UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EKC 107/3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY COURSE Name of student (Matr

r ! No"# " FLORENCE CHAN ($%&'((" ) NUR)HAIRIL A*HAR BIN HASHIM (122579) Instru+tors# ,R- MASRINA BINTI MOH, NA,*IR

EXPERIMENT : ORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC POLYMER Experi e!" 1: Prep#r#"i$! $% &re#'%$r #()e*+)e re,i!

a" .r te t/e e0uat on for t/e rea+t on o++urred-

O O 1 1 nNH%3C3NH% 4 nHC3H

H H 2 2 3 (3N3C3N3CH%3"3n 4 nH%O 1 O Urea-formaldehyde

Urea O5ser6at on

Formaline

./ te st +78 9o:8mer formed n t/e 5ea7er- After +oo: n; do<n= t turns nto /ard and 5r tt:e so: d as t <as <as/ed < t/ d st ::ed <ater-

Experi e!" -: Prep#r#"i$! $% !+($! ,"ri!.

a" G 6e e0uat on for t/e rea+t on o++urred n#

F rst sta;e O O 1 1 n C:C3(3 CH%3"'3CC: diacil chloride

O O 1 1 n HOC3(3CH%3"'3COH adipic acid Se+ond sta;e

4 nSOC: Tionil chloride

O O 1 1 n C:C3(3CH%3"'3CC: diacil chloride

4 n NH%3(3CH%3">3NH% diaminohexane

O O 1 1 33C3(3CH%3"'3C3NH3(3CH%3">3NH33n 4 nHC: nylon 6,6 5" ,ra< mo:e+u:ar stru+ture for n8:on >=>C$%H%%O%N% acid chloride

O5ser6at on
White string-like polymer is formed between the two layers of solution. ong white polymer strings or fibres !an be seen when spatula is used to take out the polymer from beaker.

Experi e!" 3: Prep#r#"i$! $% p$(+e,"er

a" .r te t/e e0uat on for t/e rea+t onO 1 n HO3C3 O 1 3C3OH

4 n HO3(3CH%3"%3OH Ethylene glycol

Phathalic anhydride O / 33C3

O / 3C3O3(3CH%3"%3O33n 4 nH%O

Terilena

5" ,ra< t/e mo:e+u:ar stru+ture for t/e formed 9o:8merO / 33C3 O5ser6at on

O O / / 3C3O3(3CH%3"%3O3C3

O / 3C3O3(3CH%3"%3O3

T/e trans9arent so:ut on s formed after t/e so:ut on s /eated < t/ Bunsen 5urner- U9on +oo: n;= a 6 + ous and st +78 : 0u d formed n t/e test tu5e-

DISC0SSIONS: Exp(#!#"i$!, 1. Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin Before +oo: n; do<n= t/e 9o:8mer formed e! st to 5e st +78 as t /as ad/es 6e 9ro9ert8Urea? forma:de/8de s used as ;:ue n some ndustr a: <or7s- After +oo: n; do<n= t turns /ard and 5r tt:e as t s t/ermoset 9o:8merT/ s 9o:8mer s 9rodu+ed 58 +ondensat on 9o:8mer @at on- T/e t<o monomers Ao n to;et/er < t/ t/e e: m nat on of <ater mo:e+u:es-

2. Preparation of nylon string N8:on str n;s formed as t/e resu:t of t/e +ondensat on of ts monomers nto :on; +/a n?: 7e ma+romo:e+u:es= </ +/ /as 6er8 / ;/ mo:e+u:ar <e ;/t- N8:on s 9rodu+ed 58 t/e rea+t on 5et<een d a+ : +/:or de and d am no/e!ane- , a+ : +/:or de s 9rodu+ed from t/e rea+t on 5et<een t on : +/:or de and ad 9 + a+ d < t/ t/e 9resen+e of d met/8:formam de- C/:or de atom re9:a+e t/e /8dro!8: ;rou9 of ad 9 + a+ d. Preparation of polyester

Bo:8ester s formed 58 ester f +at on 9ro+ess from ts monomers < t/ <ater as ts 58?9rodu+tIt a99ears to 5e 6 + ous and st +78 : 0u d as t s t/ermo9:ast + 9o:8mer- Bo:8(et/8:ene tere9/t/a:ate"= a 9o:8ester s 9rodu+ed 58 rea+ted t/e 9/at/a: + an/8dr de (5en@ene?$='? d +ar5o!8: + a+ d"= a +ar5o!8: + a+ d < t/ t<o +ar5o!8: ;rou9 < t/ et/8:ene ;:8+o:(et/ane? $=%?d o:"= an a:+o/o: < t/ % /8dro!8: ;rou9-

10ESTIONS 1. !ame fi"e types of polymer formed naturally.

Natura: Or;an + Bo:8mers

"olysa!!harides a) #tar!h and gly!ogen are the !ondensation polymers that made up of glu!ose monomers. b) $ellulose and !hitin are abundant natural polymers on %arth.

"roteins are !ondensation polymers that made up of amino a!ids. &u!lei! a!ids are !ondensation polymers whi!h monomer units are !omposed of one of two simple sugars' one phosphori! a!id group' and one of a group of hetero!y!li! nitrogen !ompounds that beha(e !hemi!ally as bases. &atural rubber is an addition polymer whi!h made up of thousands of isoprene monomers.

Natura: nor;an + 9o:8mer

)he e*amples are diamonds' sand' asbestos' and graphite.

2. #hat are the three important mechanisms in"ol"ed in preparation of addition polymer. Add t on 9o:8mer </ +/ 7no<n as +/a n?;ro<t/ 9o:8mer s 9ro+eeds 58 one of t/ree me+/an sms- T/e t/ree me+/an sms are rad +a: 9o:8mer @at on= +at on + 9o:8mer @at on and an on + 9o:8mer @at onEa+/ me+/an sm /as C d st n+t ste9s#
i) ii) iii) initiation step that starts the polymeri+ation. propagation steps that allow the !hain to grow. termination steps that stop the growth of the !hain.

. #hat is the repeating group for nylon$

N8:ons are a:so +a::ed 9o:8am des= 5e+ause of t/e +/ara+ter st + am de ;rou9s n t/e 5a+75one +/a n- Bo:8am des are 9o:8mers </ere t/e re9eat n; un ts are /e:d to;et/er 58 am de : n7sT/e re9eat n; un t of 9o:8am des s am de ;rou9 (? CONH% " O DD ?C?N?H D R %. #hat are the safety steps need to &e ta'en during the experiment$ (ist it do)n. a" Student must read t/e mater a: safet8 data s/eets (MS,S" for a:: t/e +/em +a:s used as <e:: as for t/e 9rodu+ts 5efore t/e e!9er ment s +arr ed out5" Carr8 out a:: o9erat ons es9e+ a::8 t/e /eat n; 9ro+ess and add n; t/e su:9/ur + a+ d n a fume /ood+" .ear ;:o6es </ :e dea: n; < t/ t/e +/em +a:s s n+e some of t/em are 6er8 +orros 6e and +an +ause s7 n rr tat ond" .ear ;o;;:es to 9re6ent +/em +a: su5stan+es to s9: t nto t/e e8ese" .ear mas7 to 9re6ent n/a:at on of dan;erous 6a9or t/at s re:eased after t/e rea+t onf" ,ur n; t/e 9re9arat on of urea?forma:de/8de res n 9ro+ess= t/e 9o:8mer 9rodu+ed must 5e <as/ed 58 us n; d st :: <ater;" .or7 at <e::?6ent :ated area/" After t/e e!9er ment s f n s/ed= do not t/ro< t/e 9o:8mer formed as <e:: as t/e rea+tant n t/e s n7-

*. Plastic )are is the ma+or product in polymer industry. ,esides of its flexi&ility to produce "arious product, there is a pro&lem face &y this industry )hich caused &y its nondegradation. This caused the plastic )are to &e one of the pollutants for the en"ironmental pollution. -uggest the )ay to reduce this 'ind of pro&lem .a8s to redu+e en6 ronment 9ro5:ems +aused 58 9:ast +s 9o::utants are#

$- ,es ;n and +reate 5 ode;rada5:e 9o:8mer- ./en t/e 9o:8mer s 5ur ed= m +roor;an sms 9resent n t/e ;round +an de+om9ose t/e 9o:8mer (9:ast +"? H8dro:8sa5:e ester ;rou9s +an 5e nserted nto t/e +om9ound to ma7e a 9o:8mer 5 ode;rada5:e%- Cut do<n t/e usa;e of 9:ast +?en+oura;e t/e usa;e of 9a9er or ;:ass <are nstead of 9:ast +?use reusa5:e 5e;s or +:ot/ 5e;s nstead of 9:ast + 5e;s </en do n; ;ro+er esC- Re+8+:e or reuse t/e 9:ast + <are t/at s used?reuse t/e 9:ast + 5ott:es ?ma7e use of re+8+:e 5 n CONCL0SION Bo:8mer @at on s a +ondensat on or add t on 9ro+ess of form n; re9eat n; un ts of monomers to form 9o:8mer-

RE2ERNCES /tt9#EE<<<-e:m/urst-eduEF+/mE6+/em5oo7E'&&9o:8mers-/tm: /tt9#EE<<<-+/em str8e!9:a ned-+omEB:?BrEBo:8mers?Natura:-/tm: /tt9#EE<<<-+/em;u de-+o-u7Eme+/an smsEfreeradE9o:8m-/tm: /tt9#EE<<<-+/em;u de-+o-u7Eor;an +9ro9sEam desE9o:8am des-/tm: /tt9#EE<<<-s0u doo-+omEredu+e9:ast +