Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
WRITING
AND
ENGLISH,
HOW TO AVOID
THEM.
FOR
THE
TJS"
OF
ALL THE
WHO
TEACH,
WRITE,
OR
SPEAK
LAKOUAGR
BY
MARSHALL
AUTHOR
OP
T.
BIGELOW,
AND OTHBB
"punctuation,
TTPOOKAPHICAL
MATTERS."
THIRD
EDITION.
BOSTON:
LEE AND
SHEPARD,
NEW YORK: T.
PUBLISHERS.
CHARLES
DILLINGHAM.
1891.
Copyright,
Bt Marshall T.
1886,
Bioelow.
Uniyebsitt
Pbbss:
John
Wilson
and
Son,
Cambbidoe.
PREFACE.
A
pages
in
WRITER
the
in
Blackwood
of
once
that, *'with
is not written
one
exception
author
of
Wordsworth,
celebrated
this
without
day
some
who
two
consecutively
the
grammar."
statement,
This
may
nevertheless the
it is very
near
the
truth
in
reference
mere
to
present time.
of the rules of mar gram-
While
does
and
own,
slavish
following
not
necessarily
writers admitted be
elegant English,
their
while it
all great
must
of peculiarities
no
be
writer, however
errors
brilliant, should
that
It
excused
grammatical
might
may work
be be
on
avoided.
a
sufficient
a
reason
for
so
publishing
much has
other an-
subject
that
the
most
on
which
been
written,
from within
to
say that
object of
works
seem
it is
of
years,
which
to
appeared
written
recent
which
have
been
iv
PREFACE,
mainly for
the purpose
of
picking every
be
flaw
possible
hoped
or
to
the
rangement, arorderly
to
which
so
the
of
Englishare
liable. It is
that arranged
subjectmay
that be
mere a
full
knowledge of
No
pointstreated
has been wasted
easily acquired.
which vulgarisms is
my
space
every
one
with and
any
claim to
education
errors as
supposed to
know
avoid,but such
to be
common
has experience
shown
to
all authors A
have received
of
in
attention. particular
large number
observed
the
ungrammaticalsentences
were rected cor-
in have
occurred
published.
any
source
from appropriated
my purpose.
whenever borne
in
they
It must
erroneous
be
mind, that,in
the correction of ia
to show clearly
sentences,the main
; and
object
the
error
in
merelycorrecting
the grammar,
the sentence
cases
may
and
in
many
should
undoubtedlybe entirely
printedin
Italicsare
PREFACE.
fluous.
the
The
words the
inserted in brackets
are are
to
take
placeof
added
sarily neces-
to make
correct.
an
Where
an
author's
is
given for
of
erroneous
sentence,it is done
the best writers who
are are
showing
even
that
no" infallible,
those
considered grammar.
standard
authorities in matters
to relating
in the
of language with
not
pointedout
they ought to
be
but corrected,
are
to show to
writingmodem
forms.
The
"
Englishwe
not
follow archaic
short
chapter entitled
lead
one
"Construction
more
of Sentences" is there it
might given;
of the but
as
to
expect
than
that is
so
the precisely
matter
to which
it is relates,
would subject
In the of the
Appendix
given rules
I have
in plural,
which
ventured
matter
propose
change which
which
as
this simplifies
no
very
much, and
I have
doubt
will be
generally approved,
I have
in the
reform. spelling
also
given some
remarks
authors
to
some
matters typographical
ought to
be
acquainted.
vi
PREFACR
Besides
the
Grammars
of
Murray,
and
Goold
Brown,
I have
Professors
^
Whitney frequent
use
and
Tweed,
Prof. A. S.
others,
Hill's
made
of
"Principles
of
Rhetoric,"
Faults and
Prof.
A.
P.
Peabody's
the various
"Conversation,
its
its
Graces,"
White,
and
publications
Mathews's
of
Mr.
Richard
Grant
and
Professor
"Words,
works I
their
Use
Abuse,"
and
to
all
these
am
greatly
indebted.
M.
T.
BIGELOW.
Cambridge,
October
5,
1886.
CONTENTS.
CHATTIB
PAOI
I.
Use
of
ths
Abticlb
"
II.
The
Nominative
Case
akd
the
Verb
. .
13
III.
The
Possessite
Case
21
IV.
The
Objective
Case
24
y.
'
Pronoun
and
Antecedent
25
VI.
"
The
Subjunctive
Mood
30
VII:
The
Infinitive
Mood
31
VIII.
Tense,
Shall
or
Time
34
IX.
and
Will,
Lay.
Should
and
Would
. .
.36
X.
Lie
and
"
Set
and
Sit
....
42
XI.
Use
Op
the
Participle
45
XII.
Adjectives
and
Adjective
Pronouns
. .
48
XIII.
Adverbs
55
XIV.
Relative
Pronouns
60
XV^
Double
Negatives
64
XVI.
Correlatives
'66
VIU
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
PAGI
XVII.
CONJtTNCTIONS
69
XYIII.
Prepositions
72
XIX.
Construction
of
Sentences
.....
76
XX.
Tautological
and
Superfluous
W(irds
.
78
"
XXI.
Miscellaneous
Words
and
Phrases
.
.81
"
APPENDIX.
I.
Formation
of
the
Plural
89
n.
Compound
Words
93
.....""
III.
Some
Ttpographical
Matters
.
.100
.
. "
INDEX
1""7
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
USES
OF THE
I.
ARTICLE.
"
used
1.
ov a noun a
an
ia the
indefinite It
and article,
can
"
cannot
be
with
a
"
plural noun.
of multitude
; and
"
be
an
used, however,
"
before
etc. fleet,"
in
"many
dred,'* huna army," also with a pluralsignification " a man," a gem," many
; as,
"
2.
before
all words
beginning with
an,
consonant,
consonant
sound;
or a
before
all words
true vowel
man,"
honest."
youth," "a European," "a unit," one," "a harpoon," "a harangue," "a hypocritical "an Indian," "an angel," "an hour," "an The words unit, European, really begin with
"a
sound
of y, and
one
begins with
not an,
and
other
words
beginning with
There before
a
combinations.
the
rule
is
an
exception to
as
for the
use
of
consonant
to
words
"beginningwith
h, of
10
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
more or case a
which have either a primary syllables, the second syllable, in which accent on secondary is used; as, "an "an historian," an rapher," historiog"an "an harpooner," hypothesis."^ than two definite articlethe may be used before any whether singular or plural, except abstract terms, The of The sciences. or vices, virtues, omission
common
" 3.
noun,
or names
" 4.
**The
of the articlewhere
; as,
it should
be
used is very
be
and [the] literal meaning of words should metaphorical distinguished." from both the Greek and [the] **But the French pilfered
Latin."
of
[a]blue star may produce photographic images equalintensity." elected." **The president and [the] were secretary "The indebtedness of the English to the French,[the] Latin,
'*
A red and
and
is disclosed in almost every sentence." uttered by the artist, the mechanic,and terms are in the native, ; the nomi-
husbandman." [the]
Nouns
have three cases language English and [the] objective." possessive, [the] treasurer
"
*The holds
means
who
means
one
'
dog
1
means
one means secretary' person *the treasurer and the secretwo tary' offices; two officers. *A black and white dog' animal ; a black and a white parti-colored black and one white. two dogs, The one
*
*
and
use
of
an
before h is
own
as well defective,
rule.
Worcester
h which be used
banning
both
with h which
are
accented
"
Worcester
any
"
is wrong
either rule.
USES
OF
THE
ARTICLE.
11
honest and
and
two
the
those who are both honest are intelligent 'the honest and the intelligent' are intelligent; classes : one, composed of those who are honest ; The following other,of those who are intelligent. is therefore defective that the
:
*
'
sentence
The
council and
impliednot
context
any
unity in the
tha council
unity of
shows
that
body, the
synod another."^
is followed " 5. Wlienever the present participle immediatelyby o/, it should be preceded by the definite article; as,
'*It is [the] drawingof
or
"
conclusion which
was
before
known un-
dark."
extreme
Prompted by
In
of bad verses."
** "
of his sentences he was very exact." [the] framing From of names he proceeded to blows." [the] calling
But
the
sentences
correct. equally
" 6.
in the
" **
Articles
are
as erroneously,
: following examples
is the kind of
sort of
a
man
of whom
"
we
"
are
speaking."
charm
a
**
of species
to whom
do
has been given oi^nization have active minds." Ayres,Verbalist, p. 192. generally of a gentleman." He is entitled to the appellation the Mufti is the head of the ministers of law The one styled and religion." than a linguist" He was a better mathematician
"
Men
this kind of
"
"
**
The
the possessive
as,
case
the
noun
of Hill's Principles
Rhetoric, p.
12
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
**Prescott*s
of
*'
Th6
Conquest
of
Mexico/
"
and
his
The
quest Con-
Peru.'
"
Howells's
*A *A
Chance
Year in
Acquaintance.' Spain.'
"
"Cushing's
This* is
equivalent
be
to
saying
all in
"his
the and
book." the
The
foregoing examples
articles section. should
are
Italicized
in this
omitted
examples
" 7.
The
definite
and
the
indefinite
:
article
are
times some-
improperly
**An
**
used
the
together
emblem
as, United of
two
of the
States." vowels in
one
is the
[a] combination
syllable."
"
noun,
noun
8.
Where the is
two
or
more
adjectives qualify
precede
each
the
same
article
in
must
adjective
the
if the
put
the
singular, but
as,
only
first if the
noun
is made
"The
"The
plural;
and and
nominative nominative
a
the
objective case."
sases."
objective
must
But
noun
plural
be
verb
be
used
in either
case,
as, the
and the
as
the
is to
**In
a
understood
after each
adjective ;
fifth,and
sonnet,
the'firat,the
;
so
fourth, the
eighth
seventh
line
usually rhyme
and
do
the
and
lines, the
ninth, eleventh,
fourteenth and
lines, and
both
tenth,
twelfth,
"The Christians
lines." New
be
Old
the
Testament
are
believed
by
generally to
inspired.'
THE
NOMINATIVE
CASE
AND
THE
VERB.
13
CHAPTER
THE NOMINATIVE CASE
II.
AND
THE
VERB.
of a subject alwaysgoverns the verb, sentence, or the nominative, and person. both in number violations Very common of this rule in conversation are the use of You 2^a"," He donX' for for You were,"and of He does n't." The rule is often carelessly violated in writing, although
noun or
" 9.
The
pronoun
which
is the
"
"
"
"
in
many
cases
it is difficult to
nominative.
usage
lost." "What is bad ?
" "
The
"
"The
crew
and
passengers,
were
[was]
practice
our
In
and piety
"A
us
[prepares]
"
friendship." away." Day after day pass [passes] how with the Governor, decide [decides] **Tlie Legislature,
shall he
for
expended." what the show [shows] "The whole scope of these provisions was." of the Legislature object and conflagrations ploy emNothing less than murders,rapine, their thoughts." [employs] economist after another have [has] "One against protested
the State taxes
"
some
other of the articlesof the old Ricardian creed." " pieces masterThe second book of the ^neid is one of the greatest executed by any hand." that ever was [were] been written of the best that has [have] "This letter is one
one or
about Lord
Byron."
H
"To
**
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"
these
are precepts
maxims."
of Addison in matters authority
who
made
Pope, and
"The and attacked."
the
Langiiage,
conduct the Administration
at
towards
the
nies, Colo-
of the Commissioners
Boston,were
[was]wamily
"The conduct of the Administration Better, toperhaps, wai*ds the Colonies, well as that of the Commissioners as at Boston, was warmly attacked." nies, Or, "The conduct of the Administration towards the Coloand that of the Commissioners at Boston, were warmly attacked." "That recedes and Con'ect
moment
the
into falls
as
its place."
the
standards and
" 10.
Two
nouns
pronouns
case,
or or
without any
to change earth itself, are doomed." "Art, empire, one answer Reason,virtue, greataim." to recommend conspire "Virtue, honor, even self-interest,
the measure."
"
demand
submission to lawful
government."
therefore
erroneous
:
"
The
there." peace dvoells [dwell] distributed." all good and evil is [are]
For woman's
"
Man,
The
woman
too,craves
variety."
purpose and the onlydirect effect of the evidence is to show that the witness is not to be believed." [are]
"
"The
letterand the
of spirit
the statute is
defeated." [are]
THE
NOMINATIVE
CASE
AND
THE
VERB.
15
" 11.
same
When
or
two
or
more
nominatives verb
person
the subject,
governedmust
the
'*
singular; as,
This
-
was
**
of leamiDg, and antiquary, this scholar, critic, prodigy and civility." destitute of breeding entirely and jioet banished from his country." "The philosopher was for us." Such a Saviour and Redeemer is actually provided Whose course icycurrent and compulsive Ne'er feelsretiring ebb, but keepsdue on." recorded in the regis**The said deed and conveyance is now try
"
of
**
and deeds,
etc.
at
was
corded," re-
sake." wonderful
"
**
wisdom,a
wisdom, which
"This
cannot
in the midst of this exertion of reason self-command, both to please and to persuade." has a wonderful effect, passion, is evident in everything." "A purpose, a design, an intention, ** You for the ideal, create a fastidiousness, a which craving
compelsmany
wanderera
of the
sons
of rank and
fortune to become
weary
in
lands." foreign
whether nominatives, are by a7id or unconnected, qualified by each,no, or not, the verb must be singular ; as,
" 12.
Where
two
or
more
nected con-
every,
**
Every man,
Each
No
woman,
this to be so."
"
"
and ofScer receives his allottedshare." soldier, seaman, no grim sandstone, no rugged chalk, glaring flint, outface
it." [outfaces]
"
Not
not beast,
was shrub,
to be seen,"
nominatives are " 13. WTiere two or more singular separated by or, nor, as well as, or other disjunctive, "bein the singular; the verb must as,
"The
"
**
Celeste of Laplace, M^canique of any thoughtwhatever. not the outcome were [was] Not a weed nor a blade of grass loere [was] to be seen. Prescott as well as Ticknor make [makes] this statement.
or
"
of Newton, Principia
the
f*
16
**
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
**
* *
**
^wd [finds]." listening ear, an object Neither character nor dialogue were [was] yet understood." No monstrous or length or breadth, height, appear [appears]. the i n other of them are [is] the wrong." Either one or
Nor eye,
nor
"
" 14. But where either of two or more nominatives in the foregoing as section, separated by a disjunctive, the verb should also be plural. The followis plural, ing
sentences "Neither
"It is not
are
incorrect :
nor
"
riches
his
ness." happi-
him this distinction." gives [give] the shai*e or death of any such children, to be divided among shares of such deceased children is [are]
**
In
case
of the
his
or
"They
rupts or
sentence
fawn upon every one whose faults inter' or negligence retards their lessons." (Change and the faultsto fault,
is correct.)
"An
example or
entire
mass
two
is
sufficientto [are]
illustratethe general
observation." "The
remains hand
or the earthquakes,
" 15.
many
1
word
or
in
persons
Some
the
cases a
the servants agree with the nominative nearest to it; as, "Neither is the master "Neither the writings the author nor nor respected;"
is in existence."
Brown
says,
" farther,
But
where is
the remoter
nominative
expressedparenthetically, only by implication with the latter," and cites the following examples: "One example ten says nothingagainst it" (LeighHunt) ; "A or or parenthesis, consists of two angularstrokes, or or brackets, one hooks,enclosing words." I think,however, that all such sentences are un'^ore
nearer
immatical.
THE
NOMINATIVE
CASE
AND
THE
VERB.
17
word indicating of or a a portion multitude, verb or pronoun such a noun, requires where a plural is conveyed. As, the idea of plurality
noun
of
"The
''Dana
troopwhich followed Crastinus were volunteers." believes that a part of the Achsean rocks are fossilhave acknowledged the greaterpart of philosophers
iferous."
**The
excellemje of this
**
government."
men
A number
of
and
women
were
present."
"
The
"The "A
sentences following
was assembly
are
therefore incorrect :
in Us
portion of
measure."
to **By not attending
a
number
this rule many have been comerrors mitted, of which is [are] further as a subjoined,
"
s Murray* Chraminarf
XX. Yet
a
was
also [were]
of the
new
of persons of that
in the town."
But where
a
is singular,
verb singular
**
be used.
As,
was
The
troopwhich
followed Crastinus
made
up
of vol-
luiteers."
"
were
"The
reasons."
"
of Lords
An
army
of many
thousands
were
assembled." [was]
to he
native having the nomiafter the verb as well as before it, where case nominative is singular, and the other is plural, one or consists of two or more or more or two singular nouns, the nominative preceding the verb clauses, or following natural meaning, to the more according may govern it,
" 16.
The
intransitiveverb
18
to
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
or
the
:
"
more
immediate
proximityof
the
verb, as
follows
**
The
**
we
is a barbarism,
"To
of
in
growth."
and views,
to
be moderate
our
the
the best way to insure success." of them, are [is] pursuit To do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God, of universal obligation." is a duty [are duties] is but one offence." An offerto selland actually selling the cross to the presenthalls is [are] *'The only objection of the wall cases." which fallupon some lights
** '*
"This
and dwelling-house
it is the
property
soughtto be divided."
**
and pleurisy
rheumatism."
" 17.
followed
sum a
by
"Twenty dollars was subscribed by him." thousand pounds was lost in this speculation." Fifty ''Three hundred thousand dollars is to constitute the capital
"
of the
company."
title of
a
The
book
in the
number plural
should be
followed
"Dr.
by
verb. singular
'American 'Memoirs
As,
was
Holmes's
in 1805."
Annals' of the
at published
bridge, Cam-
EarlyItalian Painters* upwardsof thirty biographies." comprises which are plural in " 18. Several words in English
"Mrs.
Jameson's
form
are
used in the
with
gular sin-
endingin as mathematics, ethics^ ics^ hydraulics, optics, etc.;also instrument or object an as by which to news, means attain an end or purpose, and pains in the sense of
are
verb.
Such
of sciences
toilsome effort or
severe
labor.^
See
infra, page
49.
THE
NOMINATIVE
CASE
AND
THE
VERB.
19
The
word
whereabouts with
as a
noun
is often
; as,
erroneously
to him."
used in newspapers
"The whereabouts
verb plural
were
of the child
unknown [was]
theysought him
Luke
u.
among
ance." acquaint-
44,
'
**
our
company
strangeadventures
to relativesand
acquaintance."
"As
the words
cherubim and
the terms
cherubims
and
are plural, quiteimproper."^ The plural is often used effluvia "a disagreeable ejluvia.'*
if
singular; as,
Musplural
Mussulmen
sulmans,^
The titles Mr., Mrs.,and Miss
are plural
spectively re-
sieurs Messieurs, Mesdames, and Misses ; as. MesMesdames Barrett and Thompson, Eothschild, Misses Smith. The
surname
should
never
be made
error
in
.38 as miles, any decimal it number, no matter of how many or how few figures is less than the whole number fore consists, one, and therecannot be plural. The above expressions mean 48 ten-thousandths of a grain; 25 thousandths of a mile ; 38 hundredths of a yard; and consequently the number should be used in all three cases, singular mile, yard. grain,
"
1 3
Dr.
Campbell'sPhilosophyof
Rhetoric.
20
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"
20.
use
The
words
must
alternative iu
a
aud
dilemma
as
iu
their of
two
correct these
be
the
singular number,
in which
or
one
each of
words and
indicates of
two
position
can
things,
The
only,
be the
done
use
can
happen.
are
following examples
to
a now
of
of
alternative
contrary
**
the
true
signification.
of food
was
Not
mouthful before
us
left,and
a
the
alternatives
native] [alteror no
were
[was]
twelve-mile
paddle
with
the
supper."
**
Unless
the
reference
we are
is credited
as
inconsistent
ceding pre-
statement,
**An
more ever
driven
to
the
an
only
other
alternative."
with
two
or
'
argument
which
is
presents
antagonist
alternatives^ but
alternative
he
equally
"
conclusive Webster's
which-
chooses."
under
Dilemma. *'Mr.
to
Gladstone's
that
manifesto
is the
does
not
offer
single argument
to
prove
coercion
Mr. Mr.
only alternative
gave
one
policy
alteniative
home
other
rule
for
Ireland.
Chamberlain John
to
than
coercion, and
that it
was
Morley
govern
suggested
Ireland
as
fourth, by admitting
Crown
possible
made
colony.
It must
to
be
clear
that
there
is another
alternative, namely,
affairs."
"
give
Ireland June
local
1886
"
control
of
her
local
London
Times, The
14,
(cable despatch).
either
the
expression
seen,
horn
true
of
the
dilemma
"
is frequently word.
showing
significationof
the
correct
case.
"
the
;
"
The
following example
*'
shows
in
or a
usage
A To
strong
act
dilemma
desperate
with
infamy
quit
the
place."
Swift.
THE
POSSESSIVE
CASE.
21
CHAPTER
THE
III.
CASE.
POSSESSIVE
" 21.
nouns
All
nouns
in the
number, singular
any
and
all
in the
",
When the
dren's, chilman's, men's,child's, duchess's. Felix's, witness's, Charles's, Hastings's, the singular ends in ", sh,ch soft, noun ce, se, or x,
and s makes apostrophe possessive another syllable countess's, Mackintosh's, ; as, James's, fox's. It is therefore just church's, horse's, justice's, to omit the plural as proper es in Charleses, countesses, or churches, as to omit the '" in the jttstices, boxes, horses, in any proper name above given, cases or posses^ve ending either with s or any other of the letters or mentioned. digraphs The only exceptions to this rule are that in poetry the additional and that
a s
addition of the
may
like for righteousness' sake," phrases, " "for conscience' sake," for goodness' sake," "for Jehave become from longusage established as ^^^fius^-eake," idioms. The following examples are consequently and require the addition of s after the erroneous, apostrophe.
"Moses' "Festus "These minister."
into Felix' room."
were
few
"Phinehas'wife."
came answers
made
to
22
"
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
large company
Poems."
party."
"The
**
administratrix' sale."
Burns'
**
Philip Augustus."
"
" 22.
the 8; churches'.
ending in s form the possessive the addition simplyof an apostrophe after by horses*, Jameses', countesses', foxes', as, boys*,
plural nouns
in the
All
never case possessive written kera, its^ ours, yours, theirs. The indefinite pronouns 07ie and other, however, form the possessive in the same ; as, way with nouns
**
Your
little hands
were
never
made
Virtue's two
manly cheek
or more
" 24.
case are
Where
nouns
in the refer to
possessive
the
to
same
connected
by and,
and
noun,
the
one
last
annexed
the
"John "This
"
and Eliza'sbooks."
was
my
Men,
women,
"The
Farmers
''Henryand
James's
or
William's teacher is a
of
more
than leaniiiig
Andrew's."
a
But
where
word disjunctive
or
words
; as,
are
used,the
signmust
" * '
be annexed
John's
or
They are
as well surgeon's,
as
the
ecary's apoth-
assistance."
"They
Tior boy's
"Without
but impediment
his
the
his
will." guardian's
THE
POSSESSIVE
CASE.
23 constitute
"Where
two
nouns
are
in
or apposition,
David
me
my
John
It is the
Queen of
"The
Mayor
of Boston's address."
" 25. In some signification cases, having a peculiar the possessive case signmay be used after the objective and the possessive of; as,
of Dr. Franklin's." discovery This picture of my friend's." of the emperor's." "A subject
"
It
was
"
"A
fiiend of General
Grant's."
Meaning,
"
It
was
one
of Dr.
Franklin's discoveries."
my
"This
"
"
~
to picture belonging
friend."
One One
of the
emperor's subjects."
is signof the possessive : following
"
" 26.
cases
The
often omitted
in
like the
*'A
seven
"
lens photographic
mckcs
of
seven
vMihes
focus
was
procured."
and after a twenty 'milts walk." fatigued
They
the
arrived weary
Either the
or
words
be used
to
put
" 27. Anybody else^sis often seen in print ; it should be "anybody'selse." We might as well say, "any bird else's nest,""any boy else's hat," etc.
For
the incorrect
case,
see
use
sessive pos"
ante, pages
11,
12.
The shown
use
of the
before possessive
the
is participle
24
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
THE
IV.
CASE.
OBJECTIVE
" 28.
made and
Errors in the
cannot
case
which
occur
of the
in pronouns
havingdifferent forms.
no
the
matter
who
"
[who]was
roar, and
at each other."
sea
thereof;the world,and
xcviii.7. Bums.
him
dwell therein."
Psalm
This lifehas
not the work
joys for
of
so
"
was
eminent
an
author
as
[he]to
his
it was
For
friends."
"
Who
[whom] should
see
but my
**Thou
"
"
"
"
"
"
**
"
"
,
Nature,partial Nature,I arraign."Burns. [Thee], Between you and /[me]." "^^'*' He can read better than me [I]."ceuvi. It was him [he]." Whom [who]do you think I am ? W?u) [whom] do you take me for ? I saw a ladywhom I supposed to be she [lier]." It might have been him [he] who did it." Let ?ie [him]who made thee answer that." Byron. Let they[them] who raise the spell beware the fiend."
"
"
"
"
It must
same
case
be remembered after
as
mood
it,and that the imperative the objective after it. case requires
before
PRONOUN
AND
ANTECEDENT.
25
CHAPTER
PRONOUN
AND
V.
ANTECEDENT.
" 29. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in a plural number, and person. gender, Consequently cannot nor antecedent, agree with a singular pronoun antecedent. The with a plural a singular pronoun incorrect : following examplesare accordingly
"
"No
one
will answer,
as
if I
were
their
friend [his]
or
panion." com-
inemoirs;everybodyhas "Everybody nowadays publishes recollectionswhich theythink [hethinks] worthy of recording." of their [its] that own "Every Colony has snch pecaliarities if we had numbers and wealth theyare [itis]so fond of,that,
the Colonies would sufficient,
"
never
Jesuit and
contemporary Englishwriters." (Put the narratives for those.) Council suggest that the action of the New "The York of Boston and Society be iipitated by those [the Societies]
"
Baltimore."
But
if
customer
are
to
it,you disfigure
"She
each
wishes you to Injure their [his] or foot, to refuse tlieir [his] pleasure." Rnskin.
"
like
an
and Inscription,
ciphere de-
in her
memory."
"30. "There should not be a mixture of *thou' and 'you' in the same Thus Thackeray: passage. round So, as thy sun rises over the'humble house-tops about your home, shall you wake many a day to duty and labor.* So Cooper: *Tkou hast both master and
'
26 mistress: would
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGMSH.
you
have
told
us
of the
the
but latter,
we
know
something of
former.
Who
is
thy
miasterr"^
" 31.
nouns
Where
the antecedent
or
more
in the
or
**
number, singular
must
connected
by
and
not,the pronoun
Did
ever
be in the
plural.As,
"
as the rich ? strangely heaven itself, now Faith, justice, quittheir hold." **Both minister and magistrate to choose be^ are compelled tween his [their] duty and his [their] reputation." Such unconunon and goodness in iJts was generosity [were] nature liable to misconstruction, and we accordingly find [their] U has [they have]been misconstrued."
**
'*
Transform
or
more same
nouns
the
person
statesman
must
As, singular.
continued
in
lifetillhis eightieth year." said deed and conveyance and at the time it was of deeds,
is
now
recorded in the
etc. recorded,"
of two one or antecedent, consisting " 32. A plural or more by each^every^ noy or not^ nouns, if qualified in the singular. a requires pronoun
"
Each
of
them, in
their
the reward
to
which
"
theywere
[hewas]entitled."
every tree after their
[its]
kind." "Both and of "No their "Not each felt for the other, uncomfortable; for (AewweZfe*
course
no policeman,
dared to lift
hand." [his]
and not a camp-follower not a soldier, caped esofficer, health." to their [his] permanent injury
an
Bain^s
Grammar. Composition
PRONOUN
AND
ANTECEDENT.
27
or
" 33.
nouns
Where
an
more
must
When
you
press
nor
[it
answers] your
"Neither
once
with question
precision."
retain
Venice
is
Genoa
the [retains]
rank
they[it]
held." "There
no
or
Charles II.
of happiness
deemed
their
"
to consult the
When
do
we
ever
find a well-educated
an
or Englishman
man French-
embarrassed
by
of ignorance
the grammar
of their
[his]
erringly un-
first learn it
and practically
knowing one
any rule at
to look back and smile theychose [choose] of havingproceeded without by a number of rules, of them by heart,or beingconscious that theyhad
if
; but who
ever
thinks of
tongue before
"
"
they are
Sydney Smith.
" 34.
noun
Where
an
antecedent
is
the pronoun multitude, intended to be conveyed. to the sense according In many be or plural cases, either the singular may but both cannot properly be used together. employed, A report of a committee is hardly made without ever violation of this rule.
"A
of
E. g. :
are
"
to keeprecords, not required [is] and their [its] if theyappoint[itappoints] clerk, one, is not a officer." certifying
board of selectmen
Council desire^ in the name of the Institute, to express its [their] to the individual subscribers for their gengratitude erous
"
The
gifts.'*
**
If the
of the
in violation committee leaves to an officer, investing the authority vestment into make duty imposed upon them [it],
etc.
28
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
pronoun
without
common
any
properly
; as,
is a very
error
of a resignation till postponethe formality I should return to America then,and has been ever ; which was I should return," to take place since, expected very soon." For
I desired him
to
**
the
be resolved upon before Parliament meets, fixed for the 4th of January." For "Parliament
read the
meeting of Parliament.
man
"The
"Be
"
opposed me,
fallof
which which
snow
was
anticipated."
will learn
attentive,without
tremendous than ten
you
A
more
rendered his
of the retreat
the
from Scott's Waverley," the his quotation refers to Waverley in the in the firstsentence correctly sentence ; the he in the last clause stands preceding for the Chevalier ; but thephas no antecedent correctly Read news was successively whatever. for they received, received news." successively In this
" "
"When
many,
Germanicus
was no
he
and right,
Here it has
antecedent ;
change
"
to
subjugateto
"
stcbju-
gationof.
"The
to the
a
filled the blank in the certificate, and sent it purchaser corporation, demandingthat the transfer be recorded and
whicJi issued,
was
new
be certificate
refused."
Governor
Winthrop tellsus
with t?iem
of
ing spenda
without
are
often
is
so
pronoun
or doubtful,
that the
PRONOUN
AND
ANTECEDENT.
29
pronoun intended
"He
grammatically
refers
to
an
antecedent
not
by
the
writer.
As,
that to distinguished philosopher e. Philip] wrote [i. in terms [i. e. Aristotle] polite and flattering, begging of him and his [Alexander's] undertake to come education, and bestow
on
hirn. those
man
useful
to
of
magnanimity
which
his
and
virtue
which
every
merous
ought
associations
and
[i.e. Philip's]nuhim
impossible for
troubled while the
one
[Philip]."
"
Goldsmith,
"Montcalm the
that
History of
had
Chreece,
a
passed
till
night.
Genei-al in the and
was
Troops
the
lined field
intrenchments
day,
walked
adjoined by
the
says
rest etc.
his
morning,
panied accom-
Chevalier that
lie
Colonel
Poulariez.
Johnstone
took
no
[Montcalm]
At
in
great agitation,and
heard the
sound of
all
night.
daybreak
he
cannon,"
Here
he
grammatically refers
to stand
the the
to
Johnstone, though it
is
evidently intended
"Mr. Smith that he consulted
must he
for Montcalm.
they rapped
he
out
the with
answer
make
settlement
could
"
Mr.
Ingalls,or
which had
would
only that
Mr.
lose all his fine estate, infallibly Ingalls had originally held, and which
not
he
[Mr. Smith]
Benjamin
he had
obtained
"
for almost
also
nothing
from
the
heirs which
of
Pai'sons,
its full
but
the
paid
the
value.*'
Here
Italicized would
sentence
he be
so
grammatically
understood
to
Mr.
by
from it
the the is
reader
by
refer
itself; but
to
whole evident
which
the
to
sentence
appears, Mr.
he
is meant
Smith.
30
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
THE
VI.
MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE
doubt or indecisio or future contingency, the verb should be in or a wish,is expressed, the subjunctive mood; as,
" 37.
Where
**
"*
**
I will consent to stay." [come], small." are [be] We may live happily, thoughour possessions he." And so would I, if I was [were] if it vxls [were] whom I could name A certain lady necessary." unless he reperUs He will not be pardoned, [repent]." Od
condition that he
comes
**The
as
**
word
been used
by the
tor testa-
if it was
I wish that he
"
Would
that it might be
a
"
But
where
is not
future is
as,
the expressed,
the way, he does not need a guide." [knows] If art become [becomes] it disgusts the reader." apx)arent, Whether the translation loere [was] I am ever published, whollyignorant" If a man have [has] built a house,the house is his."
**
If he know
"
**
**
The
verb in connected
it is [will be] no body of legislators, better than a tyranny; if there are [be]only two, there will want a casting voice." " But \f^i|.climb, hands, wijh your assisting The Tt^^i^I^ staiids" ind in the city "*" """ Dryden's TiT^.
"*
If there be but
THE
INFINITIVE
MOOD.
31
CHAPTER
THE INFINITIVE
VII.
MOOD.
to, as the sign of the " 39. The particle omitted ; as, mood^ is often improperly
**
"
infinitive
eration, It is necessary to act with more or with greatermodvigor subdae them to conciliate them or [to] completely,
as
to make
sense.'*
*'
But it would
tend to
subject."
"So
**
as was
believe that neither the king's death nor [to] would helphim." imprisonment of It is necessary for the lawyerto have a clear conception the governing rules of law, and [to] be able to presentdecisive the for establishing or reasons [to] authority give satisfactory He
"
rules."
The like
*'
in sentences
Of
me
the Roman
utmost
have people
many
which pledges,
I must
endeavors to preserve,
defend,confirm,
and digest to point, ''Many authors expectthe printer spell, their copy, so that it may be intelligible to the reader." "To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield." "The most accomplished way of using books at presentis, to serve them as some do lords, le^m their titles, and then brag of their acquaintance."
"
The
active verbs
some
otheis,
take usually
stay?"
32 The
to
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
following examples
wherever
'*
"
'*
I dare to say I felta chilling sensation to creep over me." It cannot but be a delightful to spectacle,
lest I should giveoffence." so hastily, proceed he has not got home yet."
'
see
and
himself gloriously, on by temptations every side to acquit to hold out against the most violent assaults." resolutely
**
Who
" 40.
the verb
The
to particle
should
not be
by : examples
"
any
intervening word, as
not
"
studyagreeable."
"A and
of variety
cases
to
fullyillustrate
to illustrate] the rule." [fully "It seems that this portionwas filledwith some probable substance to better adapt [the better to adapt] it to the hand." "A rightto exclusively [exclusively to]make and sell an
articlerests," etc.
"
To
and
purify garments
this
without
"But
to
example of
taken
dog-
to illlately compact verb by ramming an adverb into its midst. They will say, *to appreciatively walk drink bottled stout'; *to energetically to Paddington'; *to think'; *to ably incessantly this dog-English reason.' Where was whelped1 You *to reason should say, *to think incessantly'; ably.'
some of our English, using our neat and
writers have
Let
you
us
bow-wow
'
means
"
to
drink.
Do my
dog
say, *Bovv
wagging
tail
1
"
wow?"'i
Jean 212. John Jerome,(Boston, Ingelow, 1886,) pp. 211,
THE
INFINITIVE
MOOD.
33
changed in poetry
Barns.
of
dared
rhythm
to
; as,
stem
Who
nobly
tyrannicpride."
"
"
41.
The
infinitive cannot
at
properly be understood
a
the
end
of
to sentence, referring
in the sentence.
done
E. g.
has intend
"
He Can
has
a
not
it,nor
is he
'*
man
desire to
to
**
I have
not
an
written, and I do
not
"
When instead
as
or
of
ellipsis,
that it is
such
can
elsewhere
"
properlybe given."^
say,
as some
with
the form
of the verb
I did
am
not
have he
done should
'*I done
**
as
he
has
These
be
do
so
[soto picturethem]
"The the reduction
do
to inability
so
[aoto
reduce
expressionsas Try and think," Try and make," Try and do it,"etc. are erroneous. Say, Try to think,'* Try to make," etc. Try to do it,"
" " " "
"
42.
Such
L. R.
for prepai*ed
Private
School^ (Cambridge,
34
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER TENSE,
OR
VIII.
TIME.
" 43.
"
Errors
are
very
"
common
in the tense, or
time,
of the verb.
I drunk
**
E. g. :
his health." [drank] to feel sleepy." I begun [began] did well," "You done well." Say,"You or done welL"
**
"You
have
saw
him when
"
I intended to
it." [did] have written [write] to him on the subject." it before I arrived at I should have lost [lose] he done
city."
that you mig?U [may]fail." be asked." if I shvuld [shall] I will not speakof it, even their the proper ^''^ohave prevented [prevent] depreciation, Remember would affirmed,
have been
to have
course, it is
**
made
[make]a
the
shown
"
Roses,and
a
be realized therefrom." [can] had the nobility met their doom in the Wars of the hands of royalty were [hadbeen]untied,
determined been
effort was
made
to
Uberty."
for the English would give we public, writing and from have given] it but a paragraph the quotation [should ; the Macaulaygiven below would constitute [haveconstituted] substance of what we said [should have said]." The witness testifiedthat he vjos [hadbeen] chairman of
we
"
Had
"The
conclusions general
of the
judgeare correct,and
the
TENSE,
OR
TIME.
35
only
tenn
error
*
therein
consisted
**
[consists]
in
the
improper
use
of
the
trade-mark.' who
should
'*One
make
[had
made]
a
study
not to
of
him
at
that
would
would
^crfic^
have
Qiave
been
predicted]
worth your
steady,
while
swift
heard
growth." [hear]
have
"The
after
act
granting
was
the
over
pension
and the
was
not
passed
rendered
until
long
been
the
war
service
[had
rendered]."
"
44. is
The
ollben
imperfect
tense
or
preterite,
for the
in
irregular
ticiple. par-
verbs,
erroneously
used
perfect
As,
"When middle."
"
an
interesting
story
is
hroke
[broken]
off
in
tlie
He
hath
bore
[borne]
have
witness
often
to
his
faithful
servants." the
source
"
Philosophers
mistook
[mistaken]
of
true
"
happiness."
I have chose
were
[chosen]
verses
to
follow
the
on
common
arrangement."
"
They
He
is have
torote
[written] by
glass."
one."
"
uovf
forsook
[forsaken]
off
every
"I
shook
[shaken]
the
regal
thoughts
wherewith
reigned."
"And I
it would
u?rote
become
on
to
contradict
one
day
what
had
[written]
36
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
SHALL
AND
IX.
SHOULD
AND
WILL,
WOULD.
" 45.
shall and
pulsory, com-
is involuntary^ or
and wiU
the will.
^'
'owe, be under obligation'; originally determine.* The phrases and toill means wish,resolve, then, I owe, am bound or obligated to, really signify, determined on, I intend, the act of giving; and am giving.' Out of this difference in the original meaning
Shall
means
* *
'
between the form of the words has grown a diflference in the firstperson on the one of the future expression
hand, and the second and third persons on the other hand. To denote simply somethingthat is going to take place, shall in the firstperson, we use ordinarily
and
"
wiU
in the others."*
between should and "w"mZ^ is in eral The diflference genthe same as that between shall and mil, and they
in like manner
are
confused
by
inaccurate
^ speakers." or
promise,
determination ; as,
I will go I will go
^
"'
"
"
Ibid., page
121.
SHALL
AND
WILL,
SHOULD
AND
WOULD.
37
Will in the second person foretells ; as, " at twelve o'clock, If you come you will find
"
me
at
home."
"
You
will
soon
be
twenty."
a
Sometimes
"
it expresses
command
; as,
You On
will learn the next lesson to-morrow." of this, receipt you will
"
immediately reportat
a
head-quarters."
In in questions
or
wish
"
desire you
on
the second person, mil expresses the part of the speaker ; as,
to-morrow
Will
go
r* =
"
"
WiU
you let me
know
if you
can
come
Will in the third person simply foretellswhat known or thoughtby the speaker;as,
"
to-morrow."
"We
to-day." i.e. "We will have dinner at six o'clock," order it to be readyat six o'clock."
"
will
In
in questions
the
the third person, tvillinquires concerning the pui'pose of another, or asks what
as,
?"
When
will
our
troubles be at
an
endl"
or
determination,
"
to-morrow."
and shall try to early,
arrive
by
noon."
"
We
i.e. o'clock,"
"
Dinner
is to be
six o'clock."
38
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
Shall in
"
Do
"
you
wish
me
to go
with you 1
"
When
shall shall
we we
see
"
When
ShaU
a
"
in the second
ise, prom-
a command, determination,
threat ; as,
You
He
"
that he promise
shall
go.'*
or
"
He
go/*i. e. whether
he wishes to go this."
not
"
Thou You
"
punishedfor
If he shall
obey,it will be
which tooidd, the pastforms of sliaU and tvill, is mainly the same are forms ; would referring to an exercise as in the present of wiU, and should implyingcontingent, tion, dependentacE. g. : or obligation.
"
" 46.
The differencebetween
^'
I would
as
do readily
it myself as
another persuade if I
to do it."
"I
go
could."
"
hoped that
"
I know
country."
a
both
I should go, if I could get away." He would give, if he had the means."
SHALL
AND
WILL,
SHOULD
AND
WOULD.
39
"
**
"
If he should come, you would see him." in your place." I should not do so, if I were in your place." I would not do so, if I were
they not
what proposals,
am
wish; as,
"
I would
"Would
"
have you think of these things." God I had died for thee,0 Absalom !" thou hadst hearkened to my
a
Would
words 1 "
Also to express
"
custom
; as,
He
things."
"
She would
Would
"
He
"He could
all I
say."
often has the
and meaning of ought, expresses
Should
duty; as,
" "
should go by all means, but he will not." You should not allow such conduct in school."
He
" 47.
**
The
are following :
"
examplesof
the correct
use
of these words
They
"
is well
ing pleas-
unto
him ; and
they that
love him
law."
"
He that honoreth
longlife;
and he
will honor
his parents,as to his mastera." *Mf I might see you at my honse,it should go hard but I would have a bottle of wine and a pipe of tobacco for you." Ecclus, iii.6, 7.
"
Beaumont
and Fletcher.
40
"
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
me,
ere
George"Wither.
"If she hate me, then believe She shall die ere I will grieve." B^n Jonson.
"
"This
child I to
myselfwill take :
She shall be mine, and I will make A ladyof my own. be darling Both law and impulse ; and with me The girl, in rock and plain. In earth and heaven,in gladeand bower, Shall feel an overseeing power
my
Myselfwill to
To kindle
or
restrain."
Wordsworth,Toems of hnagiMdwa^
"And
at the end
or
X.
deliver up the
unto premises
Modem
Lease.
" 48.
are
"
The
words
:
"
in the Italicized
following examples
erroneous
toill issue this paper as occasion demands. The next in the spring. The size of the sheet edition will be issued early
We
and we vrUl circulate between fifteen will be very much enlai^d, tising and twenty thousand copies. We will have considerable adverof this business men space, which will be allotted to i;he on Newspaper Prospectus. vicinity very reasonable terms." ** If we found such a system of writing would prowe history nounce
"
wUl
soon
be able to
answer
this
pertinent question."
theycan intervene to preserve the credit of the mark, shall soon be destroyed." all faith in its integrity
mails to all European supplemental from the main office to the steamer steamers vnll be despatched mail." after the close of the regular would give it Were we writing for the English we public, but a paragraph." and I shall be fallen indeed ; I would "Compel me to retire, feel myself in the eyes of all my acquaintance blighted ; I would in the liftui" my face in society ''vermore ; I would burymyself "An
Unless
order
was
made
that
"
SHALL
AND
WILL,
SHOULD
AND
WOULD.
41
oblivion
I would
of
be of
shame
and
solitude
I would
hide
of my
me
fix"m
own
the
world
;
overpowered
self-reflection
I
1.
sooner
by
the
would
feelings
pursue
as
disgrace
Chalmers.'
the
torments
**
me.*'
"
Perchance iv.
tDill shall if
we
will
be
there
soon
as
you."
"
Com,
oj
Errors,
'*
I he
have
one on
beard cheek."
grow
"
on
the
palm
IV,,
above
of
i.
my 2.
hand
than
get
look
his
the
.2
Henry
'*But
we
into think
English
were
comedies formed
upon
mentioned,
a
would
[should]
Addison.
"
they
quite
contrary
maxim."
**
If
this
passion
care
were
simply
all persons
painful,
and
we
would
[should]
could
shun excite
with such
the
a
greatest
"
places
that
passion."
us,
Burke.
'^
Let
in
then,
should
and
not
we
make
slip,
possess that
we
our
souls
patience,
lost
to
bewail
ourselves
For he
must
are
utterly
English
idiom. critic
of
be
an
sufficient inwho
informed does
not
English
most not
literature
know
that
even
the have
thorough-bred always
skotild them."
been
lish Engable
to
writers
themselves and
use
shall
tmU,
and
particularly
between
and
*
would^
without
some
shilly-shallying
Richai-d
Grant
White,
Every-Day
English,
pp.
357,
358.
42
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
LIE
AND LAY." SET
X.
AND SIT.
" 49. In order to understand the proper use of these the form of their principal verbs, partsshould firstof learned. all be thoroughly viz. : In lie and /ay these are as follows,
"
The
every
main
sense or
thingto
in which
be borne be
in mind
is that
lay (in
sitive tran-
it can
is a misunderstood)
an
active What
verb,and lie is
lieis
verb.
is that the
of imperfect
lay.
upon
the
sea
"The
the two
countries."
"
the
laymyselfdown to sleep." I laya book upon table." The rain lays We laya foundation."
I
" "
the dust."
Imperfect,
"
lay down
"Guilt
to
sleep."
"
book
lay
table."
lay heavy on
his mind."
upon "The
the
sea
y between
the two
countries."
LIE
AND
LAY.
"
SET
AND
SIT.
.
43
**
the
We
sleep."
"
Participle,
the table."
"
A book
is lyingupon
Guilt is
lying
"
The
rain is laying
the dust."
"
Perfect Participle,
"I upon
had
lain down
to
sleep." "A
sea
book
had
lain
"The
had
once
lain between
the two
"
I had
myself down
the table."
to
sleep."
"
I had
laid
the book
"
we our lay down yesterday, to-night, but we lay a studies have lain in certain directions; laid it down book down we we io-night, yesterday, have laid aside our studies. A shipliesto,not laysto. distinction applies to compounds ; as, to unThe same derlie, y ^ to overlay
We
lie down
" 50.
:
"
The
principal partsof
PRES.
set
and
sit
are
as
lows fol-
PART.
PERF.
PART.
Setting
Set Sat
we
Sitting
Set is in most
" "
active verb; but an sigiiifications The sun sets," and The tide sets." say, set aside, We set about,set apart, anything. We set out on a journey, in writing. set down
1 Hill's
44
.
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
Sit
is
in
in
most
senses
neuter
"
It
is
active,
however,
We
We
the
expression,
in
a
man
horse."
at
sit sit
down for
chair,
A sits.
we
sit
coat
up sits
night.
portrait.
a
Congress
We
set
or
court
hen,
"
but
hen
sits
not
on
eggs.
"
We
should hen."
say, We
therefore,
sit in
"
sitting
hen,"
setting
in
"
sitting-room,"
and
not
setting-
room."
USE
OF
THE
PARTICIPLE.
45
CHAPTER
USE OF THE
XI.
PARTICIPLE.
" 51.
many
Where the
cases or
preposition of is
the
substitution of E. g.
:
"
noun
of
equivalent
chusetts." in Massa-
is better. signification,
"
An
'*
An
"
An
**
To the To To
**
**
such an order of things." introducing [of] such an order of things." introducing the introduction of such an order of things."
**
"
'*
By th" establishing good laws,we secure our peace." [of] By estabUshing good laws,we secure our peace." By the establishment of good laws,"etc.
But
" 52.
where
o/ should
participle,
be omitted in the
"
examples: following
"
**
**
to blows." ^ names theyproceeded calling "In forming his sentences he was very exact." q/* In breaking of bread from house to house." "They set about repairing o/thewalls." Teaching o/ children is a pleasant employment."
From
" 53.
if the
not
The
fore be-
it where
noun
itselfis the active agent; but the possessive should subject, peissive
"
be used.
E. g. :
40
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"Lady
"Much
"
Macbeth
walkingin [Macbeth's]
the
her
is sleep
an
dent inci-
full of
quently."
her brother." [Maria's] loving The fact of Jaines [James's] himself on his side." placing **The paper then discusses the probable result of England the policy indicated by Mr. Chamberlain's [England's] following speeches." When s [monosyllable syllable or monotheyspeakof a monosyllable* as]havingthe grave or the acute accent." The daily instances of men*s [men]dyingaround us."
** **
**
event T^ie
use
and cannot be quesestablished, tioned, in the following The house is as : examples "Wheat is selling," "The work is now building,"
etc. publishing,"
is well
Many
writers have
contended
that
this form is erroneous, and that the passive form should while others have as strenuously always be used instead; maintained that the form passive
is the
should
never
be
doubt
: following examples
**For
those who
are
beingeducated
"
in
seminaries."
"
Southey.
uttered." Coleridge. being It signifies one though in uncouth English, properly, being beaten." Whately. The foundation was being laid."
**
It
wfis
"
wlio
is
"
*'
In the the
that
'*I
saw
one
.
by
the ruins.
'^count
by
some
passed Whether she was taking [being taken]to to disappointed votary, I will not pretend
AVer."
USE
OF
THE
PARTICIPLE.
47
In form
"The
the
is
following certainly
law
example,
better
:
"
on
the
contrary,
the
active
is
annulled
in
the
very
act
of
its
being
made
[making]."
"
and form.
**
55.
The
passive
used
participle
instead
of
is the
sometimes active
or
imprbperly impersonal
awkwardly
As,
But
gs
soon
as
the
whole its
body
is
attempted results,
to
he
carved^
is
most
disproportion disagreeable
Correct
carve so
between
to
as
various
parts
which
the
to
eye." read,
^*
But
as
soon
as
an
attempt
is made
to
the
'*
whole offence
section
body,"
etc. to
The
attempted
of
be
charged
should
be
alleged
under
another
the
statute." which
it
Correct,
"
**The seeds
of
offence the
to
is
attempted
which
to
charge,"
to
etc.
The
umbrella be
pine,
he
previous
in
his
visit
had
been Correct
"
difficult
to storm
obtained^
been
procured
to
great
quantities."
"it
was
had
difficult
in
obtain."
a
The
unfortunate
selecting
lost the
district
poorly
of
resented rep-
by
carefully Correct,
observers,
and
thus
opportunity
being
observed." "The
storm
unfortunately
observers,
was
in
district for
poorly
its
represented
observation
by
and
opportunity
careful
lost."
48
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
ADJECTIVES
AND ADJECTIVE
XII.
PRONOUNS.
must implyingunity or plurality " 56. Adjectives which they qualify. with the nouns agree in number The following : examplesare therefore erroneous
-***
very numerous."
**
to
was
kind of excesses indicativeof greatness." thoughttJiese than two footabove it." The standard beingmore Three pound of goldwent to one shekel." Most of the churches had one or more elder [elders]." ruling '*The nature of that [those] riches and [that] is long-suifeiiug lead to repentance." that which is myself on By reflecting now, and that which myselftwenty yeai-s ago, I discern that they are not two,
**
He
"
**
**
**
but
one
and
after
the
same
self."
"
Butler's
Analogy,
(Insert
"selves"
two.)
the contract was other reasons **For this among executed." ** etc.) (Correct, For this reason, among others," ** In this and most of our large cities." (Insert "city" after
this.)
"Between
"
Between
day."
to
"From
the
fifteenth up
the nineteenth
centuries
tury]." [cen-
in the plural, however, may adjective pronoun sometimes be properly associated with a singular noun ; our desire,"your intention,"their resignation,' as,
" " "
An
etc.
1
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUNS.
49
two
As
meam
may
be either
following examplesare
*'He
correct:
lived
and temperately,
were
by
this
means
preservedhis
to
health." **The scholars their teachers, and and obedient attentive, industrious,
means
by these
acquired knowledge."
"
For
or
one
means
each other must be used if only " 57. The expression two subjects are spoken of,one another ifmore than two. The following are use : examplesof erroneous
"
"
Two
to
an
or
are
lent equiva-
affirmative.
"
"
Murray
**Both orators take greatliberties with mie another,'* "Teachers like to see their pupils to each other** polite
"In of the classification
each other.**
* *
A strobileis a
made pericarp
an
in or otherwise, else, " 58. After other^ any adjective than is usually the comparative degree, required.As,
* *
no
sooner
entertains any
hastens presently
**No
to
some
resource
no
**
been the death of a man who had has,I fear, too much." that of loving other fault hit [than] me A metaphor is nothingelse but [than] a shoit comparison."
"My
behavior
"
mind
cannot otherwise entertain the gardening emotions or feelings." certain agreeable by raising [than]
reference to
an
assignment
50
"
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
He
was
two
those [than]
"This is
other hiU
the [than]
the
gateof
heaven."
besides is preposition
"
times some-
is exclusive of those
besides" is inclusive of
those mentioned.
**
E. g.
"
"Other
**
used
" 59.
Where
are comparisons
made,
or
care
must
be
cisely pre-
and
include in both
use
terms
is intended, by the
omission of
otiier,
word. equivalent
Iron is more fondness
As,
metals." [other] lous." ridicu-
"A
mated whatever so abound with bold and ani[other] writings the sacred books." as figures man's that ever wrote." This was less his case than any [other] "The holy than any temple of Cholula was deemed more in New Sxmin." [other] has certainly the greatest "Of all other beings, man reason for gratitude." us." that which most moves It Is of all others [things] work of that nature we to any [other] "I think it superior
**
No
**
"
ever
so
much
beloved
by
the
so
much
as
"He
of
England as
These
of all otliers[churches]."
" 60.
r
Either and
neither,
"
words
were
considered to
thingstaken
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUNS.
51
their trae usage. But good and that is strictly other, has established the use of both words in relation authority to any indefinite number. As,
**
"
no
letter to
consonant
"
heads." preceding have not scrupled to laya **Dryden, Pope,and Wordsworth hand upon Chaucer, a mightier geniusthan either." profane GeorgeP. Marsh.
Wonis
" "
"Neither "Neither
of these fiveverbs
can
be neuter."
of the ten
as
was
there."
:
ought to mind." It has been contended by many know his own that this construction is wrong, and contraryto English both logiIt seems to me, however, to be right, idiom. cally and grammatically; it is more than euphonious using one^s for Aw, is sanctioned by good usage, and is correct according to the principle line by which the mascu" 61.
One
"
"One
pronoun
as
is used where
as,
"
the antecedent
never
is indefinite
to
gender;
variance with
others
do
anythingat
"
This
sentence,and
if One
*'
were
meaning no one, may " 62. NonCy althoughliterally be used with a plural of verb,having the signification of multitude. a noun As,
"
**
Milton. placed.""
Ibi"l. Prov. ii. 19.
"None "None
"
again."
"
extant."
"
Blair.
None
gender."
" 63.
in
whole and less are properly adjectives applied relation to quantity; all q.u^fewer, in relation
The
52
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
to
number.
:
"
The
erroneous
usage
the whole
cross
inhahltants were present." [all the] tliewhole [all Knightruns through the] steps
less
the
English language."
"There
were
not
less
present."
All is sometimes sometimes
"
used incorrectly
all the all the
for the
and whole,
The
"
disease
[the whole]country."
children [the only]
of their
parents."
three last, for first first, etc., is incorrect. As, two," last three," etc., "The two last [last will not be found deficient two]chapters
use
" "
" 64.
The
of two
in this respect."
"The "The
are
\Vm.
Randolph,M.
A.
Cambridge."
"
two to defend the usage of attempted But every error in grammar first," etc., by authority. might be established if frequent usage or the occasional ity. of good authors are to be accepted as final authorslips Goold Brown says, "The ordinal adjectives ^r"^, the cardinal numbers,but sjecond, next, last, may qualify and be qualified by them,'* they cannot very properly in support is overwhelmingly the weight of authority
of this statement.
etc. should not be used The ordinals second,third,
~''
an
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUNS.
53
often used
where
adverbs
are
I now to my promise, write." Agreeable [Agreeably] "He acted in this businessbolder [more boldly] than
was
expected."
of him." [meanly] How remarkable [remarkably] heavy it is ! He was exceeding kind to me." [exceedingly] I called on his lordship to my leaving previous^ England." "Endeavor to live hereafter suitable [suitably] to your
can never so
**
think
very
mean
**
"
*"
**
station in life."
In like manner,
as, "The "This "The all in."
arrows
adverbs
are
sometimes
of
.
the
harshly[harsh]."
otherwimy are
now
officialor election,
" ^Q,
use an
"
There
is sometimes
whether question
to
adverb after certain verbs. The or an adjective the limiting word exto be, that when seems presses principle the object, state of the subject or or a quality of the action, rather than the manner is an adjective with the verbs This construction takes place proper. if the he, look, feel, Briefly, taste,smell, seem, etc."^ the adverb should be verb is intended to be qualified, the used ; if the noun is intended to be qualified, Kg.: adjective.
"
"
The The
berrytastes
man woman
sour."
"
"
"The
"
looked beautiful."
"
He
feelswarm."
is objectedto by Although this use of previousiov previously grammarians,yet it has been used by many good writers. 2 Tweed's for Common Grammar Schools, page 111.
54 In the
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
adverb
is
correctly
used ; as,
**
She
**He
him." to
Then
serve as
and
now
are
sometimes
made improperly
adjectives; as,
in the then
tions ciimate and other hard condirigorous of Europe." (Omit then, and insert at that time after "Europe.") The then King of France was engaged in waging war with England." of the original The now text are or present] copies [existing **Even
**
"
entire."
" 67.
Where
the
in the
"
be used.
E. g. :
seemed
the younrfcd
the two."
" 68.
after a
or
Former
parative com-
used for
more
persons ; as,
"The
much
the
of Cholula." pueblos "The is forme"l hy two decayed mounds, the court-yard of worship, mound of which and a hill, the latter [last] is a terrace." regular "Our road lay by Lou vain,Thirlemont,Liege, Aix-la-Chaand Juliers, The former [first] of these to the Rhine. pelle, J. Fenimore Cooper. towns," etc.
"
" 69.
these and
When
the
adjective pronouns
this and
or that,
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUNS.
55
or
these
should
term
represent
;
as,
mise o'er
the
latter, and
that
or
those
the
former
**
And
In
reason
instinct
in
as
you
can,
"
this
't is God
directs,
!
that
*t is man." foes
! !
"
"
Pope.
**
Farewell
my
friends
farewell my love
my
My
The
to
peace
with
these,
with
those
Bums.
pronoun show
that reference
is often
to
an
omitted antecedent
its
where
term
it
;
is
sary neces-
as,
under be the
clusive." con-
**
If the
of
corporation
1792,
or
was
carrying
of
on
operations
would
charter
[that]
1794,
the
argument
**
Notice
the
of
a
difference
the
effect both
of
are
of
this
volatile
acid
and
"
[that]
He
strong
fixed
equally
tribes the that
certainly
preceded
as
coming
as
the of
the
valley
confederacy,
[that]
later
Tlascala."
"
70.
Other also
errors
are
the
vulgar
of
use
of of
them
for
tJiose; and
to
the
application
are
degrees
in
son compari-
adjectives
as
which
superlative
perfectf
to
primary
nificati sig-
cJiief, extreine,
It
is
riglU,
""o
universal,
""o
supreme,
etc.
incorrect
we can
say
perfect,"
universal,"
a
etc.;
but **less
say,
"nearer
perfection,"
etc.
nearer
right,"
extreme,"
"less
perfect,"
56
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
ADVERBS.
XIII.
" 71.
Adverbs
are
frequentl}^ givena
absolute rule
can
in the sentence.
No
for their proper position. be They should generally ever, howplacedbefore the words theyqualify ; sometimes, after verbs,
or
between
to
the
and auxiliary
the
verb, but
adverb
never
between
and
to
are following
**
examples of
not
wrong
We
must
expectto
find
agreeable]."
**
Instead of
on
the
dozen [down contemptucmiteinpttwusly looking ously] fully crooked in mind or body,we should look up thank-
to
**
God,
who
has made
us
better." *
favored by goml usage is not on that accoimt to Everything of the sentence. ) be retained." (Place not at the beginning shall acquirecertainly we [certAinly By hastycomposition bad a very style." acquire] The comparisons one pointonly [only on are short, touching of resemblance." one on point] had fore set beonce object [oncehad] some prominent Having
**
*' '*
lis."
**
The
seems positive
de"rree."
'*In
some
used."
1 *
"
See
to "thankfully look Jiorrects "look tip thankfully" " but I think the of order the first clause as corrected, looking ; up down second the should be followed in one. contemptuously,"
Murray
ADVERBS.
57
curred." oc[tohave actually]
**
*'
But every
Most
men
man
every
woman
Mary.'*
"But.")
dream, but all do
not
[notall]."
"We have often [often have]occasion to speakof time." be generally from "The words must [generally be]separated
**
the context."
"But
"
it is only so
the
can expression
be
verted con-
a^
much
again
as much]." [again
from her quiverabout to go on, when he perceived ing less c heek that than and nothing imposturewas pallid eye ** less intended intended." Old Mortality. (Say, nothing was Scott,
"
He
was
"
than "Meister
thai he is not
only [notonly
that he
as
a is]
of capable being,^and
development
such,but that
being." religious
not
duced introunnecessarily in the middle of a clause at the beginning of a sentence,thus multiplying pauses, but should be placed
at
" 72.
The
adverb should
be
"It remains, whether the then,undecided,[undecided, then,] effectof heredity is to transmit these characteristics."
of a phenomenon to be the cause define, therefore, the antecedent, which it is invariably on consequent."(Put may
"We
"therefore"
after
"phenomenon.")
of the adverb between placing see infinitivey ante, " 40. the
For the
erroneous
to and particle
the
" 73.
the
"
Misuse
common
more
of
^Like I for
1
*
is a did,'
as
and
Southern
garism vul-
I did.'"
Mathews*8
58
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
of peculiarity I have known the South and West. Englishmenwho used the expression, and the following examples, constantly which are might be multiplied indefinitely, taken from recent Englishworks:
use uo lueane a
"
This
of like for as is
by
**
It must
"
Hagh
way, Con-
**
So few
placedlike I
enter
"
was,
that my
audience who
be too
would
to
understand
and
trouble about."
limited
And
he would
struggled among a king." Anthony TroUope. sometimes, passing through the ground-floor passage, /iX;ethat firsttime." her ironing, Vernon Lee, see
a
be
king when
"
men
"
Miss Brown,
Such E. g.:
*'
"
is often
used improperly
so,
In such With
mild [so]
**
on
siicti a
[so] very
a
important[a]matter."
**
English,
**Such
Sucli
etc. flower,"
^^
never
**
sense
of
entirely,'
"
Wounded
Mr. John
severely." quite[very]
Redman flatteredhimself he
was
**
conclusions drawn
of the acquisition occurrence."
from
a
casual view
are
frequently
The
power
recent quite
Equallyas
"
well,"or equally
a.s
well."
1
ADVERBS.
59
How
it ;
nor
should for
said
see
"
not
be E.
used
g.
:
"
before
"
that,"
or
instead
of
lest."
"He "Ye
how
[that]
that
not
he
would
many
go."
wise
men are
hoyr
called."
(Omit
that.)
"Be cautious
how
[lest]you
offend
him."
"
No
"
is often
1 do
not
used
improperly
they
or are
for
out
not
or
"
;
"
as,
know
whether
be
men
a
no."
Byron.
"
"
Whether
I make
"
he
sinner
no,
I know
not."
will
or
John
ix.
25.
"Can
live, whethej
not
they
mo?"
I shall
ask
Jean
Jaques
or
Rousseau
"
If birds
confabulate
are
no"
Cowper.
;
ever
Ever
"
and
some
never
very
often
confused
or
as,
In
parts
or
of the
ever
country,
it seldom
see
[never]
who
rains."
in
"We
seldom
[never]
"seldom
those
forsaken
trust
God."
(Or
correct
to
if
ever."]
Many
so
grammarians
"never
so
consider
expressions
"never
so
like
**
never
good,"
well,"
should
wisely,"
in such
so
as
roneous, er-
and But
some
that
never
be
of
"
ever
pbmses.
and
Professor other
Hill, speaking
"never
good,"
to
expressions,
are
says,
Whether and
easy
are
parse'
in
or
not, they
easy
to
understand,
facts
language."
Most for is
most
almost
is
common
barbarism
"
as,
The
work
done."
GO
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
RELATIVE
XIV.
PRONOUNS.
" 74. Who, whose, and whom apply only to persons mals to irrationalanior to things personified ; which applies to either or to inanimate objects ; and that applies or things. persons, animals, of its applicability to both That, either by reason after same or because it is required persons and things, in the superlative, should be used in an or adjective sentences in placeof who or which, the following
**Ke him."
*'
instructed
and
w?u)
Among
nations wJio
periods
veiy
derly." or-
of
society."
**
The crowd
who
the street
was
**An
only child
is
one
w?io
neither hrother
nor
sister."
"
He
of the spokelargely
men
had
or
thingwhich [that]
are
men possess." [that] ''The same in a model lohich [that] are agreeahle proportions not agreeahle in a large building."
are
often misused
"
for
whichy
taught
E. g. :
nature "Frequentedby every fowl wTiovi [which] Johnson. iipthe wing in water."
"
has
KELATIVE
PRONOUNS.
61
moved
"
like Exactly
are
so
many
by
of
wires."
"They
my
servants,which
whose flaps of [theflaps away under a knotted veil, round throat" which]fallon either side of her bright Hidden
'*
The
method
is to transfer each
to ingredient
some
new
bination com-
and whose compost' which can be formed without loss, of which] is kiiowu." tion [the composition ** of sulphuric acid whose specific Weigh in a vial a quantity
has gravity
"
been
ascertained." previously
and dignity wh"ose weight were His character, onlypartially the church lustre." (Correct by his modest motto, gave expressed
to
"
the
Whose is
our
of which in both of givenas the possessive and its use as such has beAmerican Dictionaries, come the common; yet the best authorities condemn deem it an
error.
usage, and
" 75.
which
or or
The
word
and cannot
there has
who, unless
same
"
who
in the E. g. :
sentence
and
tion. construc-
"The
and
more are
which
are
proper
"
to be
committed
**
to
larger type." MurraxfsOraminar. Bad English as follows : Corrected in Moon's The rules, and observations which are the more and definitions, important,
memory,
"
wUh printed
which
are
are
proper to be committed
to memoiy,
in larger type." printed of each, agreeing have duplicates in movement "But we in measure, atid which make differentimpresthough differing sions to the ear: and an on our opulencepeculiar language, of a boundless variety." Murray's which may be the source Orammar. (Omit the and before which in both places.) consists of small cellswhose exposed "This layer outer walls
"
62
are
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
rounded,arid which contain the pigmentscharacteristic of the group.'.' (Correctto "cells the exposed outer walls of which," etc.)
**
We
think
by
Borrow
Parson
Adams
or
and Clinker,
caught the
last
the tents
of the
Romany." (Omit
of a party, sent for the purpose of compelling approach the countrypeople to bury their dead,and who had already sembled asseveral peasantsfor that purpose, now Edward obliged to rejoin his guide." (Insert **who had been" immediately after and the sentence is connect) party," The
"
For
the
use
of which
without
an
see antecedent,
whom,
see
are
tion preposi-
relative pronoun
; as,
a
better express
sense
They framed
their claim."
"
They are
derived."
are
we why or the manner By prepositions express the cause is done." ?iow [inwhich] a thing "And the battle where [inwhich]their fathers fell." curse truth may be found There is no rule given?iow [bywhich]
**
*'
out."
as to prevent " 77. The relative should be so placed to the antecedent. and as near as possible ambiguity,
E. g.:
"It
"
"
gives a meaning
not
to ioords
[towords
meaning] which
knew
no
theywould
(Put
"
sin."
who
knew
no
sin
after
**
**
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS.
63
" 78.
should
**
The be
relative
pronoun E. g.
:
"
is often
omitted
where
it
expressed.
error
The
next
[that] I
shall
mention
is
capital one."
of the divine perfections." [that]we know is the worat "This thing [that] could happen." me." "I'here were several thiugs [which] brought it upon that [which] We speak that [which] we do know, and testify
*'
It is little
**
we
have
**
seen."
"
John
Almost have
of any
guage lanwere
of ellipsis and
words
which
inserted originally
lai'."
"
sentence
[which]
made
it regu-
Murray*
That
Graminar,
78a,
restrictive.
**
Bain, in
That
is the
his
"Higher
But
Grammar,"
says
proper
restrictive,
explicative, limiting, or
W. D.
defining relative."
"
Whitney,
says:
"
in
his
Essentials
of
English
**
Some
authorities
or
hold
that
wJw
and
which
are
to
be
used
as
as
co-ordinating
or
but
that
limiting
wounded*;
restrictive
thus,
are were
this
soldier, wh^
of
was
recently
*the
near means
'clouds,
were
which
bodies left' ; *a
vapor';
th"at
but
diers sol-
thrtt
wounded
so
a
cloud
lay by
the
horizon
'
; and
on.
But
the
best
English
usage
no
requires such
Neither
distinction."
nor
Worcester of real
Webster
gives
any
such
clusive ex-
definition where
as on no
that, and
limitation book the
it is
certainly inapplicable
or
is intended
:
**
desired,
of all
who
For
the
Use
Language."
64
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
DOUBLE
XV.
NEGATIVES.
in Englishdestroy one other/ annegatives to an affirmative." Such comor are equivalent mon I don't want barbarisms as and I nothing,** be used by a respecthave n't got none,"would never able violate the foregoing writer. But authors frequently rule, althoughthe mistake is not so apparent. E.g.:
" 79.
"
Two
"
"
"
''Give mine
not
"
me
comforter
delight
"
ear."
Mvdih Ado, go
no
further."
As
never
did
"
Merchant
"*
of Venice,
can
"
There
be
no
nor
na [and]
manner
ommended." rec-
Sheridan.
''
I cannot
stop to [can]
on
hardlyany
"
of the adventures
that befellTheseus
*'
The facultiesare
than
thing a by believing
thing onlybecause
"
No Now
one
(Omit else,)
**
let
was
us
not
there
*'
not
and decide whether or cited, mistake made in the name." (Omit the
second not,) do not,confine the purposes of God." [and] allow him what his argument "I cannot by no [any] means must prove." (Or, I can by no means etc. ) allow," We need not,nor
"
See
anUf
page 49.
DOUBLE
NEGATIVES.
65
"There
**
is skill
nothing
could
more
admirable,
nor
nor
[or] remedy
more
useful."
No
obviate,
[and]
no
dispel
the
rible ter-
infection."
'*
Which
do
not
continue,
not to
**
nor
[and]
when
are
not
binding/' rings."
"The
710^
"
train
will
stop
only
the
bell
(Omit
or
change
For I ray
only part
not
except.")
him moment's
love
a
not,
nor
[and]
hate
him since
not," I received
"
have
had
time
hardly
your
letter."
(Omit
not.)
66
MISTAKES
IN
WBITINQ
"NQUSH.
CHAPTER
COBBELATIYES.
XVI.
" 80. Certain adverbs and conjunctions tain cerrequire others to correspond with thera, in comparison or which are called correlatives. The princiantithesis, pal words of this sort are the following:
"
as
ctSyso,
. .
so, such
"is, ilicU,
both
ajid,
though
.
yet.
there,
if
then,
, , .
when
tlien,
.
either
or, nor,
wliere
whether
or, even.
n^t
merely
as
....
*'
As
so thy days,
as
**Lawn
**
white
am
both harbarians,
**
"
**
perish.*' Either he must leave, or I shall go." his parents." Neither this man nor sinned, but These are questions, not of prudence merely,
may my
If I
of morals
also."
*'
but
** "
deemed he."
not
onlynot infamous,
e*er so mild
so
as
'*
poor that he could not make restitution." The difference is of such a nature that it is easily seen."
me, yet will I Though he slay trust in him."
"
"When
"
no
more,
Where
**
the bee sucks, there suck I." nature." Whether of a public or of a private
CORRELATIVES.
67
the
of not
but also.
the other
erroneous
usage:
**
sold ice at Worcester." or [nor] He ueither cut, stored, Mary, Upon the decease of either said Cynthiaaiid [or]
instraraent should
can
"The
any
be
bar,both
in law. or
to
to equity,
or
(Changeboth
other has
or either,
to
one,
or
of
success."
"
world,neither
in [nor]
**
**
it may
so
"Still the
accustomed
to say that he
possession
must be taken care " 82. As in comparisons ("59), these correlativesso as to exclude and include to place what is intended. The following are examples precisely of wrong position :
"
"I "He
"
remember
or
that I
either
am
"
not
here
as
censor
either
of [of
morals."
from
Verbalist. Ayres,
Oswald
not only] a only communicated [communicated and a lethis commission, but a partof his instructions, ter not
of Secretary
State."
"
GeorgeBancroft.
68
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"
neither
estimated after
myself
)
highly
nor
lowly."
J.
"
S.
Mill.
(Put
"He
neither
myself,
neither
would
give
[give
neitlier]
wiue,
nor
oil,
nor
money."
**
"
He
neither
excite
to
anger, excite
nor
ridicule, auger.")
put
to
nor
miration.*' ad-
(Say,
"He of
of would
Twt
neither be
[not
but
only
would]
be
to
the
expense
the
use
I'epixxlucing
them "I until
will
not
new
them,
ones
would
obliged
postpone
were
made." what
can
dispute
about
neither
be
[be
neither]
proved
"
nor
disproved."
a
It of
is
good
nor
which
on
neither
depends
of
[depends
external
neither]
fortune."
on
the
will
others,
division
the
affluence
not
"The
affected
of
only
but the
[not
entered whole
only
the
structure
affected]
household,
of
and the
the
forms
society,
off
beliefs,
and
marked
society."
CONJUNCTIONS.
69
CHAPTER
CONJUNCTIONS.
XVII.
sentences
with
junctions con-
nor,
and, conjunctions often needlessly are connective, or, and others strictly thus made to begin a sentence, more especially
should be avoided.
The
and.
In many be cases, the and is useless and may omitted, and where it is necessary the sentence can with the preceding often be joined A disjunctive, one. like hut,may sometimes of the sentence, and in be necessary at the beginning animated or easy,style it is an
It is to begin one with and. perhaps unobjectionable without takingup too much not easy to giveexamples, to show space, as whole sentences would be required the connection. Any one can find plentyof examples in his every-day and can judge for himself as reading, to their propriety or impropriety. and becavse should 'not be " 84. The words reason used together, the word because meaning for that reason," and thus beingredundant ; as,
"
**
Because
was picture
**
beautiful [That]Rousseau had giren an equally it." no reason why Goethe should not repeat
not for any apparent reason fail,
The The
other will
one
but because
beginning."
of the
reasons
of
not been
obtained."
reason
much
[that] you
can
70
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
" 85.
are
other the
common
errors
in the
use
of
tions conjunc-
following.
unless, btU/or; as,
WithotU for
"WUhotU
form of .a word can the grammatical be [Unless] littleprogress can be made in readingthe at a glance, recognized language." in You will never live to my age wUhotU you keep yourself
**
"
This veteran
forty campaignswould have fallen into the effort of the first without [but for]a vigorous
of
E. g. :
form
"
The
taken
only [except
"
First of white
men
biU
the [except]
sea
beheld plain
the fresh-water
E. g. :
whcU 1
Tliink
not
no
man
so
hut perfect
**
He would
was
joking.")
used after words unnecessarily for that ot if, E. g. :
"
But
is often
ing express-
doubt,or
"There
to be
"
is no
before occupied
He
never
Conquest."
their intention." the case."
but
"
**
I have
no
doubt but
he [that]
cx"rae
to-night."
the
parative com-
For the
use
an
tha"t is often repeated, after " 86. The conjunction before the clause with which clause, intervening
was
intended
to
connect.
In
each
of
CONJUNCTIONS.
71 be
the
sentences following
one
omitted.
**To
us
it
seems as
of parable towards
the
son prodigal
every
thaJt sinner,
It does
not
seem
damages may
ascertainment of
a
dated easy to say, that if cases of unliquibe treated as debts l)ecause theyend in the
to
me
fixed
sum
of money,
that
we
are
at
to liberty
is not
"
all
cases
of
liquidated un-
I have
noted tliatwhen
you
that details,
ent differyou wish to touch on many fare better if you adoptrapid interrogation."
Master
so
held that if,in dyeing, the effected that whiteness could not be predicated of of the Rolls had that the twisted thread
of law the
was
and selvage,
as
white,that
trade-mark was not particular had no remedy.'^ and that therefore the plaintiff infringed, counsel contended, that, if the jury found "The that the and amounted claimed by the plaintiff, to a warfacts were ranty, as
matter
thcU such
"
warranty
was
partof the
contract.
"
Uiai so far were show, by your own writings, you fix"m being competent to teach others Englishcomposition, to study its firstprinciples." that you had need yourself Moon, DearCs English. I wished
to
"
" 87.
"
in
cases
where
it is
essentialto the
After years
contrast
E. g. :
"
of labor
between
the
of his insignificance
Is there not
fixed classes in
"
must
be
Though
told
the instances
are
numerous,
it is
many."
such
he would proceed [that] immediately." **It is manifestly to to apply the principle impos-sible than B." A is greater as [that] judgments
72
MlSTAKJiS
IN
WKITING
ENGUSH.*
CHAPTER
PREPOSITIONS.
XVIII.
is " 88. The endingof a sentence with a preposition considered at the present day to be a perfectly generally accordant with Englishidiom, and entirely legitimate the usages of the language, though it was formerly writers. Hence the to by many originated objected the grammarian who gave as familiar jestconcerning "A is a very bad word to end a a rule, preposition This usage of the preposition, ever, howsentence with." in a free and flowing is indispensable style. often misused,and there is are " 89. Prepositions difference of opinionamong writers as to the some to be used with certain words ; but proper preposition few specimenexamples, the following if not of a are ^ at least of inelegant E g. : erroneous, usage.
"
**
the by [in]
will."
"
**
"
"This
"
another." on [of] independent differentto [from] this is the lifeof Fulvia ! is very different to [from] what was expected."
"
or
to
[of]
In pursuance
For
completesynopsisof
ones
the proper
to be used with
"
^bell's exceUent
Handbook
PREPOSITIONS.
73
his office"m of the
'*His
residence is Street.
a
"m
State [in]
*'He company, ''But
conceived
a
plan
the enlivening
courage
little dashed
of late wiih
forebodings."
codfish must there stillbe'had
for the faithful on
and
"And
**
on
dry sands
[by]the
etc. wire-grass,"
are
said to be
apposition
each other." Murrmfs Orammar, [with] '*The goods were delivered on to [upon]railroad generally cars, but sometimes upon wagons sent by purchasers." friend of the king, whom he had the A personal from [with] misfortune to differin religious opinion." He estimated the value of wheat compared to [with] silver
**
'*
to have
been enhanced."
a
tone
flatteringly
in
In general there is a
When Out
bondagecame."
used onlyin relation " 90. Betiveen can be properly either of which,however,may be pluto two subjects, ral than two are spoken of,among must ; where more be used,and should be substituted for beltffeefi in the ; examples following
"
' '
as
tween be-
third parties." against "The the general rule of law, that the court fully recognized contract between the members of a corporation cannot be altered by the majority." "We regardtheir interaction as takingplace between a series of psychical rather than between logical ceptions," confunctions,
74
But
we
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
use
the
"
*' read between the lines," expression between the rows of corn." ploughs
often omitted which are are " 91. Prepositions to the correct grammatical construction of
sentence. "This "It
"
cessary ne-
the
E. g.
"
was
at the
base,and
of
altitude." about twelve feet [in] the way of the gateof the broughtme back [by] outward sanctuary." The army must of necessity be the school, not of honor,but effeminacy." [of] I might be excused [from] notice of it." taking any more
" "
Then
he
ye
know have
not
[at]what
him
hour
your
"The forum."
"
censors
banished
the [from]
The
was
the passed[in]
same
"
President [on] 30,1789, Washingtonwas inaugurated April life[on] March 4, 1797." and retired to private both of the mollusk and "They stimulate the oiganization the [of]
creatures
which
or
Where
the
same
three
more
words
in the
construction
as,
in quality, Simplesensations are said to be distinguished and in time." [in] intensity, of innocence or of guilt, of merit or We may have a feeling demerit." [of] "She has been assisted by Miss Smitli, Miss Brown, and by Miss Robinson, as well as by Messrs. Jones and Thompson."
"
PREPOSITIONS.
75
examples
:
**
the
"
Italicized
prepositions
are
erroneously
terposed in-
And
the
apostles and
elders
came
together/or
awakened
to
consider
of
this
**
matter." This
first emotion
comes
at
last to be
by
the
the
dental, acci-
instead
**
of
by the
necessary
numerous
antecedent."
Notwithstanding o/"the
I will
encounter
panegyrics
on
ancient
English liberty."
"
loith
Andronicus."
a
Inserting of by another
"
after
a//, before
word
already governed
; as,
were
preposition, is especiallycommon
all
During
He
In
was
of this period,
of all
cases,
the
same
forces
at
work."
**
informed
of the
mind
conditions
works
of the
agreement."
of its
own
**
all
0/ these
the
by
methods
invention."
"
a
93.
Double
one
prepositions
is necessary;
are
often
used
on
where
but
single
E.
as,
of
of,
to, up
above,
g.
wall
"
with
the
fence
on
up
above
the
tops
that
windows." first-story
Its stock
at
a
(Omit
at
then
sold
par,
occasionally,at
a/.) flood."
about
time,
small
in
premium."
me
(Omit
this angry
"Leap
The
are
with
into
expressions /rom
used
;
hence, from
as
thence,from
adverbs
whence,
frequently
whence
but
the of
hence, thence,
the
and
are
include
the
idea
from,
expressions
tautologous.
76
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
CONSTRUCTION
OF
XIX.
.
SENTENCES.
more
" 94.
or
In
or
a more
sentence
two containing
or
words,
ferent dif-
two
a requires
sion
must
to connect it with the conchiproperly particle of the sentence,the appropriate connecting particle
or
clause.
The
one
violation of the
common,
and
sins against ing In the followEnglish grossest, grammar. the words inserted in brackets are necessary examples, to make the sense complete. E. g. : and perhapsmore "So he, as much than, any of his [asj,
"
townsmen, it is not
a
few, but
of
see
tliat
bear the
and -or a littlelonger length[of], [than], twice as broad as the cuspidate scale." Botany. structed Those shares were purchased by a person who had been inbut no higher dollai*3 to bid as high[as], than,forty per
"
**
share."
**
He has made
alterations [in] and additions to the work." and different [from] essentially the four
are Gospels as
rior infe-
Will it be
that urged
"
old
or [as]
even
beloved
but [than],
not
so
much
admired
as
Cynthia."
**Ho
times someguidedby interests alwaysdifferent [from], contraryto, those of the community." So far as these are private the State has the same property, and no greaterthan,over other private property." [as], was
**
ower
CONSTRUCTION
OF
SENTENCES.
77
an arrangement that "Elegance prohibits throws the emphasis a suspension on, and thus causes other unimportant of the sense word or at, a particle (as in this sentence)."^ is This,whether in the familiar or the solemn style, be avoided. In and should generally alwaysinelegant, where fulness and exactness forms of law, and the like, ation, take placeof every other considermust of expression
"
95.
"
it may
"
an Elegance prohibits arrangement of the sentence that throws the emphasis on a particle, other unor important of the word, and there causes a suspension
sense.** section would examples in the preceding if likewise transposed improved, therefore, :
"
The
all be
"
So he
as
much
as
any
of his townsmen
feelsthe bnrden
of
heavytaxes, and perhapsmore so. Thus we see that it is not a few of the ])eople who must hear this burden, but all of them." about the lengthof the cuspidate "Beak little or a scale, and twice as broad." longer, structed Those shares were by a person who had been inpurchased dollars per share, but no higher." to bid as highas forty
'* " "
alterations in the work, and additions to it." Will it be urgedthat the four Gospels older than tradition, are
or
He
has made
even
was
as
''He
"
more
much
mired." ad-
the
guidedby interests always different from community, and sometimes contrary to them."
He
was 1 2
those of
Hiirs
78
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
TAUTOLOGICAL
AND
XX.
SUPERFLUOUS WORDS.
words, or of words superfluous which are either implied in another word already used is very general "There in the sentence or itself, is especially ginning at the becommon are,"or "There is,'*
" 96.
The
use
of
of
sentence
where
it is useless
or
worse
than
useless;stillthere are cases wh^re it givesa special The Italicized emphasisto a statement or a remark. all tautological sentences words in the following are or and should be omitted : redundant,
"
**
We
walked usually
to
ahead
the
of the canoes,
and other,
footing."
had become had cut them both off at the knee." and
both took
One
other
**
"Give
both
0/ those books."
on
Mv
brother called
me,
we
walk."
"Our
very
to connect
these ideas
togetker
often."
"They invited
"He
to enter in."
combined
these facts
together"
higherup, in a recess, there were remains of similar line with the lower ones." but not in a straight step",
"Still
"There
are are on
it now
now
there places
"
small,ancient temple."
and no other bones layalone by themselves, with them." were aloiig any other objects set apartby themaelves" "The discriminated objects are
The
skulls
TAUTOLOGICAL
AND
SUPERFLUOUS
WORDS.
79
Jie
'*
He
at once
his
was
convinced that he
''At the extreme
in error."
northern
there point
towers
peak
of Mt. Athos."
**
Tfiere are
are
common
"A
settlement
around
grown
up
about and
"
The
from perpetrated,
of the scheme to its^Tta^ first conception consummation. It is apparent from these lettersthat the accused had combined together to carry out the fraud."
...
"
the whole country." "They soughthim throughout Greenhouse to sow m%u^ prefer seeds in Januaryrather men
"
than in December."
"
words indicates re of itselfin many " 97. The prefix and such words are often reor dundantly iteration, repetition the same used with another word signifying thing. Kg.:
"
"There
**
is not
the
appears re-
again"
ing of dividagain the old folly dangerof repeating into two hostile camps." our people of our discussion." again to the subject Returning "They returned inick again to the cityfrom whence they
We
are
in
**
came
**
forth."
Whether he
can recover
back the
sum
thus
paidis not
the
again,and take
The
an
He
" 98.
"
are
wise like-
redundant
Fi]l a basin
a
**FiU
filla
glass
'
with
"
wine.")
Fill up the
pitwith
stones."
80
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGUSH.
"
The
l"rn
was was
hay.
the
"
*'The surface/*
canal
to
level
of
the
sarroimdiog
"
as
99.
in
:
So the
"
the
expression
have
following examples^,
cold."
got
is
fluous super-
**
I have
got
have
''They
"
got
an
excellent
assortment
'of
silks
at
their
establishment."
1 have
got
to
leave
for
Washington
this
evening.*'
the
"
In
the
have
got
"
is correct:
"
I have
got
better
education
than
yoa
have, because
I have
worked
*'
harder Who
can
for it.**
'
say, work
I have is done
'
mother
tongue, and
my
"
common
100.
A
use, ; in
great many
the
tautological expressions
of
some
are
in
absurdity
of
not
:
"
which
so
is very
evident from
others, however, it is
quite
obvious,
their
great familiarity. E.
and
g.
"Rules
"usual
regulations/* "prominent
"bold of truth and
and
leading citizens,**
audacious
bery,** rob-
and
"a
man
ordinary occurrence,'*
aud
misrepresentations,** "subject
"
"trifling minutise,'*
unbounded,** "very
meet
together,** "follow
after,*'"most
incessant."
For For
the
use
of
reason
with
see hecatise,
ante^
"
84.
double
prepositions, etc.,see
MISCELLANEOUS
WORDS
AND
PHRASES,
81
CHAPTER
MISCELLANEOUS WORDS
XXI.
AND
PHRASES.
This
remarks been
on
some
words
and
of
are
mentioned
notice on pages, but which require their misuse or abuse, or for other reasons.
They
order
"
or
subject.
The absurd use of the for Employee. French employe for the clear and coiTect Englishemr of the most wonderful perversities is one of the ployee American in the edition press. Webster's Dictionary, of 1864, under the word emvphye^ says: "The word conformable to analogy, and employee^ thoughperfectly is not sanctioned by good thereforeperfectly legitimate, writers." Mr. Bryant, however,long ago, when editor of the New York EveningPost,disallowed the use of the French emphyS,and of the whole class of French so etc.,* words, rdUy dSbut^ artiMe, cort^gej constantly Englishequivalents. used, for which we have perfect writers did not use employee The reason why English is that employees were alwaystermed serundoubtedly
1
the
This
writers to
a
use
very
vague
not which said, England cities, iclat all of the l"cee last evening, very longago, "At the Mayor's elite. Another paper the. were city meaning present, undoubtedly paper in published
one
of
our
New
"
"
spoke of
strike among 6
the
''
female
employes
**
in
certain establishment.
82
vants
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISE.
time there is an present for the word, which would justify absolute necessity its
or
laborers.
But
at the
exist. It is the proper already and necessary correlative of employer and is just as correct and other words of as are dssignee, payee^ indorsee, tlie same class. It is givenin the Supplementto Worcester's five years ago, is used by Dictionary, published the judgesof our Supreme Court in the Massachusetts and is in constant is found in many law books, Keports, use by many of our best newspapers, like the New York Nation and the Boston Evening Transcript. There is which does not apply whatever to employee no objection when without the to employe(especially printed equally finale). One wiseacre proposes to substitute worhmmi. But the word employeeis far more can comprehensive, from the agent be used for every gradeof employment, of a corporation to persons of any down, and applies The antipathy which some age or of either sex. ple peoThere is no have had to the word is astonishing. at least should not reason, however, why Americans if coinage,
^
it did not
use
it.
jyibriB.
"
This is one
words which
and it should be adopted English equivalent, In that case it might into the language as a necessity. be written debris, without the accent, like properly depotSLudfete, have
no
Allude.
"
misused
word
in
the
at language
the presentday. Its only proper significa without actually is to refer to a person or thing
"
often
to
hint
at.
Yet
we
which
when subjects,
they
MISCELLANEOUS
WORDS
AND
PHRASES.
83
substance.
In
reportfrom
the writer states of institution, collegiate certain mattera that they have been alluded to in former when in fact they had been elaborately cussed. disreports, A
to allude to recent
a
here it is proper writer says, "And been adopted'' method which has recently ;
and then goes on to givea full and elaborate account of without similar it. There is hardly a newspaper printed misuse
Drive
or
of this word.
lUde.
"
of
usingride
and drive for riding for riding on horseback, exclusively in a carriage, is the fashion in England,and undoubtedly correct enough because the fashion there. and is not This is not New England usage, however, does Dictionaries. Where warranted by our a person it is proper to say that he takes a drive ; drive^ actually but but a person who goes with him does not drive^ rides.
car or a
No
he rides in a street says he drives when railroad car, and neither does he drive when
one
a
A farmer may say, " I will closed carriage. he intends actually drive you to the railroad station," as he rides in
to drive ; but if he should overtake you
walkingon
tlie
you
to
and ride,
not to drive.
inteqection onlyof grief, pain, surprise, sorrow, or anxiety.It was formerly of a wish,and is so employedalso for the expression
"
and O.
Oh! is properly an
used
em
in
our
this last usage of the word, generally reject and employ only 0 for that purpose. This distinction is made by Professors Crosby and Goodwin, by Goold mars, Brown, and by Prof. W. D. Whitney, in their Gramand by most of the best authors.
writers
84 0
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
the vocative or sign of address, for the expression of a wish; to introduce an case; meaning unas an phrase;and also,colloquially, exclamatory introduction
it
or
is used
for the
addition to
sentence,where
sense.
without
exclamation
are following : -^
of the examples
use
But oh ! as to embrace
**
me
she
I waked." inclined,
"
"
Miltmi,
**Oli! I
"
am
undone spoiled,
"
by villains."
"
Othello,
Oh ! I die,Horatio."
How
Hamlet.
**
0 for
in lodge
some
vast
wilderness,
shade."
"
Some
**
boundless
of contiguity
Covoptr,
horn,
"
Fontarabian
ScotL
**
melt,
"
"
Thaw, and
"I
dew !
Hamlet,
us.
reform
-^0,
"Remuneration!
"
Love's Labor
"Catch, then,0, catch the transient hour. Johnstm, as it flies." Improve each moment
"
Although the use of this verb in phrases is like "You are mistaken,"**I was mistaken," etc., Webster, and given in the Dictionaries of Worcester, as havingtwo meanings; Richardson, precisely opposite it is better should alwaysbe preferred, yet,as precision and say, to limit words to their primary signification, when that is what is "You and **I mistook," mistake,"
Mistake.
"
tended.
MISCELLANEOUS
WORDS
AND
PHRASES.
85
is unobjectionhowever,as an adjective, able, We and the authority find for it is abundant. like mistaken ideas,''mistaken reports," expressions and the hymn beginetc.,used by standard writers; ning,
Mistaken,
*'
'*
"Mistaken
is well known.
No
mistake,
used phrase,
Farther
for without
and
Although these
words
are
is by many writers, indiscriminately yet farther to distance only; while more appropriately applicable of something to come, furtheris used in the sense used
moreover; as, "I
"
etc. further,"
Jeopardize.
old for hazard.
Almost
no
useless
neologismfor
well
use
the \
English jeopard. We
or
might as
"
"
hazardize*
nothing.
*The Duke
of Sutherland
got almoist no rent for his salmon fisheries for the last four years.'The writer should have said soarcdy ^ His wages for that periodwere almost any rent^ anything." 7iothinyJ'* Say scarcely
has
" "**
Elder
and Older.
^^
"
Elder and
eldestare
to the best usage, persons, and, according thus: *An of the same members family,
elder
ai-e
brother
older and
oldest
and also to appliedto persons of different families, older than things. Hence we say, Franklin was in the Washington*; 'Harvard is the oldest college
*
United
"" States.'
1 "
86
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"
^*Had
as
had
as
criticised ; but
use
they are
idioms
are
which
have
in
from
early
times, and
the best
are
thorities. au-
also used
^ by good writers."
Than
whom.
"
at the present
as expression
that usage has sanctioned and it has been used good English, time writers besides Milton.
by
many
standard
happen, both in America and Engto pass, is very common come land, The but is condemned by all good authority. to Websfer, is: true meaning of the word, according 1. To exhale ; to pass off in insensible perspiration ; Fluids transpire from the human body.* 2. To as, public ; as, The proceedings escape from secrecy ; to become of the council have not yet transpired.'
Transpire.
"
This word
in the
sense
of to
"
"
mass,
we
should
use
In
individual
must use the yvord number, "A we objects, of wheat,"or of wood," is correct, a quantity quantity of books,'* but of birds," is a quantity or a quantity
" " "
wrong.
Peas, Pease.
the pea, seeds in
Taste
"
Peas
is used
for seeds
or
plantsof
for the
when
pease,
is of in these expressions and should not be used. We taste a thing, redundant, but do not taste or smell ofit. or smell a thing,
1
The
MISCELLANEOUS
WORDS
AND
"
PHRASES.
87
Differ
a
from
or
with.
"
Worcester
says,
or
"
Diflfertdth
; from a person person in opinion " quality ; and this distinction is made
But
in
and opinion,
must
be left to individual
taste.
is very often used nowa* days for different from ; but it is a decided vulgarism, and should not be tolerated.
Different
to.
"
This
form
Different
than.
"
from, as bad
has become who
once
as
than
those [from]
graduated.
"
or speakingof a graduateof a university college. intransitive as an Why, it is hard to say, as gradiiate verb is given in all the Dictionaries. He graduated
"
at
Oxford."
Brothers,
"
Todd.
Brethren.
same a
"
Brothers
is used
for male
of
among instruct4 to
for
Teach.
This
error
glad to
"I shall be
Relative.
This word
is much
to express
Meter
come
commonly
and Gram.
within
called to the
does not Although orthography the province of this work, attention is in spelling discrepancy metre, millimetre,
88
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
and
other
measures
of diameter
,
the
metric
system,
barometer
in
close
or
,
nection con-
with
thermometer^
etc.,
all derived better
with
same
hexameter,
Greek
dimeter,
It and accordance words made is all
from
to
word.
altogether
the with from
spell
of number have
word,
system,
in
French
the it
terms
great
which
compound
er.
The
same
reasoning
monogram,
applies
to
^ram,
from
which and
we
have metric
anagram,
diagram,
which The
telegram,
be word
system
weights,
etc. not
should
spelled
kilogram,
to
only
is which and
other
belonging
and old this
this
class be
so
spelled
programme, is
an
should
written since
program,
English by
many
word,
writers.
long
introduced,
now
used
APPENDIX
FORMATION
OF THE
I.
PLURAL.
1. The
of
8
is formed
by
the addition
book, books
eye, eyes ;
straw, straws ;
pen, pens ;
motto, mottos
; ;
proof, proofs ;
strifes. strife,
ends with ", shych soft, or singular a?, the pluralis formed by the addition of es, and makes an additional syllable; as, 2. If the
omnibus, omnibuses
mass,
masses
ending in o also form the plural Monosyllables by adding es, except when the o is precededby another vowel, when 8 alone is added; as,
3.
no,
noes
wo,
woes
two,
twos.
or
4. Nouns
q^i form
the
by
ladies ; lady,
mercy, mercies ;
colloquy, colloquies.
boy,boys ;
day,days;
valley, valleys ;
y
Proper names
as,
ending in
simplyadd
for the
ral; plu-
Henry, Henrys ;
Tully,Tullys ;
90 5. The
APPENDIX.
third person
is formed
from
push,pushes ;
march, marches
annex,
annexes
woo, ; ;
woos
comply,complies ;
pray, prays ;
do, does ;
go, goes ;
professes ; profess,
buy,buys ; buoy,buoys.
Compounds of
word ; as,
tive primi-
in the rules foregoing changes for the formation of the plural as they have heretofore in the following been laid down, are explained nication commuto the Boston Evening Transcript :
"
for the
"To
"
THE
Editor
are
of
the
Transcript:
"
reforms which can stillbe practical made in Englishby the droppingof useless silent letters. been made within Many such reforms have already of the useless silent the past fifty years, as the dropping in words ending in ouTy and the e after dg in words u and jttdgmerU, like abridgment both of which reforms in America. Both for are now universally accepted and uniformity I propose that the useless e simplicity in formingthe plural of nouns enHing in i and 0, and of verbs of like ending, also the third person singular Words be droppedin all words except monosyllables.
some
There
if writlike no, wo, go, and do would look very awkward ten without the es as b, termination. But the omission of
e
hardlybe
to respect
would syllable and I will venture to say that, with noticed, than half of th6 words ciiding in 0, no more
more one
of
than
FORMATION
OF
THE
PLURAL.
91
are mainly endingin ^, the more common of Indian Oriental, Arabic,or else the names chiefly tribes or nations, like Abnakis, Miamis, Mississippis, the plurals of which are now almost always written without the e. The most common noun endingin i is Arabic word. Other such words are cadiy an alkali, all of which are as often maravedi,and rabbi, mufti, nouns
Of
written
"
without
the
in the
still ending in o, more Thus, memento, canto, grotto, perplexing. piano, and many take simply an s for the plural others, ; while and many volcano, motto, mosquito, more, without any I respectfully apparent reason, take es in the plural. Now submit that the useless and
e be perplexing
As to words
of the whole list of dropped in forming the plural w^ords ending with i and o, except in monosyllables. and It can make no difference with the pronunciation, from all doubt as to will relieve the writer and printer the correct spelling, by simply extendingthe regular rule for the formation of the plural to all this large
class of words.
A. P. W.
Child of Harvard
of Yale
of Prof. W. D.
Whitney
of College,
and of other the editor of Shakespeare, J. Rolfe, scholars. Prof. J. P. Cooke has also adopted the spelling of alkalis in his
"
scriptiv text-book, Derecently published List of Chemical Experiments." 7. The following nouns ending in / or fe form the plural by changingthe forfe into ves, viz. beef, calf.
92
APPENDIX
leaf life, knife, half, loafselfsheafshelf wharf elf^ SLudioolf; as, wife,
calves ; cilf, knives knife,
;
wolves wolf,
written staves \^ usually Staff nouns /e,or ^ form endingin/, 8. The of plural vowel the
the
plural regularly. by
changingthe
man,
men
teeth, feet; tooth, foot, lice; mouse, mice. brethren ^ ; goose, geese ; louse, brother, in the same Compounds of these words form the plural
; woman, ;
way;
as,
always follow
this
rule; as,
;
German, Germans;
Norman, Normans
The 9. of plural
ox
is oxen
of
children. child,
Many words derived from the classicalor other retain the plural form of the language foreign languages But many of them from which theyare taken. have also the regular Englishplural; as,
foci; focus, radii; radius,
genus, genera;
larvae; larva,
-
h3rpotheses hypothesis, ;
formulse or formulas ; formula, memorandum, -da (yr -dnms ; bean,beaux or beans ; cherubim' cr cherubs ; cherub,
-dices or appendix,
-dixes;
;
of capacity, measures abbreviating weight, or time,it is unnecessary to add an s for the distance, for gallon or plural gallons ; as, gal, ; Ih, for pound or pounds ; yd,for yard or yards ; yr, for year or years.
1
10. In
APPENDIX
COMPOUND
WORDS.
II.
1. Words words
should not be
compounded where separate signification justas well ; and should always be united when
when the words selves themwords. single
they
are are
in
common as
use, and
accented number
2. The written
as
one,
formerlycompounded, or written two words, which are now as generally and constantly is large increasing; as,
of words
3. So, many
words
which
are
now
is used
not
as
an
compound
mountain
word
should
be
slave trade,coffee top,Sunday school, supper table, table,journeyman printer, trade,minute hand, multiplication sister cit}^ brother minister,apple cabbageleaf, peasantwoman, tree, fellow student.
1
one
and every to write any one as go so far now But these are justas distinctly pronounced and
as
accented
two
words
any
man
and every
man.
94
5. The
APPENDIX.
many
and nouns, as well following adjectives sometimes needlessly are others, compounded:
as
"
law,law merchant,common sense, ill health, good f ree American North York New will, will, grandjury, (Review), South Boston Street (omnibus). (Directory), (Biidge), Washington
common
Also
well ever to be remembered good by,good morning, (event), laid out (grounds), inside out, uncalled longlooked for (retuni), for (remarks), by and by, attorneyat law,the pulHngdown, the carrying out, etc. away, the blotting
rules are givenfor various classes of following in accordance with these general words, principles. 7. Titles like the following are compounded :
"
6. The
vicevice-president, ex-president, ex-governor, rear-admiml, etc. ; but viceroy, words. are single chancellor, vicegei'ent,
but often compounded, are following and better, written as two words : frequently,
"
solicitor justice, geneitd, attorneygeneral, governor lieutenant colonel, second lieutenant, etc. general,
chief
8. Words
kindred expressing
are
compounded ;
as,
etc., greatgrandfather, greatstep-daughter, step-mother, etc. etc. o r grand-aunt great-aunt, grandson, grand-uncle,
,
But
the
hyphen
is needless in
others,which
are
compounded;as, frequently
cousin german, father in law, brother in law,son in law,etc., foster son, etc. foster brother, second cousin, etc.,
9. The
written
But the
as
the compass
should be
"'ihould not be
one
written out,
thousandths.
COMPOUND
WORDS.
95
"
compounded as
follows
"
'
Numbers
also
compounded :
"
11.
Compounds
"
of
words of
/oW,
one
scctrey penny
are syllable,
numbers
syllable
two
words
two hundred-fold ; hundred-fold, twofold, tenfold, twenty-fold, fourscore, twenty score, a hundred score ; halfpenny, twopenny, fifteen fourpence, fifteen-penny, tenpence, tenpenny,halfpence,
pence.
hand
are
compounded with the word written with a hyphen ; as, usually compounded with themselves : explain
are
"
rate
14. Numerals
words of various
meaning,which
also combined
:
"
with
noun
to form
an
follows
two-foot rule,ten-mile
run,
one-horse
chaise, twenty-foot
man or
pole,etc.
15.
Compound
as one
nouns
endingwith
woman
are
written
word ; as,
market woman,
etc.
96 16.
APPENDIX.
Compounds endingwith
as one
holder , monger,
are
ally usu-
written
word ; as,
hook,drop,light Compounds ending with hoot, words if or house, room, side, yard are made single the first part of the compound is of onlyone syllable, than one, but are joinedby a hyphen if it is of more written as two words; as, or
17.
,
canal-boat ; handbook, daybook, place-book commonsailboat, longboat, water-drop sunlight, ; daylight, ; dewdrop,raindrop, ing-house, meetalehouse, boathouse, warehouse, candle-light greenhouse,* ;
anteroom,) dwelling-house ; bedroom, greenroom, (a^so bedside, fireside, hillside, river-side, dressing-room; dining-room, mountain-side ; churchyard, farmyard, timber-yard, courtyard, marble-yard.
18.
as
written Compounds endingwith work are usually words,unless the combination is unusual ; as, single
Compounds of
are
frequently
words
are
Such
Bibles.
written
as one
word, unless derived from a proper name, or unusual when combinations, they take the hyphen; as,
childlike, lifelike, womanlike,workmanlike,fishlike; Arguslike, Bedouin-like, business-like, miniatu^-like.
21.
one
with Compounds beginning word; as, with Compounds beginning made with
eye
are
written
as
school are
a
written
as
participle (school-
COMPOUND
WORDS.
97
But the
school school
are following
better
as
words separate
"
etc. children,
word
as
noun,
there
seems
to be
better
reason
for
compoundingany
4, above.
24.
of the
of pairs
words
givenin
graph para-
with case Compounds of a noun in the possessive another noun, and having a peculiar are signification, not infrequent; as,
etc. bear's-foot, crow's-nest, bird's-eye, king's-evil, jew's-harp,
like words
have become
consolidated; as,
with a noun Compounds of a presentparticiple connected by the hyphen; as, are adjective generally
few
the
pages of
of Errors
"always wind-obeying deep,""well-dealing countrymen," dark- working sorceress," witches," "fool-begged soul-killing winter." "sap-consuming patience,"
" "
like brownish color, Compoundsof words expressing need not be written with a or yellowish white, yellow is used with an adjective hyphen; but where a noun the hyphen should be used ; as, color, expressing 26.
27. The
of
98
APPENDIX.
The hyphen is used in all words self-explaining. and selfhood, selfsame, beginningwith ulf^excepting with its derivatives. Selfis also compounded selfish and the compound with pronouns as a termination, etc. written as one word; as, himself, myself,itself, for on^s self, but its use is Some writers use oneself
are
not
well established. in conare stant compound personal epithets written with a hyphen usually use, which are themselves; explain as,
28.
Many
and
Compounds
of adverbs
of adverbs
endingin sometimes to form an epithet, are adjective, participial the noun written with a hyphenwhen theyprecede they but it is quiteas well to make them separate qualify, (butnot
words
"the
"
like
in all cases
well known
; as,
this illadvised
proceeding," the
adverbs
above
named
parties."
as
should
be
written
single
Compounds
an
or adjective a
are
very common,
written with
participle hyphen ;
a
almighty).
31.
as
Compounds made
to the
use
Dictionaries and
are ing prefixes very perplexof the hyphen,and are given in the used by authors both with and with-
with
COMPOUND out
WORDS.
99
it.
Those made
from
or adverbs,like prepositions
under, after, out, cross, or counter, with words of made one word,and sometimes one are generally syllable, than one with words of more But the pracsyllable. tice and the difference of the Dictionaries is so variable, that the matter must be left to the taste and so great,
ovevy
All words
should
be consolidated
Many of these compounds given in the Dictionaries, better written as separate however, would be much words; as,
over over anxious, burdensome,after cunning, counter cross cross section, reference, revolution, age, after part, over lip,
under
counter
influence.
like demi,semi, Compounds made from prefixes intro, intra, or like deutero, extra, etc., non, sub,inter, often made and are electro, sutpho, ikermo, etc., pseudo, written as single words,althoughusage is -unsettled.
32.
before a prefix co-, re-, or pre- occurs word which beginswith the vowel of the prefix, or makes a word similar where before a consonant the prefix in form with another of different signification, a ; as, hyphen should be used after the prefix
33. Where the
34. It is not
claimed
that the
rules foregoing
are
and usage is so variant that it cannot be expected perfect, is as the matter adopted, theywill be universally But the main dependenton taste as well as custom. is to make compound words only where theywill point
helpthe
-5
,
"*
APPENDIX
SOME TYPOGRAPHICAL
III.
MATTERS.
correcting proofs, especially where by mail or they are sent to a distance, authors should not use a lead pencil, the as otherwise, to become marks are very likely Either ink illegible. should be used. or a crayon pencil the proof-sheet, if the 2. When a query is made on author desires the correction to be made, he should the ? or Qy, If he does not wish the change erase tinctly made, the correction and query should both be disshould never he rubbed marked through. Queries This practice otU vntk an eraser. givesmuch trouble who are at a loss what to do, as the to proof-readers, in the manuscript, queriesoften relate to discrepancies to other matters which or they cannot readily When sent to an decide. are author, duplicate proofs should invariably be the one marked by the proof-reader marked otherwise errors as returned^ by him may pass without being discovered.
1. Correcting Proofs.
"
In
3. Dates
two
and
Numbers. to
"
numbers
series,
secutive, con-
the including
ones.
numbers
given and
that
a a
all the
two
or
intervening
more
Also to show
part of
certain term.
Also,
the 1st of of
the time
SOME
TYPOGRAPHICAL
MATTERS.
101
Styleby the Catholic Church in 1582 to the time of its adoptionby the English Parliament in to Old Style it is in 1752,*to show that according to New one Style in the other; year, and according 18, 1724-5.^ as, January 10, 1641-2; March should 4. In quoting pages or numbers the full figures be used; as, pp. 245-253, Nos. 124-129; not 245-53, dates the figures the 1 24-9. But in giving representing century may be dropped; as, 1634-35, not 1634-5; wise, 1713-15, not 1713-5; 1875-79, not 1875-9; otherit might sometimes appear to stand for a date in Old and New Style. better in figures than printed 5. Dates are much documents in full, althoughin legal they are written out to preventmistake, or ^ud by tbe alteration of a figure.It is better to write out the month, either in narrative matter or in the date of a letter, instead of cember abbreviating; as, the 24th of December, 1880; or, De24, 1880 ; instead of Dec. 24, 1880. But where in statistical dates are frequent, or other matter, they may be abbreviated to save space. Write 2d, 3d, not 2nd, 3rd.
the New
6. Parentheses.
"
Parentheses
are
used to enclose
an
'defii^tion, explanation, authority, reference, translation, not belonging or other matter to the sentence. They
are
now
read the first a bill was March, 27 Eiiz. 1584-5, " time,in the House of Lords,entitled An Act givingher Majesty to alter and new make dar to the Calena Calendar, authority according used in other countries." Sir Harris Nicolas. But the change till the The Old Style is stillretained not made was year 1752. in Russia and Greece,and is now twelve days behind the regular
"
On the 16th of
calendar.
2
Sometimes
Written
or 1724/5. 172|,
102
APPENDIX.
7. Brackets. that of
"
The
use
as
but is restricted to interpolations parentheses, made by authors in corrections, notes, or explanations from others, works. or by editors in editing quotations
8. Quotations.
to
"
Marks
of
used
indicate is said
passage
a
taken
author, or
his
own
what
by
when speaker,
are
given in
words.
the substance
onlyof
for
a
where
are
one
used.
from books or letters, if the quoquotations tation is long," it is usual to begin it with a paragraph. If the quotation does not begina paragraph, should none be made 10.
Every paragraphshould have the commencing marks, but no close should be used except quotation at the end of the last-quoted paragraph. If there is a break in the quotation, three or four periods are ally generused to indicate the omission.
or books, pictures, etc., newspapers, when are formally given, usually quoted; but where the title of a book is well known, the Iliad, the as ated, Odyssey,the ^Eneid, or Paradise Lost, or is abbreviis unnecessary. or is frequently repeated, quoting
"
11. Titles of
"
quotingstanzas of poetry, the commencing mark should stand outside of the stanza,so quotation that the lines themselves will appear precisely as in the The mistake should not be made of allowing original. the quotation marks belonging to the stanza itself to
stand outside of the lines.
12. In
SOME
TYPOGRAPHICAL
MATTERS.
103
names
of vessels are
sometimes
quiteas unnecessary of streets, else ; churches,or anything ing the names in any work where constant repetition of the especially
names
to be
of vessels occurs.
"
14. Italics.
All words
from
with
our
should be Italicizedwhenever
sentence.
common
written foreign languages have not been Anglicized they occur in an English
e.
Latin abbreviations
g.,
as phrases
when
English.
very few allowed are
In narrative matter
English. Those orary titleslike Mr., Messrs., Mrs.,Dr.,Hon.,Eev.,and honinitial letters indicating or degreesand titles, Kt., membership of a society ; as, LL. D., D. D., Esq., K. C. B., M. P., S. J.,A. A. S., etc. The Latin e. g.,
i.e., viz., and etc. 16.
are
used in
also very
common.
when titles, frequently occurring, Military may and also the title Professor. be properly abbreviated, short Nothing is gained,however, by abbreviating titles like Captain or Colonel,although in lists of names they should be so written. A long title like should not be written in Professor or Major-General full when are only initialsof the name given. 17. Where of a country designated sovereigns by numbers mentioned the number is are incidentally, written in full; Louis usually as, Henry the Eighth,
the Sixteenth.
But
in works
where
such
names
occur
often, they may be written with Roman Henry VIIL, Louis XVI.
numerals ; as,
104 18. In
APPENDIX.
sums
one
are
smaller than
usually hundred;
be used,
Sums
occur,
or
b^th to be
easily apprehended. has The English 19. Accented Letters. language accentual or diacritical no marks, recognized universally which are never and short (^), used exceptthe long(-) in general works,and the diaeresis ( ). Even this last they are
"
..
is used in
purpose
meaning; end it is useless for writers to undertake to show by the of a foreign word use of such letters the pronunciation reader. to a mere English 20. Foreign Names. In using French titlesbefore in English, the barbarism of using an English names with a French preposition should be avoided; noun either make both French or both English. Write Due of Orleans ; Due de la Kochefoucauld, or Duke d'Orleans, of La Rochefoucauld ; Comte Duke or or d'Artois, Duchess Count of Artois;Duchesse de Perpignan, or Duke de la Rocheof Perpignan. Not Duke d'0rl6ans, foucauld, Duchess de Perpignan. Count d'Artois, 21. Names from foreign languages, precededby a without a title or Christian name, as preposition Van in Dutch, Von in German, De or D' in French, or Da, Bella,or Di in Italian, when given in English, for the preposition should be written with a capital ; as. Van Tromp, Von Humboldt, Von Moltke,De Thou, Di Cesnola, etc. D*Alembert,Da Ponte, Delia Crusca,
no
" "
"
SOME
TYPOGRAPHICAL
MATTERS.
.
105
of writing the preposition in such practice to some tent. exas these with a small letter prevails names established This is not only an innovation on it as Englishcustom, but is as much of an absurdity If any change would be to write Mr. with a small m. is made, the name should be written as a single word, as Vantromp, Dethou. 22. The 23. Indexes. instruction
"
The
number
of books
written
for
^ with a poor without an index, or published with a good index a book ; in fact, one, is very large is an exception. Some indexes are a mere catalogue of the proper names in the book, whether anythingis
told about
or names
not, and
of
no
even
when
Sometimes
a
an
index
a
headingsin
occurrences
book, or in
in the order of the pages ; in either case the table of contents would answer the same purpose.
Again,indexes are sometimes made by firstgiving the items and then arranging a name or a subject, without reference to order of under it alphabetically, than this is worse or to chronology.If possible, subject the exact order of the book. following
24. 25. An
1
index
instance may be
should be made
of
for the
"Grammar
over one
purpose
of
of
As
an
Grammars"
of valuable
English
tavo oc-
thousand
type
which
an
and
an containing
immense
amount
for reference
sometimes
somethingI
Bain's
**
was
certain of
havingseen
"
book,
hunted
in
vain,till by
accident I stumbled
searched for.
of contents.
the although
elaborate table
106
APPENDIX.
informing
book consult
those
to
who the In
a
consult
it
what
there
is
in
the
to
relating
it
subjects biography,
be
which
they
may the
a
wish
for.
therefore,
where mention
logical chrono-
order
should the
followed;
with
a
biography
the
account
begins,
of his the birth
as
is often
case,
of
an
death
of if
subject,
and in
immediately early
followed
by
somewhat
life, it appears
in the which
a
absurd
arranged
26.
to
that
order
Every
given
mentioned
subject
should
on
information
and it be every
occurs;
be
have where
place
index,
page
so
anything
for book be that in
concerning subject
relation and
to
that all
any there
one
looking
is
in
may it.
able
to
find
the
sary Unnecesorder
should
as
avoided,
as
the
regular
followed It is
closely
to
possible. anything
author make it
is
or
impossible
af is indexes.
give
An and that
more
definite
the know
;
subject
what but
an
ought
ingly accordwhile and
to
important,
in mind useless index is
his
not to
keeping
index with of
an
to
fill the
references
no
nothing,
value.
that
bulk
test
of
its
INDEX.
or
an,
9-12,
both
Accented
acquaintancey19. Adjectives,48"55.
53, 54.
and, 66, 67. Brackets, 102. brothers,brethren, 87, 92. but,66, 67, 69, 70.
. . .
./
Collective Noun, 16, 17, 27, 51. Adjective Pronouns, 48-55. less UseFor Adjectives, Compound Words, 93-4^. Adverbs, 56-59. Position 57. 54. of, 32, 56, Compounds, 93, 94, 96, 97. 53, of Sentences, 14, 23, Construction For Relative Pronouns, 62. att 52. 75. alf,51, 28, 29, 32, 45, 50, 56, 57, 67, 69, of, 72, 76, 77. allude,82.
almost no, 85.
20. alternative,
among,
an, 9-12.
73.
DateA, 100,
debris^ 82.
Decimal
101.
which
64.
one,
or
who, 61,
Numbers
not
93. "^
23. anybody else's, for is,14, 16, 18, are Uses of, 9-12. Article,
27.
differ from, or with. than^ 87. different to, 72, 87. different dilemma, 20.
33.
9, 10.
Definite, 10.
11.
Double Double
of, 10,
as, so,
Inserted
11.
drive
or
66, 67.
49.
19. effluvia,
either^ pron.,
either
. . .
or,
elder,85.
INDEX.
85. \jeopardize, 54. last, 52. last three, 54. latter, and ^ie, 42, 43. /aj^ learn for 87. feacA,
85. farther,
51,52. less,
/ie and
lay, 42,43.
means,
18, 49.
meter, 87.
words
in
85. mistaken, 81,82, Money, sum of,in plural, "nglish, requires 18. v erb, singular
most
for
59. almost,
75.
87. graduated,
^am, AoJ
a"
88.
neither
Neuter Verb
as
if, so, 67. no, 15,26, 58, 64,65, 85. then, no mistake^ 85. 66, 67. (/*... Mood Nominative Case and the Verb, Imperative requires tive Objec,
,
31-33. Misuse
sion Omis-
not
only
of Multitude, 16,
INDEX.
54. noWf as adj., number for quantity 86. ^
35. Participle, 53. prttAouSy previously
y
109
Preterite for
Numbers,
88. written, 92,94,95, programme^ Pronoun and 24-29. 100,101, 103,104. Antecedent, how
48-55.
o^er, 86.
on
iGt
one,
one
Pronouns,60-63.
83. drive,
/"a"n", 18.
101. Parentheses,
31, 32.
Preterite Participle,
36. used for, Use of the,44-47. Possessive Case with, 45, 46. Active for Awkward 47. use 46,Passive, of 47. Passive,
peas
13-20, 89-92.
Of
eign For-
Words, 92.
92.
smeU
so,
of,86.
, . .
Formation
Possessive
Case,
With
such,
Mood, Subjunctive
such for so, 58.
30.
At end of
Misuse of, 72, sentence, 72. 73. Omission of,74. Needless toMe, 53.
use
of,74,75.
Double,76.
taste
86. of,
110
INDEX.
rel. pron., 60, 63. that, that, conj., 66, 70, 71. them for
55. those,
of,103.
54. as adj., then, then when,66. there where,66. these, 54,55. those, 52. third, thirdly^
.
was
was
were
when where
66. then,
.
whether
...
or, 66.
though
.
yet,66.
which,28,60-63.
51, 52. whole,
52. last, Time, or Tense,34, 35. of Individuals, 19, 103. Titles, 94, 103. Of Books, Military, 104,105. etc.,102. Foreign, 31-33. of Infinitive), to (sign
Oiree
36-41. should,
yet
"
52. first,
John
WUsoii
nnd
Son.
HandbooK
of
Punctuation.
Mctnation anilder
For
Authors Printers, MABSMAIilt T. BIGEJLOW, By BrettSs versity Camhridge. the
use
Matters. Typoioiipliical
iTettehei^,
Corrector and
at
of
Scholars*
the Uni' S9
SmaU
4to.
CLOTH,
Library,
sent
Neva
"
York,
Aug.
bad
19, 1881.
and other in manual
recom*
Mb.
BiGiiiiOW.
Matters
"
"
for
your
to
Punctuation
over an
Typographical
and will it to all which mend
(having
and
was
long groaned
glad
find of
pointing
printers),
contribute
excellent
to
the
comfort
and
I many. of letters.
cordially
AlUbone'8
Dictionary
Bigelow's
the book for
of Awthort,
is
a
I. Austin
Allibonb.
**
Mr.
enlarges
**
reading
of
"
the
Atlantic
men
occasion be without
to
a
and
etc.,
can
hardly Daily
afford Union.
copy
of it for
reference."
"
Schenectady
the
Use
of
all
who
Teach,
T,
Write,
or
Speak
the
author
Lan^
guage.
By
SO
is
an
MABSHAXL
and
Punctuation
other
BIGELOW, Typogrttphical
of
Matters,^'
CLOTH,
**
CENTS.
admirable little work ; the more clear it is little,dnce it is also
out it
"
This
admirable
because We
for and
the
use
of
busy
people,
The
. . .
errors
pointed
commend
are as
those the
most
to
which
are
liable. which
*'
convenient Herald,
of and
we
have
a
knowledge."
it takes their the up
use
Christian
It is not and
use.
This
is
valuable
; but
definitions
and
generally
Ctir^nt.
**
by example, is adapted to
matter
correct
with rules grammar, of and shows, speech, parts It is arranged cally, systematia
the
home the
"
and
the
school."
"
The
The
is well
can
arranged,
A
and
points
of
tion
**
Is desired
be
readily found."
book. careful
Cfhrittian
^nstruc
This be
is
useful great
study
the
to
cliapters
or
would
of
er
"Mak*n^
have
do
mu"h
little
THE
BiaST
WOBD
IV
THE
UOBI
FLAO".
CAMPBELL'S
Handbook
WITH
of
AN
English
APPSNDIX.
8HOWINO
Synonyms
The
Correct
160 pa"pei.
Uses
Heat
of
Prepositions.
50
oti.
olotii
Undingf
This
words,
oompaot
printed
in
little Tolnme
contains
about
40,000 synonymoidl
clear, distinct
will
"
type.
aid
It
18
work and
which
substantially
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