NAS-Unisel 1 26/11/2013

At the end of this course students should be able

to:
Explain and Formulate the basic concept
compressible flow
NAS-Unisel 2 26/11/2013
At the end of this course students should be able to:
Define speed of sound, mach number and stagnation
properties.
Determine and analyze one-dimensional isentropic flow
Determine and analyze isentropic flow through nozzles
(converging nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle)
Determine and analyze shock waves (normal shock)
NAS-Unisel 3 26/11/2013
Enthalpy
For high speed flow , normally the potential
energy is negligible but not the kinetic energy.
In this case it will be convenient and easier to
combine between these two energy which what we
call stagnation energy, h
0


When we use static enthalpy, this is the ordinary
enthalpy, h



NAS-Unisel
h u Pv = +
2
2
o
V
h h = +
4 26/11/2013





Using the 1
st
law of thermodynamics,
NAS-Unisel
2 2
1 2
1 2
01 02
2 2
in out
E E
V V
h h
h h
=
+ = +
=

5 26/11/2013
For ideal gas,





Stagnation Temperature
NAS-Unisel
2
2
2
2
2
2
p
o
p o p
o
p
h c T
V
h h
V
c T c T
V
T T
c
=
= +
= +
= +
2
0 1
2
P
V
T T
c
= +
6 26/11/2013
Isentropic relation

Stagnation Pressure


Stagnation Density


Stagnation state =
isentropic stagnation state
NAS-Unisel
1
0 0
k k
P T
P T

| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
0 0
k
T
T

| |
=
|
\ .
0 0
k k
Pv Pv =
7
1 1
0
0
k
T v
v T

| |
=
|
\ .
26/11/2013
For low speed flows, the stagnation and static
temperatures are the same.

For isentropic flow, the stagnation temperature
and pressure remain constant throughout the
duct/pipe.
NAS-Unisel
o
T T =
8 26/11/2013
Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure
of 100 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 27C,
and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of
900 kPa. Assuming the compression process to be
isentropic, determine the power input to the
compressor for a mass flow rate of 0.02 kg/s.
NAS-Unisel 9 26/11/2013
Work for compressor?
NAS-Unisel 10 26/11/2013
Compressor
NAS-Unisel
in out
in in out out
in out
in
E E
Q W m Q W m
Q

=
+ + = + +

2
0
1
1 1
2
in out out
V
W m h gz Q W
| |
+ + + + = +
|
\ .

2
0
2
2 2
2
in
V
m h gz
W m h ke
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
+ +

0
pe +
( )
( )
0
1 2
out
in out
in out
Q
W m h Q
W mh mh Q
=
+ =
+ = +

11 26/11/2013
From table, c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4.
NAS-Unisel
( )
( )
02 01
0.02 565.7 300.19
5.3
in
in
in
W m h h
W
W kW
=
=
=

100 kPa
27C
900 kPa
AIR
0.02 kg/s
1
0 0
1
01 01
02 02
1
02
02 01
01
k k
k k
k k
P T
P T
T P
T P
P
T T
P

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
1.4 11.4
02
02
900
27 273
100
562
T
T K

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
( )
0.02 1.005 562.4 300
5.27
in
in
or
W x
W kW
=
=

12 26/11/2013
Speed of Sound
Mach Number, Ma

Ma > 1 supersonic
Ma < 1 subsonic
Ma = 1 sonic
0.9 < Ma < 1.2 - transonic
Ma > 5 - hypersonic

NAS-Unisel
c kRT =
V
Ma
c
=
Ernst Mach
13 26/11/2013
Determine the speed of sound in air at
a) 300 K and
b) 1000 K.
Also determine the Mach number of an aircraft moving
in air at a velocity of 280 m/s for both cases.
NAS-Unisel 14 26/11/2013
a) c
p
=1.005kJ/kg.k, k=1.4, R=0.2870 kJ/kg.k



b) c
p
=1.005kJ/kg.k, k=1.4, R=0.2870 kJ/kg.k

NAS-Unisel
( )
1.4 0.2870 1000 300
347 /
c x x x
c m s
=
=
( )
1.4 0.2870 1000 1000
633.9 /
c x x x
c m s
=
=
c kRT =
15 26/11/2013
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1200 K
with a velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at 400 K.
Assuming constant specific heats at room
temperature, determine the Mach number
a) at the inlet and
b) at the exit of the nozzle
Assess the accuracy of the constant specific heat
assumption.
NAS-Unisel 16 26/11/2013
Inlet
c
p
=0.8439kJ/kg.k, k=1.288, R=0.1889 kJ/kg.k

NAS-Unisel
( )
1.288 0.1889 1000 1200
540.3 /
c x x x
c m s
=
=
50
0.0925
540.3
V
Ma
c
Ma
=
= =
c kRT =
17 26/11/2013
Outlet of a nozzle?

NAS-Unisel 18 26/11/2013
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a
fluid at the expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that
increases the pressure of
a fluid by slowing it down.

NAS-Unisel
in out
in
E E
Q
=

0
in
W +

2
0
1
1
2
out
V
m h Q
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

0
out
W +

2
0
2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2
2 2
V
m h
V V
h h
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+ = +

19 26/11/2013
c
p
=0.8439kJ/kg.k, k=1.288, R=0.1889 kJ/kg.k

NAS-Unisel
( )
( )
2 2
1 2
1 2
2
1
2 1 2
2
1
2 1 2
2
2 2
2000
2000
2000
2000
1163 /
p
V V
h h
V
V h h
V
V c T T
V m s
+ = +
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
1163
3.73
311.97
V
Ma
c
Ma
=
= =
( )
1.288 0.1889 1000 400
311.96 /
c x x x
c m s
=
=
c kRT =
20 26/11/2013
In real, we need to find the c
p
and k for both of
the state
At 1200K (927C)
c
p
=1.272kJ/kg.K,
At 400K (127C)
c
p
=0.9378kJ/kg.K,



NAS-Unisel 21 26/11/2013
The speed of sound in dry air is approximately
343 m/s
Therefore, the lightning is approximately one
kilometer distant for every 2.9 seconds that elapse
between the visible flash and the first sound of
thunder
NAS-Unisel 22 26/11/2013
Properties of fluid vary primarily in the flow
direction only
Flow can be approximated as one-dimensional
flow only
For low speed flows, the stagnation and static
temperatures are the same.

For isentropic flow, the stagnation temperature
and pressure remain constant throughout the
duct/pipe.


NAS-Unisel
o
T T =
23 26/11/2013
Carbon dioxide flows steadily through a varying
cross-sectional area duct such as a nozzle at a mass
flow rate of 3 kg/s. The carbon dioxide enters the
duct at a pressure of 1400 kPa and 200C with a low
velocity, and it expands in the nozzle to a pressure
of 200 kPa. The duct is designed so that the flow
can be approximated as isentropic. Determine the
density, velocity, flow area, and Mach number at
each location along the duct that corresponds to a
pressure drop of 200 kPa.
NAS-Unisel 24 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 25 26/11/2013
For simplicity we use , c
p
=0.8439kJ/kg.k, k=1.288,
R=0.1889 kJ/kg.k
At P = 1200kPa

NAS-Unisel
1
1
o
o
T T
P P
=
=
isentropic
26 26/11/2013
At P = 1200kPa

NAS-Unisel
1
01
01
1.289 11.289
1200
473
1400
457
k k
P
T T
P
T
T K

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
( )
( )( )
2
2
2
2 0.8439 1000 473 457
164.3 /
o
p
p o
V
T T
c
V c T T
V x
V m s
= +
=
=
=
27 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
3
0.1889
1200
9 /
4
13.
57 x
P
RT
P
RT
kg m

=
= =
=
3 2
2
3
1.314 10
13.9 164.3
13.14
m VA
m
A
V
A x m
x
A cm

=
=
= =
=

28 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
( )
1.288 0.1889 1000 457
333.5 /
c kRT
c x x x
c m s
=
=
=
164.3
333.5
0.493
V
Ma
c
Ma
= =
=
29 26/11/2013
P, kPa T, K V, m/s , kg/m3 c, m/s A, cm2 Ma
1400
473 0 15.7 339.4 - 0
1200
457 164.5 13.9 333.6 13.1 0.493
1000
439 240.7 12.1 326.9 10.3 0.736
800
417 306.6 10.1 318.8 9.64 0.962
600
391 371.4 8.12 308.7 10 1.203
400
357 441.9 5.93 295 11.5 1.498
200
306 530.9 3.46 272.9 16.3 1.946
NAS-Unisel 30 26/11/2013
Note that the velocity of the fluid keeps increasing
after passing the minimum area although the flow
area increases rapidly in that region. This increase in
velocity past the minimum area is due to the rapid
decrease in the fluid density.
NAS-Unisel 31 26/11/2013
Smallest area throat

NAS-Unisel 32 26/11/2013
The flow area of the duct considered in this
example first decreases and then increases.
Such ducts are called convergingdiverging
nozzles.
Often called Laval nozzles.
NAS-Unisel
Gustaf de Laval
33 26/11/2013
Relation for isentropic flow
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
1
dA dP
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
1
dA dV
Ma
A V
=
34 26/11/2013
Subsonic flow, Ma < 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma < 1, (1-Ma
2
) will also positive
Thus is lead to dA and dP have the same sign
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
1
dA dP
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
2
1
dA A
Ma
dP V
=
35 26/11/2013
Sonic flow, Ma = 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma = 1, (1-Ma
2
) will become zero
Thus is lead to dA and dP become zero
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
1
dA dP
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
2
1
dA A
Ma
dP V
=
36 26/11/2013
Supersonic flow, Ma > 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma > 1, (1-Ma
2
) will become negative
Thus is lead to dA and dP having the opposite sign
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
1
dA dP
Ma
A V
=
37 26/11/2013
Subsonic flow, Ma < 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma < 1, (1-Ma
2
) will become positive
Thus is lead to dA/dV smaller than zero
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
1
dA dV
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
1
dA A
Ma
dV V
=
0
dA
dV
<
38 26/11/2013
Sonic flow, Ma = 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma < 1, (1-Ma
2
) will become zer0
Thus is lead to dA/dV will become zero
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
1
dA dV
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
1
dA A
Ma
dV V
=
0
dA
dV
=
39 26/11/2013
Supersonic flow, Ma > 1


We know that, , A and V is positive value
Because of Ma > 1, (1-Ma
2
) will become negative
Thus is lead to dA/dV higher than zero
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
1
dA dV
Ma
A V
=
( )
2
1
dA A
Ma
dV V
=
0
dA
dV
>
40 26/11/2013
The highest velocity we can achieve by a
converging nozzle is the sonic velocity, which
occurs at the exit of the nozzle.
If we extend the converging nozzle by further
decreasing the flow area, in hopes of accelerating
the fluid to supersonic velocities, we are up for
disappointment.
Now the sonic velocity will occur at the exit of the
converging extension, instead of the exit of the
original nozzle, and the mass flow rate through the
nozzle will decrease because of the reduced exit
area.
NAS-Unisel 41 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 42 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 43 26/11/2013
Temperature ratio

Pressure ratio

Density ratio



NAS-Unisel
2
01
1
1
1
1
2
T k
Ma
T

| |
= +
|
\ .
1
2
0
1
1
1
2
k k
P k
Ma
P

(
| |
= +
| (
\ .

1 1
2
0
1
1
1
2
k
k
Ma

(
| |
= +
| (
\ .

44 26/11/2013
The properties of a fluid at a location where the
Mach number is unity, Ma = 1 (the throat) are called
critical properties
It is common practice in the analysis of
compressible flow to let the superscript asterisk (*)
represent the critical values
NAS-Unisel 45 26/11/2013
Critical Temperature ratio

Critical Pressure ratio

Critical Density ratio



NAS-Unisel
*
0
2
1
T
T k
=
+
1
*
0
2
1
k k
P
P k

| |
=
|
+
\ .
1 1
*
0
2
1
k
k

| |
=
|
+
\ .
46 26/11/2013
Calculate the critical pressure, temperature,
density, area and velocity of carbon dioxide for the
flow conditions as we previously solved.
NAS-Unisel 47 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 48 26/11/2013
From previous example,
c
p
=0.8439kJ/kg.k,
k=1.288,
R=0.1889 kJ/kg.k
T=473K
=15.7kg/m
3
c=339.4m/s
NAS-Unisel 49 26/11/2013
NAS-Unisel
1
*
0
*
2
1
767
k k
P
P k
P kPa

| |
=
|
+
\ .
=
*
0
*
0
*
2
1
2
1
413.5
T
T k
T
T
k
T K
=
+
=
+
=
1 1
*
0
1 1
*
0
* 3
2
1
2
1
9.84 /
k
k
k
k
kg m

| |
=
|
+
\ .
| |
=
|
+
\ .
=
4 2
2
3
9.62 10
9.84 316.9
* 9.62
m
A
V
A x m
x
A cm

=
= =
=

( )
2
2
2
* 316.9 /
o
p
p o
V
T T
c
V c T T
V m s
= +
=
=
50 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
( )
1.288 0.1889 1000 413.5
317.2 /
c kRT
c x x x
c m s
=
=
=
316.9
317.2
1
V
Ma
c
Ma
= =
=
51 26/11/2013
P, kPa T, K V, m/s , kg/m3 c, m/s A, cm2 Ma
1400
473 0 15.7 339.4 - 0
1200
457 164.5 13.9 333.6 13.1 0.493
1000
439 240.7 12.1 326.9 10.3 0.736
800
417 306.6 10.1 318.8 9.64 0.962
767* 413.5 316.9 9.84 317.2 9.62 1
600
391 371.4 8.12 308.7 10 1.203
400
357 441.9 5.93 295 11.5 1.498
200
306 530.9 3.46 272.9 16.3 1.946
NAS-Unisel 52 26/11/2013
Converging Nozzles
P
b
= P
1
there is no flow
P
b
> P
*
pressure along nozzle decrease
P
b
= P
*
- choked
P
b
< P
*
- no changes
P
b
= 0

- no changes

NAS-Unisel 53 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
( ) ( ) 1 2 1
2
*
1 2 1
1
1 2
k k
A k
Ma
A Ma k
+ (

(
| || |
= +
| | (
+
\ .\ .

( ) ( ) 1 2 1
*
max 0
0
2
1
k k
k
m A P
RT k
+ (

| |
=
|
+
\ .

( )
*
2
1
2 1
k
Ma Ma
k Ma
+
=
+
54 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 55 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 56 26/11/2013
Very Useful equation

NAS-Unisel 57 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
Mach
number
Critical
Mach
number
Ratio of
Area to
critical area
Ratio of
Pressure to
Stagnation
pressure
Ratio of
Density to
Stagnation
density
Ratio of
Temperature to
Stagnation
temperature
58 26/11/2013
Nitrogen enters a convergingdiverging nozzle at
700 kPa and 400 K with a negligible velocity.
Determine the critical velocity, pressure,
temperature, and density in the nozzle.
NAS-Unisel 59 26/11/2013
The stagnation pressure in this case are identical
to the inlet properties since the inlet velocity is
negligible.
For nitrogen, k=1.4, R=0.2968kJ/kg.K
NAS-Unisel
0
0
3
0
0
0
700
400
700
5.896 /
0.2968 400
i
i
P P kPa
T T K
P
kg m
RT x

= =
= =
= = =
60 26/11/2013
Critical Temperature ratio


Critical Pressure ratio


Critical Density ratio



NAS-Unisel
*
0
*
0
2
1
2 2 400
333
1 1.4 1
T
T k
T x
T
k
=
+
= = =
+ +
1
*
0
1 1.41.4 1
*
0
2
1
2 2
700 369.8
1 1.4 1
k k
k k
P
P k
P P x kPa
k

| |
=
|
+
\ .
| | | |
= = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
1 1
*
0
1 1 11.4 1
* 3
0
2
1
2 2
5.896 3.74 /
1 1.4 1
k
k
k
x kg m
k

| |
=
|
+
\ .
| | | |
= = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
61 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 62
( )
* * *
*
*
1.4 0.2968 1000 333
372 /
V c kRT
V x x
V m s
= =
=
=
26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
0
0
0
1
/ 0.8333
/ 0.5283
/ 0.6339
at Ma
T T
P P

=
=
=
=
*
0
*
0
* 3
0
0.8333 333
0.5283 370
0.6339 3.74 /
T T T K
P P P kPa
kg m
= = =
= = =
= = =
( )
* * *
*
*
1.4 0.2968 1000 333
372 /
V c kRT
V x x
V m s
= =
=
=
63 26/11/2013
As can seen using this table, we reduce times
calculating using equation
But this table only for k=1.4
NAS-Unisel 64 26/11/2013
An ideal gas with k = 1.4 is flowing through a nozzle
such that the Mach number is 2.4 where the flow
area is 25 cm
2
. Assuming the flow to be isentropic,
determine the flow area at the location where the
Mach number is 1.2.
NAS-Unisel 65 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
*
*
2.4
/ 2.4031
1.2
/ 1.0304
at Ma
A A
at Ma
A A
=
=
=
=
* 2
1
* 2
2
2.4031 10.40
1.0304 10.7
A A cm
A A x cm
= =
= =
66 26/11/2013
Air enters a nozzle at 0.2 MPa, 350 K, and a velocity
of 150 m/s. Assuming isentropic flow, determine the
pressure and temperature of air at a location where
the air velocity equals the speed of sound. What is
the ratio of the area at this location to the entrance
area?
NAS-Unisel 67 26/11/2013
T
*
, P
*
, A
*
/A
NAS-Unisel
Air
i
*
68 26/11/2013
For air, k=1.4, R=0.287kJ/kg.K, c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K
NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
2
150
350 361.2
2 1.005 1000
o
p
o
V
T T
c
T K
x
= +
= + =
1.41.4 1
0
0
361.2
0.2
350
0.223
P
P MPa

| |
=
|
\ .
=
69 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
0
*
0
*
*
1
/ 0.8333
0.8333
0.8333 361.2
301
at Ma
T T
T T T
T x
T K
=
=
= =
=
=
70 26/11/2013
0
*
0
*
*
1
/ 0.5283
0.5283
0.5283 0.223
0.118
at Ma
P P
P P P
P x
P MPa
=
=
= =
=
=

NAS-Unisel
( )
1
1.4 0.287 1000 350
375 /
i i
i
i
c c kRT
c x x
c m s
= =
=
=
150
0.40
375
i
i
i
i
V
Ma
c
Ma
=
= =
71 26/11/2013



or
NAS-Unisel 72
*
*
1.5901
1
0.629
1.5901
A
A
A
A
=
= =
350
0.9690
361.2
o
T
T
= =
0
0.2
0.8969
0.223
P
P
= =
26/11/2013
A type of propagating disturbance
Normal Shock Wave- shock wave that occur in a
plane normal to the direction of the flow
Before and after the shock the properties of the
fluids changes significantly.
NAS-Unisel 73 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
Schlieren image of a normal shock in
a Laval nozzle.
74 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 75 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
Pierre Henri Hugoniot
J ohn William Strutt,
3rd Baron Rayleigh
Sir Geoffrey Ingram
Taylor
Pierre-Simon Laplace
William J ohn MacquornRankine Bernhard Riemann
76 26/11/2013
From conservation of mass

From conservation of energy,

Linear momentum
NAS-Unisel
01 02
01 02
h h
T T
=
=
1 1 2 2
V V =
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
A P P m V V =

77 26/11/2013
Combine conservation of mass and energy and
plot on a h-s diagram, the curve is called Fanno line.
Combine conservation of mass and momentum
and plot on a h-s diagram, the curve is called
Rayleigh line.

Point 1 correspond before shock
Point 2 correspond after shock
The flow must change from supersonic to
subsonic flow
NAS-Unisel 78 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
Gino Girolamo
Fanno
79 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 80 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel 81 26/11/2013
Very Useful equation

NAS-Unisel 82 26/11/2013
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
2
2 1
2
1 2
( 1)/[2( 1)]
2 2
02 1 2
2 2
01 2 1
/( 1)
2 2
1 2
02
2
1 2
1 1
2 1
1
1
2 ( 1)
2 ( 1)
1 ( 1) / 2
1 ( 1) / 2
1 1 ( 1) / 2
1
k k
k k
k Ma
Ma
kMa k
P kMa
P kMa
P P
T T
T Ma k
T Ma k
P Ma Ma k
P Ma Ma k
kMa Ma k
P
P kMa

+
=
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
(
+
=
(
+

( + +

=
+

NAS-Unisel
Mach
number
Before
shock
Mach
number
after
shock
Ratio of
pressure after
and before
shock
Ratio of
Density after
and before
shock
Ratio of
Temperature
after
and before
shock
Ratio of stagnation
pressure after
and before
shock
Ratio of
stagnation
pressure after
and pressure
before shock
83 26/11/2013
Graph showing the relation between the
parameter and Mach number
NAS-Unisel 84 26/11/2013
Air enters a convergingdiverging nozzle of a
supersonic wind tunnel at 1 MPa and 300 K with a
low velocity. If a normal shock wave occurs at the
exit plane of the nozzle at Ma = 2, determine the
pressure, temperature, Mach number, velocity, and
stagnation pressure after the shock wave.
NAS-Unisel 85 26/11/2013
Determine
Ma
2
, V
2
, T
2
,P
02
, P
2

Known
Ma
1
, T
01
, P
01

NAS-Unisel
stagnation
Throat
Ma=1
Before
shock
shock
After
shock
86 26/11/2013
The stagnation pressure in this case are identical
to the inlet properties since the inlet velocity is
negligible.
For air, k=1.4, R=0.287kJ/kg.K
NAS-Unisel 87 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
01
01
1
300
i
i
P P MPa
T T K
= =
= =
1
2
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1.4 1
300 1 2
2
166.7
k
T T Ma
T
T K

| |
= +
|
\ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
1
2
0
1.41.4 1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1.4 1
1 1 2
2
0.1278
k k
k
P P Ma
P
P MPa

| |
= +
|
\ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
88 26/11/2013
Or
NAS-Unisel
0
0
2
/ 0.5556
/ 0.1278
at Ma
T T
P P
=
=
=
1
1
166.7
0.1278
T K
P MPa
=
=
89 26/11/2013
From table,
NAS-Unisel
2
0.5774 Ma =
2
1
2 1
4.5
4.5 0.5751
P
P
P P MPa
=
= =
2
1
2 1
1.6875
1.6875 281.3
T
T
T T K
=
= =
02
01
02 01
0.7209
0.7209 0.7209
P
P
P P MPa
=
= =
90 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
0.5774 1.4 0.287 1000 281.3
194.12 /
V
Ma
c
V Ma c
V Ma kRT
V x x x
V m s
=
=
=
=
=
91 26/11/2013
We can also solve this problem using the relations
for normal shock functions. The results would be
identical.
As can seen using this table, we reduce times
calculating using equation.
But this table only for k=1.4

NAS-Unisel 92 26/11/2013
From table,
NAS-Unisel
2
0.5130 Ma =
2
1
2 1
7.1250
7.1250 439.185
P
P
P P kPa
=
= =
2
1
2 1
2.1375
2.1375 560.35
T
T
T T K
=
= =
02
1
02 1
8.5261
8.5261 525.5
P
P
P P kPa
=
= =
96 26/11/2013

NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
0.513 1.4 0.287 1000 560.35
243.42 /
V
Ma
c
V Ma c
V Ma kRT
V x x x
V m s
=
=
=
=
=
97 26/11/2013
For Helium, we cannot use Table, as the table only
for k = 1.4.
For helium, k=1.667, R=2.0769kJ/kg.K

NAS-Unisel 98 26/11/2013

26/11/2013 NAS-Unisel 99
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1 2
/( 1)
2 2
1 2
02
2
1 2
1 1
0.553
2 1
1
7.5632
1
2 ( 1)
2.7989
2 ( 1)
1 1 ( 1) / 2
9.641
1
k k
k Ma
Ma
kMa k
P kMa
P kMa
T Ma k
T Ma k
kMa Ma k
P
P kMa

+
= =
+
+
= =
+
+
= =
+
( + +

= =
+
02
2
2
712
466
734
P kPa
P kPa
T K
=
=
=

NAS-Unisel
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
0.553 1.667 2.0769 1000 733.7
881 /
V
Ma
c
V Ma c
V Ma kRT
V x x x
V m s
=
=
=
=
=
100 26/11/2013