The Wright Brothers Take Flight

Christina Carrarini Lynne Mastrud Cathy McNierney Sanovia Reynolds-Parks

ONTL6101 Introduction to Online Teaching September 29, 2013

Governors State University One, University Parkway, University Park, IL - 60484

Introduction:

The Wright Brothers are famous for inventing the airplane in 1903. In doing so, they changed communication, transportation, and technology. This lesson is geared to high-school freshman and sophomores in a United States History Class. The following objectives, using three different resources, will be covered in multiple learning styles to accommodate different learners and learner styles: 1. Students will be able to expound on different facts about the Wright Brothers through written text or verbal explanation. 2. Students will be able to describe through written text or verbal explanation facts about the Wright Brothers airplane. 3. Students will be able to demonstrate using written text or verbal explanation different ways the Wright Brothers invention changed communication, transportation, and technology. There will be an assignment for each learning style based on the different VARK learning styles. Each VARK learning style will be explained with each resource and its corresponding assignment. The VARK Learning Styles are hereafter presented alphabetically with regards to the lesson designer: Reading/Writing (Christina Carrarini), Auditory (Lynne Mastrud), Kinesthetic (Cathy McNierney), and Visual (Sanovia Reynolds-Parks). This organizational pattern was done to avoid the assumption that one learning style out ranks another.

Assessment: A student must complete his/her lesson based on his/her preferred learning style. When a student chooses to complete an additional learning style activity, he/she will earn extra credit for completing that additional assignment. A student may only complete a maximum of two assignments the one that appeals to his/her learning style and one additional. A third and fourth will not be graded.

Reading/Writing Learning Style The person who prefers the reading/writing learning style finds his/her comfort in words. He/she prefers to read and write as opposed to listen, view images, and learn through movement. Most classroom teachers appeal to this learning style. They ask students to read and respond through creative writing prompts, essays, blog entries, discussion posts, and other means of written communication. Students who fall into the reading/writing learning style category utilize glossaries, dictionaries, and thesauruses. Note taking, rereading and rewriting, and making lists are all ways that students can work with the reading/writing learning style. Web Resources for the Reading/Writing Learner on the Wright Brothers: The Wright Brothers: A Brief History This site gives a brief, but in-depth, history of the Wright Brothers. It includes quotes from the Brothers themselves a good use of primary sources. This site appeals to and works for the reading/writing learning style because it is organized into sections, each written in a biography format. It is chucked into time periods, following the Wright Brothers through their childhood, the development of the flyer, and things that came after their first flight. Orville Wrights Diary Entry To appeal to the reading/writing learner, this site contains the primary source document of Orville Wrights diary entry. Primary sources are incredibly important documents to the study of history. This website works for the reading/writing learning style because the learner can read through the primary source. In this way, the learner can gather vital information from the perspective of one of the actual men who made history on December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Create a Wright Biography On this site, the learner will create a biography of one of the Wright Brothers from what he/she has learned. This appeals to the reading/writing learner because it has the learner take the information he/she has gathered through reading and put the information into his/her own words. This appeals to the learners inclination to learn through rereading and rewriting.

Assignment for the Reading/Writing Learner on the Wright Brothers: Re-Read, Re-Write, Re-Flect: Putting Your Thoughts About The Wright Brothers on Paper For this assignment, you will need to write creatively, in your own words, what you have learned in this lesson. There are a few things that should be included in a one to two page journal entry. Please make sure to address the following: 1. What is, in your opinion, the most interesting part of the Wright Brothers history? 2. Put yourself in Wilburs or Orvilles shoes or in the shoes of one of the other five people present during the first flight. How would you feel if you were there to witness it? What do you think you would be thinking about? What about that day would be important to you personally? 3. Do you think the men knew that they were making history with the first flight? a. If yes, how do you think they felt about making history? How would you feel about it? b. If no, why do you feel that way? What, in your opinion, went wrong? 4. What parts of your life today have been influenced by the Wright Brothers and by aviation science? Is this a subject that you might wish to continue exploring? Why or why not? Please make sure to answer all the questions in the assignment. Numbers 3a and 3b are contingent on your answer to the first question in 3. This is a creative assignment. No outside sources are needed. Use accurate grammar and spelling in your writing. Use only the websites provided in the lesson as sources to remind yourself of the information you have learned. Parameters: Times New Roman. 12pt. font. One to two pages. Double-Spaced. One inch margins. Include a creative title for your journal entry. No title page is needed. Place your name, date, and class name in the top left hand corner of your journal entry.

Rubric: 5 pts The student has answered all the questions fully and creatively. It is evident that a good amount of thought was put into the journal entry. No more than one or two grammar or spelling errors. Parameters met. 4 pts The student answered most of the questions fully and creatively. One or two questions were missed or the answer was unclear to the reader. It is evident that a good amount of thought was put into the journal entry. No more than five grammar or spelling errors. Parameters met. 3 pts The student answered most of the questions but the answers were not complete and/or the answers were not creative. Three or more questions were missed or the answer was unclear to the reader. It is evident that not much thought was put into the journal entry. No more than eight grammar or spelling errors. Parameters partially met. 2 pts The student answered only some of the questions and the answers were not complete and/or the answers were not creative. The answers that were provided were not appropriate or the answer was unclear to the reader. It is evident that very little thought was put into the journal entry. No more than ten grammar or spelling errors. Parameters partially met. 1 pt The student did not answer the questions appropriately, fully, or creatively. The answers were either not there or were unclear to the reader. It is evident that very little to no thought was put into the journal entry. More than ten grammar or spelling errors. Parameters were partially or not met. 0 pts Assignment was not completed.

(This assignment appeals to the reading/writing learning style because it forces the learner to reflect on what he/she has learned from what he/she has read. It has them put the information into their own words through complete, creative thoughts. They can reread the lesson information to really absorb everything they will need to complete the assignment. The rubric of the assignment measures the students ability to respond to questions fully, creatively, concisely, and accurately through writing.)

Auditory Learning Style The auditory learner learns best by listening and talking. Learners prefer lectures, discussions, and repeating ideas out loud. They like to describe visuals in words and express new ideas with others. Auditory learners remember concepts by using a tape recorder to summarize notes and by others listening to them. They should think ideas in their head before writing them down for an assignment. Another strategy that might be beneficial to the auditory learner is to imagine having a conversation while completing an assignment or when answering test questions. Web Resources for the Auditory Learner on the Wright Brothers: New Yorks National Public Radio on The Wright Brothers This audio clip from New Yorks National Public radio station, gives information about the Wright Brothers including their motivation, important parts of the airplane, how one of the discoveries was made and why it was important. It includes different people talking, including the Wright Brothers grandniece and Smithsonian experts. It also includes music. The authors verbally describe different parts of the plane and the setting of the first flight. It is appropriate for the auditory learner because it features different voices stating the information and includes appropriate music. The authors use of verbal figurative language presents a picture of the information. Auditory learners learn best when the information is presented orally. They also remember stories well. National Air and Space Museum YouTube: Ask the Expert The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, as part of their Ask the Expert series, produced this video. It features the voice of Peter Jakab, Chief Curator at the National Air and Space Museum. In the video, Jakab discusses the Wright Brother family history and the different parts of the airplane. The video includes pictorial supports. The site is appropriate for the auditory learner because it has a heavy focus on listening to the speaker over the visuals. In this way, the learner can concentrate on the audio. It is also presented in a lecture format, which auditory learners prefer. NASA YouTube This video link from NASA is an interview about the Wright Brothers. It features a national park ranger from the Wright Brothers National Memorial. It talks about their motivation, the plane, and the importance of the bicycle shop. It also talks about the impact the Wright Brothers made in the future. It is appropriate for auditory learners because it is in a discussion format that is this learners preferred way to take in information.

Assignment for the Auditory Learner on the Wright Brothers: A Podcast About The Wright Brothers You will be creating a podcast for this assignment. Your podcast needs to include the following items: 1. At least two Facts about the Wright Brothers 2. At least two Facts about the Wright Brothers airplane 3. Name two ways the Wright Brothers impacted the future of technology, travel, or communication Your podcast should be three to five minutes long. You can approach this task in a number of ways: 1. Create an audio news report of what you learned. 2. Interview the Wright Brothers (You can use peers to play the part of the Wright Brothers). 3. Write a song/poem about the Wright Brothers.

You can use the school computers to record your podcast. You can use Audacity to record and edit your podcast. You can also record an audio file on your phone and then send it to the teacher. Once your podcast is complete, you will need to upload your podcast on the classroom learning management page. Remember to speak clearly. Your podcast will be graded based on the attached rubric. Click Here to access Audacitys download site. Audacity is already on the schools computers so unless you are working from home there is no reason to download it. Note: Students have already used Audacity in class for other projects so they are familiar with the software. Students have access to microphones, computers, and headphones.

(This assignment is appropriate for auditory learners because they like to have discussions, explain things to others verbally, and use an audio recording device. Each of the three options matches well to their strengths.)

Rubric: Section 5 pts. 3 pts. 1 pt. 0 pt.

Facts about the Wright Brothers

2 facts clearly stated

1 fact clearly stated or 2 facts not clearly stated 1 fact clearly stated or 2 facts not clearly stated 1 impact clearly stated or 2 not clearly stated Over 6 minutes

1 fact not clearly stated

No facts stated

Facts about the airplane

2 facts clearly stated

1 fact not clearly stated

No facts stated

Impacts

2 impacts clearly stated

1 impact clearly stated

Missing

Time limit

3-5 minutes

1-2 minutes

Under 1 minute

Recording

Recording is clear, easy to understand, and posted properly

1 feature is missing from clear recording, easy to understand, and posted properly

2 features are missing from clear recording, easy to understand, and posted properly

The recording is not clear, hard to understand and not posted clearly

Kinesthetic Learning Style The kinesthetic learner utilizes his/her surroundings to discover new concepts and skills. These individuals use their own senses and experience tasks through movement and expression. They are drawn to museums, demonstrations or learning labs. Employing the sense of touch while completing tasks would be an effective way for these types of learners to be successful. Having good hand-eye coordination, these individuals excel at undertaking an activity and understanding the concept at the same time. They gain knowledge and skills through hands on activities such as labs, simulations, role playing, writing and drawing. Computers combine the sense of touch with written materials provided by the Web and other educational software programs. Web Resources for the Kinesthetic Learner on the Wright Brothers: An Overview of the Wright Brothers The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum has an online exhibition featuring the Wright Brothers. This link is for the kinesthetic learner to discover the Wright Brothers, the invention of their flying machine, and how they defined the 20th Century with regards to aviation technology. Students would click using their mouse and acquire information about the Wright Brothers throughout this website. Moving Through The Wright Brothers Gallery This link gives the kinesthetic learner a gallery to be able to click on each of the pictures to learn about the Wright Brothers. Then, they can test the knowledge obtained on the site with the interactive game. Gaming is an activity that the kinesthetic learner enjoys. Clicking of the mouse offers movement while the learning is cognitively thinking of their response. This learner answers the question by again using the mouse. If the learner wants to review the material, he/she can go back to the information provided in the website. Design a Flying Machine To enhance the history lesson of the Wright Brothers for the kinesthetic learner, this link uses an online activity to create his/her own airplane. Just like the Wright Brothers had to experiment to develop their flying machine, the learner would create his/her own flying machine, employing the concepts offered on the site. This learner would click through the website and answer questions to build his/her own airplane. Once created, this website would test the learners final construction. If the learner fails, then he/she can create his/her plane again. This activity would be engaging for the learner because he/she would create an object and test to find out if the invention can fly under real life circumstances.

Assignment for the Kinesthetic Learner on the Wright Brothers: The Significance of the Wright Brothers Invention Your mission is to discover the clues contained in the links in the chart below and solve each puzzle. Click on each of the five links provided in the chart below and provide the following information: Name the picture; Describe the significance of this picture to the Wright Brothers invention; Briefly explain how the Wright Brothers invention contributed to changes in travel, technology, or communication. Starting with picture 1, 1. Click on the link and scroll down on the page to where you see the puzzle pieces. 2. With you mouse, click on each of the pieces and drag them on the page to solve the puzzle. 3. Once you have your picture, fill in the chart below. 4. Complete all the remaining pictures. Rubric: Each picture named = 1 point Total of 5 points Each description of significance of the invention and contribution to changes in travel, technology, or communication = 2 points Total of 10 points Total points possible = 15 points

(This assignment is appealing to the kinesthetic learner because the learner would have to go through a series of steps to complete the task. Utilizing their hand-eye coordination, the learner would click on each of the pictures in the table and move the puzzle pieces to solve the puzzle. Having this information, the learner would then have to reflect and express in writing what is the significance of each picture. The written statements would include how the Wright Brothers invention contributed to changes in travel, technology, and communication. The learner would then use the chart below to complete the assignment.)

Clues for Wright Brothers Discovery

Click on Picture Link Name of Picture Significance of Discovery and Explain Contribution to Changes in Travel, Technology, and Communication

Picture one

Picture two

Picture three

Picture four

Picture five

Visual Learning Style For the visual learner, the use of pictures, slides and colors helps reconstruct the information from written into a visual form. Visual aids help transform information into words for the learner. Visual learners will see images and be able to ask themselves questions in order to learn. For example, they can see a graph and ask themselves: What does this graph represent? Likewise, a visual learner can look at a picture and ask him/herself: What information can be obtained from this picture? Characteristics of visual learners usually include advanced spelling skills, a preference for color, talent for reading charts and diagrams, and a penchant for note taking. Visual learners create outlines for everything so they can create a mental picture of the abstract processes occurring. Visual learners will also map out or use timelines for events in history. They might draw scientific processes on paper to visualize the information. Web Resources for the Visual Learner Style on the Wright Brothers: Wright Brother History This site will help start you on your journey into the history of the Wright Brothers. A very simple site as it relates to content which allows the visual learner to take in the information in small sections. The images and quotes add to creativity of the site, which appeals to a visual learner who may feel overwhelmed by a site full of words. Library of Congress The Library of Congress has an awesome site to find information about the Wright Brothers quest to fly. The site presents that information in a timeline format, something that appeals to visual learners, as stated previously. The timelines give structure to the events in history, displaying those events in order of how they happened. Another great design strategy was the use of color in the background. The color on the site makes the words appear to stand out instead of blending into each other. This color use will appeals to the visual learner. History of Flight This site uses pictures, colors and timelines to map out the history of the Wright Brothers. The bright pictures help add to the visual appeal of the information. The link above will provide a timeline of the evolution of flight and the Wright Brothers contributions to aviation.

Assignment: Wright Brothers Matching Quiz Using the links provided throughout the visual learner lesson, match the pictures of flight from the left column with their respective description from the right column. Draw a line using the Shapes tool in Microsoft Word connecting the image with the description. To access the shapes tool, first click INSERT. Then select the SHAPE button. Then select the image of the arrow. Below is a visual representation of instructions to find the shapes tool. You can then draw an arrow connecting the image to its respective description as the instructions for the assignment direct you to do.

Rubric: Each question is worth 1 point for total points earned as 6. Grading scale is as follows: 6= Excellent, 5= Great Job, 4= Good Job 3= Satisfactory, 2= Needs Improvement, 1= Re-do lesson 0= Incomplete

(The matching game activity assesses, through visible means, the knowledge the student should have obtained in the lesson. Using pictures increases the visual learners memory in order to retain the written description. Also the matching quiz will help the visual learner to remember the events and dates in the order in which they occurred. Visual aids accompany the instructions to make the instructions clearer to the visual learner.)

1.

a. 1902 Propulsion System (aka: 12 horsepower engine)

2.

b. Around 400 B.C Chinese Kite

3.

c. Created by Hero of Alexandria Steam power causes a sphere to rotate.

4.

d. 1485 The modern day helicopter is based off of Leonardo da Vincis flying machine. Da Vinci never actually created this machine himself. e. The Flyer The Wright Brothers man-flown machine.

5.

6.

f. Samuel P. Langley created this model plane which is fueled by a steam engine. This model was far too heavy for flight.