Math 454 Exercise 6.2.1.

Let f n ( x) =

Homework #11 Solutions

Spring, 2010

nx . 1 + nx 2 (a) Find the pointwise limit of (fn) for all x x (0, ) . Solution: he limit !un"tion is gi#en $% f(x) = 1/x.
)? ($) Is the convergence uniform on (0, Solution: &o. 'onsi(er the (istan"e $etween ea"h fn(x) an( f(x) = 1/x. )e get
+ f n ( x) f ( x) += nx 1 1 = . ,n or(er to make that e-pression smaller than a 2 x 1 + nx x + nx *

1 x . 0or that ., the & gets huge x * when x is "lose to 1ero, so "hoosing an & that 2works3 !or e#er% x (0, ) is not a$out to happen.

gi#en ., we woul( get (sol#e the ine/ualit%) N

(") Is the convergence uniform on ( !1"? Solution: &o, same pro$lem 4 near x = 0.
) ? Solution: 5ka%, now we "an (o it. 0or x 6 1, (() Is the convergence uniform on (1, 1 1 + f n ( x) f ( x) += < , so gi#en . 6 0, whose N large enough so that 1/(n+1) 7 x + nx * n + 1 . whene#er n 6 &. ,t !ollows that |fn(x) f(x)| < !or n > N an( thus we ha#e uni!orm ). "on#ergen"e on (1,

Exercise 6.2.2. Let g n ( x) =

nx + sin( nx) . 2n

Find the pointwise limit of (gn" on R. Is the convergence uniform on #$1 !1 %? Solution: g(-) 8 -92. Is the convergence uniform on all of R? Solution: &oti"e that
+ g n ( x ) g ( x ) += 1 1 sin( nx ) 2n 2n

, so i! . 6 0 is gi#en we "hoose & 6 19(2.) 4

1 < , so we ha#e that 2n

in(epen(ent o! -. &ow !or an% n 6 & we ha#e + g n ( x) g ( x) +

the convergence is uniform on &, an( hence on any subset of R, such as [-10,10].
x ). over the domain :0, 1+ xn ) . Solution: (;s (one in "lass) (a) Find the pointwise limit of (hn" on :0,

Exercise 6.2.'. (onsider the se)uence of functions hn ( x) =

x, if 0 x < 1 x = 1 9 2, ifx = 1 )e see that h(-) 8 lim n 1 + x n 0, ifx > 1

) . Solution: ,! ($) Explain how we *now that the convergence cannot +e uniform on :0, the "on#ergen"e ha( $een uni!orm the limit !un"tion woul( $e "ontinuous. ,t is not, so <

Math 454

Homework #11 Solutions

Spring, 2010

(") (hoose a smaller set over which the convergence is uniform and suppl, an argument to show that this is indeed the case. Solution: Seems like we shoul( get past the trou$le ) . ,n that "ase we ha#e area, so let the set $e : 2,
+ hn ( x) h( x) += x x 1 0 < n < n 1 . =et . 6 0 $e gi#en, an( "hoose & so that n 6 & n 1+ x x 2

gi#es 192n>1 7 ..

he result !ollows.

Exercise 6.2.-. ?e"i(e whi"h o! the !ollowing "on@e"tures are true an( whi"h are !alse. Suppl% a proo! !or those that are #ali( an( a "ountere-ample !or ea"h one that is not. (a) If f n f pointwise on a compact set .! then f n f uniforml, on .. False: 5ur !irst e-ample (A-ample B.B.B, page 154) is a goo( "ountere-ample here. ($) /f f n f uniforml, on 0 and g is a +ounded function on 0! then f n g fg uniforml, on 0. 1rue: =et C $e a $oun( !or +g(-)+ on ;, an( let . 6 0 $e gi#en. 'hoose & so that +!n(-) 4 !(-)+ 7 .9C whene#er n 6 &. ,n that "ase, +!n(-)g(-) 4 !(-)g(-)+ 8 +!n(-) 4 !(-)+ +g(-)+ 7 .9C C 8 .. his & was "hosen in(epen(ent o! the #alue o! -, so the "on#ergen"e is uni!orm. (") If f n f uniforml, on 0! and if each fn is +ounded on 0! then f must also +e +ounded. 1rue: hink in terms o! a "om!orta$le ., su"h as . 8 1. hen !or some #alue o! & it must $e the "ase that +!&(-) > !(-)+ 7 1, so i! +!&(-)+ is $oun(e(, sa% $% C, then +!(-)+ is $oun(e( $% CD1. (() If f n f uniforml, on a set 0! and if f n f uniforml, on a set 2! then f n f B. uniforml, on A 1rue: =et .60 $e gi#en. )e will "hoose &1 so that |fn(x) f(x)| < !or all n > N1 an( all x in ;. )e will "hoose N2 so that |fn(x) f(x)| < !or all n > N2 an( all x in C. &ow we let & $e the larger o! &1 an( &2. his shoul( (o itE , think so. (e) If f n f uniforml, on an interval! and if each fn is increasing! then f is also increasing. 1rue: 'onsi(er an% x < y in the (omain. )e are gi#en that fn(x) < fn(y) !or all n, so think in terms o! the se/uen"es o! real num$ers (fn(x)) an( (fn(y)). erm $% term, the elements o! the !irst se/uen"e are smaller than those o! the se"on(. $% the /rder Limit 1heorem the limit o! the !irst is no $igger than that o! the se"on(F i.e., f(x) f(y), so f is in"reasing. (!) &epeat con3ecture (e" assuming onl, pointwise convergence. 1rue: he argument in (e) (i( not (epen( on uni!orm "on#ergen"e, so works here as well. sin( nx ) Exercise 6.'.1. (a) Let hn ( x) = . 4how that hn 0 uniforml, on &. 0t what points n does the se)uence of derivatives hn converge? Groo! o! the uni!orm "on#ergen"e: =et 6 0 $e gi#en. 'hoose N 6 19., an( "onsi(er an% n > N. Sin"e the sine !un"tion is $oun(e( in a$solute #alue $% 1, we ha#e +hn(x) 4 0+ H 1/n < 1/N < !or all #alues o! x, whi"h was to $e shown. &ow, $% well>known rules o! (eri#ati#es,

Math 454

Homework #11 Solutions

Spring, 2010

we ha#e hn(x) = cos(nx), an( (e-"ept !or o(( multiples o! I92, where "osine is 1ero) cos(nx) diverges. ($) 5odif, this example to show that it is possi+le for a se)uence (fn" to converge uniforml, +ut for (fn6" to +e un+ounded. Solution: )e propose f n ( x ) =
sin( nx ) n

he argument !or uni!orm "on#ergen"e is the same as

that in part (a) 4 the numerators are $oun(e( in a$solute #alue $% 1 an( the (enominators in"rease without $oun(. Cut the !ormula !or (eri#ati#es is ("he"k it %oursel!) f n J ( x ) = n "os( nx) whi"h "an grow un$oun(e(. Exercise 6.'.2. (onsider the se)uence of functions defined +, g n ( x ) =
xn . n

(a" 4how (gn) converges uniforml, on # !1% and find g !im gn. 4how that gn is differentia+le and compute g(x) for all x :0, K . Solution: ;s long as - is in :0,1K, 0 H xn H 1, so 0 H xn/n H 19n, an( i! gn(x) 8 0. Sai( another wa%, g(x) = 0 !or all x in the inter#al. o see that this "on#ergen"e is uni!orm, let 6 0 $e gi#en. 'hoose N 6 19., an( "onsi(er an% n > N. hen +xn| 7 . !or all 0 H x H 1, as (esire(. , think it is "lear that the (eri#ati#e o! the 21ero !un"tion3 is again the 1ero !un"tionF i.e., g(x) L 0. ($) 7ow! show that (gn) converges on # !1%. Is the convergence uniform? 4et h !im gn and compare h and g. 0re the, the same? Solution: he laws o! (eri#ati#es tell us that gn(x) = xn"1. 0or 0 H x 7 1, i! xn = 0, $ut !or x = 1, i! xn = 1. hus the limit o! the (eri#ati#es is 1ero e-"ept at x 8 1, where it is 1. Sai( another wa% it is discontinuous at 1, an( there!ore h and g are not the same.
g n "on#erges uni!orml%, then (gn) "on#erges uni!orml% to Exercise 6.8.1. Gro#e that i! n= 1 1ero. Groo!: =et 6 0 $e gi#en. C% heorem B.4.4, the "auchy criterion for uniform convergence of series, there e-ists an N su"h that + g ! +1 ( x) + g ! +2 ( x) + g n ( x) +< whene#er n > ! > N. Ce"ause this hol(s !or all m 6 &, we "an set m 8 n>1 to get that + g n ( x) +< whene#er n > N. his pro#es g n 0 uni!orml%.

Math 454

Homework #11 Solutions

Spring, 2010

Exercise 6.8.2. 4uppl, the details for the proof of the 9eierstrass 5$1est. Groo!: he ke% i(ea is to use the "auchy criterion for convergence of a series of rea! numbers # n "on#erges, there is an & su"h ( heorem 2.M.2). So, let 6 0 $e gi#en. Sin"e n= 1 that m 6 n 6 M implies + # ! +1 + # ! +2 + + # n +< . Ce"ause + f ! +1 ( x) + f ! +2 ( x ) + f n ( x ) + # ! +1 + # ! +2 + + # n , we "an appeal to the "auchy criterion for uniform convergence of series to "on"lu(e that uni!orml%.

n= 1

f n "on#erges

"os(2 n x ) 9 2 n is continuous on all of R. Exercise 6.8.'. (a) 4how that g ( x) = n= 1 Groo!: Sin"e +"osine+ is $oun(e( $% 1, we know that + "os(2 n x ) 9 2 n + 1 9 2 n an( we know 1 9 2 n "on#erges, so 4 $% the )eierstrass M>test >> "os(2 n x ) 9 2 n "on#erges n= 1 n= 1 uni!orml%. Sin"e ea"h o! the summan(s is "ontinuous, we know 4 $% heorem B.4.2 4 that g is "ontinuous as well. x n 9 n 2 is continuous on #$1!1%. ($) :rove that h( x) = n =1 Groo!: (Mu"h like that !or part (a) a$o#e). )e are a((ing "ontinuous !un"tions, -n9n2, ea"h o! 19 n 2 whi"h is 2a$solutel%3 $oun(e( on :>1,1K $% Mn 8 19n2. )e know that n= 1 "on#erges (p>series with p 8 2 6 1). Hen"e our series "on#erges uni!orml% ($% )eierstrass M>test). ;gain, $% heorem B.4.2, the limit must $e "ontinuous.