e n t with previous e x p e r i m e n t a l predictions. @ 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords--Unsteady, Incompressible, Viscous, qh'ansverse rectilinear oscillation, Cylinder.

This paper deals with the unsteady flow generated ill a viscous, incompressible fluid of an infinite extent by an infinitely long circular cylinder of radius a. At time t = 0, tile cylinder suddenly starts to move with uniform translational speed U at right angles to its axis and at. the same instant starts to oscillate with the velocity U,~ cos cot in the transverse direction to that of translation as shown in Figure 1. Here Um is the maximum oscillatory velocity and v., - 2rr.f is the angular fl'equency of oscillation, where f is the fl'equency of oscillation. The cylinder axis coincides with the z-axis, and translational motion of the cylinder is in the negative x-direction while oscillatory motion is about the y-axis. This class of flow provides a simplified two-dimensional idealization of the more complicated problem of wave loading on offshore structm'es. The phenomenon is controlled by three dimensionless numbers, ttie Rexmolds number R = 2aU/l/, where u is the coefficient of the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, forcing Strouhal nmnber ~ = ,,co/U, and velocity ratio a = U,~/U. The object of this numerical study is to investigate the effect of the oscillation frequetlcy on the forces acting on tile cylinder at a fixed, high enough, lReynolds number when the velocity ratio is c~ = 1.5. The influence of flow paranleters on the forces experienced by the cylinder has been extensively studied (see, for example, [1 4]). Earlier numerical studies have generally confined to velocity ratios c~ < 1 with emphasis on excitation at or near the vortex-shedding Dequency (i.e., synchronization phenomenon, f i f o ~ 1, where f0 is the vortex-shedding frequency for the flow past the cylinder without oscillation). Here f0 is normalized with the constant speed of the cylinder translation U and the cylinder radius a; it remains practically constant (namely, at the wdue of 0.1) when R = 10 3. It may be noted that f/Ji? - g~/(0.2rr). Previous numerical studies

0 8 9 3 - 9 6 5 9 / 0 0 / $ - see front m a t t e r @ 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PlI: S0893-9659(99)00209-8

T y p e s e t by A.~dS-'FI.)\

60

S. KOCABIYIK

r=e u

Figure 1. The configuration of the cross-section. investigated effect of the flow parameters on the near-wake structure as well as the hydrodynamic forces on the cylinder either (i) when the cylinder velocity has an oscillatory perturbation superimposed on its uniform velocity component (i.e., c~ < 1; see for example [4]), or (ii) when oscillatory-to-translational velocity ratio is 1 (i.e., c~ = 1; see for example [1,3,4]). To m y knowledge, from a survey of existing literature, no purely numerical study has been made to investigate the fluid forces on the cylinder when a > 1. In the present study, numerical calculations first performed at a fixed Reynolds number outside the synchronization range when a > 1 to examine the effects of the Strouhal number on the forces experienced by the cylinder. In this sense, the result of this research differs from the previous similar numerical studies, and it adds to the knowledge of hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinder. The velocity ratio and the Reynolds number are maintained at c~ = 1.5 and R = 103, respectively, and the forcing Strouhal number takes low and moderate values: ft = re/4, rr/2, and rr, or f / f o = 1.25, 2.5, and 5. The unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes are solved in their vorticity-stream function formulation using an existing spectral finite-difference method. Detailed features of numerical method and systematic validations have been outlined in [3,4]; therefore, Section 2 only briefly summarizes the equations and the numerics. Several experimentally observed phenomena on drag and lift coefficients at small and moderate oscillation amplitudes, A = Ur~/Oa, are numerically predicted. It may be noted t h a t A/a = c~/fL

METHOD

OF SOLUTION

SUMMARY

The same basic formulation of the problem described in [3] is adopted. Modified polar coordinates (~, 0) are used, where ~ = log(r/a), with the origin at the centre of the cylinder. The governing equations are given in the form

=
and

,,,ae +

oe ] +

oe

oe b7

(la)

o~--~ + ~

Fluid

Forces

~il

where '~) is the stream function and ( is the (negative) scalar vorticity. These quantities are all dimensionless and are defined in [1] T h e b o u n d a r y conditions are based on the no-slip and impermeability conditions on the cylinder surface and fi'ee-stream conditions away from it., '~/~-c-"
0(.,

0' a(

-- 0,

when ~

O. as (

(2a) ~ e,.:. (21))

O~

-+ sin 0 - a'cos(~Qr) cos 0,

i) ~,., e - - ' ~ - ~ cos 0 + (~ (:os(~r) sin 0, 00

One of the problems using the vorticity equation is t h a t its b o u n d a r y conditions are unknown which could introduce errors if not treated correctly. ~Ib ow;rcome this difficulty, one of Green's identities is applied to the domain of the field of flow to transform the boun(lary conditions on the stream flmction into a set of global conditions, termed integral conditions on the vorticity, natnely,

for tdl integers 't~ >_ 0, where 51,1 = 1 and d,,.,t = 0 if 7, ;~ 1. These are employed in the solution procedure to ensure t h a t all necessary conditions of the problem are satisfied. Expansions fl)r (., and ( are assumed in the respective forms
1 >o '~/,({, 0, T) = ~F0(~, r) + E ( F , , ( ~ , r ) c o s
n 1

nO + f,~(~, T) sin n0).

,~0 + ,~,,(~, r) sin

(4a)

~o

((~, O, T) = ~aO(~, ~-) + y ] ( a , ( ~ .

rz 1

7-) c,,s

,,.0).

(41,)

T h e equations and b o u n d a r y conditions satisfied by the various fimctions appearing in series (4) and the solution procedure using boundary-layer coordinates have been described bv Nguyen and Kocabiyik in [3]. T h e grid size A~. in the coordinate a.:, defined by { 2(2r/'/~)~/ezr. is more or less independent of R. T h e value A z = 0.05 was taken tbr the Reynokts n u m b e r I? 10 a considered here. T h e m a x i m u m value of the c o m p u t a t i o n a l field length was :~:,~l = 8 and the m a x i m u m n u m b e r of terms used in series (4) corresponds to replacing the infinite upper limit in each sum by the finite integer N = 20. T h e discussion of the choice of these various parameters is in principle the same as t h a t given by Nguyen and Kocabiyik in [3], and the time steps A r used for the evolution of the solution follow exactly those set out in t h a t discussion, since these are found to be satisfactory and are checked carefully. T h e under-relaxation parameter fin' the surface vorticity is chosen by trial-and-error, and the values 0.5, 0.4, and 0.25 are used in obtaining the results for 9~ = re/4, re/2, and re, respectivel> Convergence is reached when the difference between two successive iterations of the surface vorticity fails below the specified tolerance ~ - [!} r,.

RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION

Dimensionless drag and lift coefficients are defined by CL) = D/f)U2a and CL L/I)U'a, where O and L are the total lift and drag on the cylinder. T h e y are c o m p u t e d using tile formulae
CO = CFD -[- C p D

and

Cc = CpL +

CpL +,'TAc,

(5)

where

CFO

= ~

2 f 2~(()~=o sin 0 dO,

2 j l 2rr C..,~ = - ~ (()~=o cos 0 c/O,

62

S. KOCABIYIK

8.0-

6.0

C= 4.0(;~,~,Cro 2.0

0.0-

.2.0

~.0 4.0

lJ2

16

2JO

2'4

28

,32

C, 2.0

Cp~ C~
O. 0

-2.0

4.(

(b)
-6.0
0

10

20

25

50

55

~0

4.0-

5.0

-.1.0| 0

~ 5

. 10

t 15

, 20

~ 25

'

~ 30
CFD:

'

, .$5
....

, z-O with T at

Figure 2. Variation of d r a g coefficients C D : - - ; C p D : "" ; R = 10 3 a n d ~ = 1.5: (a) ~ = 7r/4, (b) ~ = Tr/2, (c) ~ = 7r.

Here Ac =

CFD a n d CFL a r e
-c~ s i n ~2~-. T h e

the coefficients due to the friction, and

CpD a n d CpL

are the coefficients (5) and are

due to the pressure. plotted in Figures

The third term of calculated

CL is

t h e i n v i s c i d lift c o e f f i c i e n t d u e t o c y l i n d e r a c c e l e r a t i o n and

values of Co

CL

are based

on expressions ~ = ~/4,

2 a n d 3 f o r t h e c a s e s o f R = 10 3 a n d a = 1.5 w h e n

7 r / 2 , a n d 7r. I n

Fluid Forces

(i3

20,
"5.

0 C,

C<, ,2~

0 5 "0
"19

/
iI

't ~ \ ,.. /'

',

<', .-.7 ,,..,,

..:

.,

i ',

/ /

( at )

2O

! I.~

" ~.'S

2'0

>' a

2' 8

."-:?

,10

/'1

~| i
i

'

/'/

/~"

&

.'

/i / !: /

..,

/'.

(b)

0
! i ;! ~l

~"

I0

15

20
T

PD

.!,c~

~!:

4'j

I ii' i i ii ! i.'' !i"';I ;'" i ' - [I I

/ : Jt ' ~ i

'1

,I

il

'!

'

,:,

ii

i~ II

ii
I i

,
I '

i I

!i

:,
i~!

;
ji

I!

il
i

i,i

'.I i~ I~ ;1

c,

f :

'11

..

.!.~- !4 Lt.~ k;-"31 I:

, ~

~ol!i -~ J! it I! li
.50 r

,,t

LI

j il i!i i; ~:ll ;! i 1! t ii ~1 ', Ji I'~ !

II it ! ! t

'

~i

!
'

i i
'

~i ,! i
; 'i : ! It it
I

;
'i :i
i

~I lh ~

I I i ,

!. il

il

h i

'

~'

!i ,'

Ili ~J ! ii 25

I!

(c,

},}
( ; F L :

.~ b
-"

4}

Figure 3. Variation of lift coefficients C L : - - ; C p L : ' " : R = 10 a and a = 1.5: (a) fl = rr/4, (b) f~ = vr/2, (c) ~'t = ~r. the present for the study which convect work, the low and moderate s i n c e t h e flow s t r u c t u r e away comes from the body, from the forcing Strouhal wakes.

wilh r al

nmnbers

(outside

lock-in) are chosen of vortex and the and pairs main high the contribution

i n s u c h c a s e s is c h a r a c t e r i z e d forming These

by formation that small,

figures show

of fl'ictional forces to the total contribution

in-line and transverse

f o r c e s is r e l a t i v e l y

pressure

forces since in this type

o f flow a t m o d e r a t e

64

S. K O C A B I Y I K

Reynolds numbers, the viscous flow effect is limited to the thin boundary layer and subsequent narrow near-wake region. The figures also indicate the periodic variation of the flow field in the near-wake region associated with vortex shedding. It appears that the lift and drag are affected by the forced oscillations of the wake with frequencies f~ and 2fL respectively, as expected. Figure 2 shows t h a t drag forces change greatly with the increase of oscillation frequency. CD values tend to be smaller and distributed as 0.25 < CD < 0.75 when f~ increases from 7r/4 to 7r/2; however, CD values tend to be larger and distributed as - 4 < CD < 2.5 when f~ increases from :r/2 to :r. This tendency agrees with the experimental results of Kato et al. In their work [5], the variation of CD as a function of Keulegan-Carpenter number K C = :rA/a for different frequencies was investigated under practical offshore conditions in two typical directions: the in-line oscillation and the transverse oscillation to a uniform flow. In the transverse oscillation case, drag reduction was reported with the increase of oscillation frequency when K C takes values above about 3; however, especially below K C -~ 3 (or above f~ ~ :r/2), CD values again tend to be larger. In the case of c~ = 1.5 and D = :r, m a x i m u m oscillatory velocity dominates and flow oscillations exhibit high frequency and relatively low amplitude; this produces a higher pressure field t h a n the other two cases. Present results on CD are considerably different h'om the Cz) variations of the case of R = 103, D < rr when c~ = 0.5 (see for example [5], almost a steady drag coefficient CD ~ 0.5 with a small oscillation was observed in this case). For all frequencies, CL is basically periodic at the cylinder frequency and reaches approximately the same m a x i m u m and minimum values in every cycle. The m a x i m u m values are attained near zero position of the cylinder during the upward and downward motion of the cylinder. Figures 3a and 3b show a phase difference between CpL and CL at the two values of the forcing Strouhal frequency :r/4 and 1r/2, and the phase difference decreases rapidly with the increase of fl. This is probably due to the fact that the small amplitude and high frequency case simply increases inertia effect and decreases the size of the separated flow region. It is also observed t h a t as the forcing oscillation frequency increases from f~ = re/4 to f~ = :r/2, CL values increase by a b o u t 50%. Amplification in oscillating lift coefficient at moderate oscillation frequencies was also reported in the numerical study of Chilukuri [6].

REFERENCES
1. S. Kocabiyik and P. Nguyen, A finite difference calculation for a transverse superimposed oscillation, Can. Appl. Math. Quart. 4, 381-420 (1996). 2. B.M. Sfimer and J. Fredsce, Hydrodynamics Around Cylindrical Structures, World Scientific, (1997). 3. P. Nguyen and S. Kocabiyik, On a translating and transversely oscillating cylinder: Part 1--The effect of the Strouhal number on hydrodynamic forces and near-wake structure, Ocean Engng. 24, 677-693 (1997). 4. S. Kocabiyik and P. Nguyen, On a translating and transversely oscillating cylinder: Part 2 The effect of the velocity ratio on hydrodynamic forces and near-wake structure, Ocean Engng. 26, 21-45 (1999). 5. M. Kato, T. Abe, M. Tamiya and T. Kumakiri, Drag forces on oscillating cylinders in a uniform flow, Trans. A.S.M.E. 107, 12-17 (1985). 6. R. Chilukuri, Incompressible laminar flow past a transversely vibrating cylinder, A.S.M.E. Journal of Fluids Engineering 109, 166-171 (1987).