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Chapter 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology
KEY TERMS
Subdisciplines 1
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Subdisciplines 2
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Plant physiology
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Plant genetics
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Subdisciplines 3
Plant ecology
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things
Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Tissue Organ
Fig. 1-3, p. 9
! Organism distinct, living entities ! Populations members of the same species that live together in the same area ! Community populations of different organisms that interact with each other within an area ! Ecosystem community with its non-living environment ! Biosphere all of the earths ecosystems
Plant Cells
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
KEY TERMS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work
Response to Stimuli
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Stamen male Pistil - female
DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms
7. Evolution
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Plants and other organisms evolve Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments
Adaptation
KEY TERMS
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KEY TERMS
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EVOLUTION
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NATURAL SELECTION
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Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) Tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains, and give representative organisms for each
Euglena
Six-Kingdom Classification
1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista
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Six-Kingdom Classification
4. Fungi
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molds, yeasts
5. Animalia 6. Plantae
Three-Domain Classification
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Archaea
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Kingdom archaea
Bacteria
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Kingdom bacteria
Eukarya
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Three Domains:
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Six Kingdoms:
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi
Prokaryotes (lack membrane-bound organelles); unicellular; most are heterotrophic (obtain food by eating other organisms), but some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
Prokaryotes; unicellular; microscopic; most live in extreme environments; differ in biochemistry and in cell wall structure from bacteria
Eukaryotes; mainly unicellular or simple multicellular; maybe heterotrophic or photosynthetic; include protozoa, algae, and slime molds
Eukaryotes; multicellular; photosynthetic; life cycle with alternation of generations; cell walls of cellulose
Eukaryotes; multicellular; heterotrophic; most move about by muscular contraction; nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli
Eukaryotes; most multicellular; heterotrophic; absorb nutrients; do not photosynthesize; cell walls of chitin Fig. 1-11, p. 14
KEY TERMS
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KINGDOM
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A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms
DOMAIN
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KEY TERMS
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SPECIES
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A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics In nature, they breed only with one another and have a close common ancestry
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
Summarize the main steps in the scientific method, and explain how science differs from many other human endeavors
or an unanswered question
2. Develop a hypothesis
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to reach a conclusion
KEY TERMS
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HYPOTHESIS
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An educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation
THEORY
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