Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Thermofluids

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ME 234

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Course Overview

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Basic concepts of Thermodynamics. Heat Engine Cycles. Steam Cycles. Positive Displacement Machine. Gas Turbine Fluid Properties. Manometers and Hydrostatic Forces. Fluid Dynamics.
Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Text Book
T.D. Eastop Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists.

J.Vernard and R.Street, Elementary Fluid Mechanics, J. Wiley, International Edition

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Thermodynamics The science that deals with heat and work and those properties of substances.

Although everybody has a feeling of what energy is, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it.

Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which is most descriptive of the early efforts to convert heat into power.
Slide 4 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy principle.

Food

The change in the energy content of a body or system is equal to the difference between the energy input and the energy output. Energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant.

Fat

Exercise

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservation of energy principle, and it addresses that energy is a thermodynamic property. The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded (transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature) once it is transferred to the surrounding air.
Slide 6 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Application Areas of Thermodynamics All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter; it is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner. Therefore, developing a good understanding of basic principles of thermodynamics has long been an essential part of engineering education.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the boundary. The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable. Note that the boundary is the contact surface shared by both the system and the surroundings and has zero thickness.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study.

Closed System:

A closed system (also known as a control mass) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass can enter or leave a closed system. But energy, in the form of heat or work, can cross the boundary.

If, as a special case, even energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, that system is called an isolated system.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Open System: An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called, is a properly selected region in space.

It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle. The region within the device is the control volume. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. In general, any arbitrary region in space can be selected as a control volume The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can be real or imaginary.
Slide 13 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts PROCESSES AND CYCLES Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states of the process.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Process diagrams plotted by employing thermodynamic properties as coordinates are very useful in visualizing the processes. Some common properties that are used as coordinates are temperature T, pressure P, and volume V (or specific volume v). An isothermal process is a process during which the temperature T remains constant; an isobaric process is a process during which the pressure P remains constant; and an isochoric (or isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v remains constant.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of the process.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts The Steady-Flow Process The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform, however, implies no change with location over a specified region.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Heat Heat is a form of energy which is transformed from one body to another body at a lower temperature, by virtue of the temperature difference between the bodies.

Work Work is defined as the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Phase Change of Pure Substance

Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Saturated Vapor

Saturated Liquid

Phase Change Process Vaporization

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Saturated LiquidVapor Mixture During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and part vapor. This is done by defining a new property called the quality x as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture:

Quality has significance for saturated mixtures only. It has no meaning in the compressed liquid or superheated vapor region. It can serve as one of the two independent intensive properties needed to describe a state

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

hfg hf
X=0

hg
X=1

hf

Note: the properties of the saturated liquid are the same whether it exists alone or in a mixture with saturated vapor.
Slide 23 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts SPECIFIC HEATS: Different amounts of energy to raise the temperature of identical masses of different substances by one degree.

Therefore, it is desirable to have a property that will enable us to compare the energy storage capabilities of various substances. This property is the specific heat.
Slide 24 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.

In general, this energy depends on how the process is executed. In thermodynamics, two main kinds of specific heats: specific heat at constant volume cv and specific heat at constant pressure cp. Physically, the specific heat at constant volume cv can be viewed as the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant.
Slide 25 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two distinct forms: heat and work

When a body is left in a medium that is at a different temperature, energy transfer takes place until thermal equilibrium is established. The direction of energy transfer is always from the higher temperature body to the lower temperature one.
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Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference

Also, the transfer of heat into a system is frequently referred to as heat addition and the transfer of heat out of a system as heat rejection.

Heat is energy in transition

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an adiabatic process. There are two ways a process can be adiabatic: Either the system is well insulated so that only a negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary, or both the system and the surroundings are at the same temperature and therefore there is no driving force (temperature difference) for heat transfer.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts Direction Convention Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the specification of both the magnitude and direction. The generally accepted formal sign

convention for heat and work interactions is as follows: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative.
Slide 29 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

A well-insulated electric oven is being heated through its heating element. If the entire oven, including the heating element, is taken to be the system, determine whether this is a heat or work interaction.
Slide 30 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

A well-insulated electric oven is being heated through its heating element. If the system is taken as only the air in the oven without the heating element, determine whether this is a heat or work interaction.
Slide 31 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts The First Law of Thermodynamics The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process. That is,

This relation is the energy balance and is applicable to any kind of system undergoing any kind of process. The successful use of this relation to solve engineering problems depends on understanding the various forms of energy and recognizing the forms of energy transfer.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

It is common practice to use the classical thermodynamics sign convention and to assume heat to be transferred into the system (heat input) in the amount of Q and work to be done by the system (work output) in the amount of W, and then to solve the problem.
Slide 33 Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts The energy balance relation in that case for a closed system becomes

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts ENERGY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS During a steady-flow process, the total energy content of a control volume remains constant (ECV = constant), and thus the change in the total energy of the control volume is zero (ECV = 0). Therefore, the amount of energy entering a control volume in all forms (by heat, work, and mass) must be equal to the amount of energy leaving it.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts For single-stream devices, the steady-flow energy balance equation becomes:

When the fluid experiences negligible changes in its kinetic and potential energies (that is, KE = 0, PE = 0), the energy balance equation is reduced further to

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts The Second Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics, or the conservation of energy principle, has been applied to processes involving closed and open systems. As pointed out, energy is a conserved property. It is common experience that a cup of hot coffee left in a cooler room eventually cools off. This process satisfies the first law of

thermodynamics since the amount of energy lost by the coffee is equal to the amount gained by the surrounding air.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

The paddle wheel rotates as the mass falls and stirs a fluid within an insulated container. As a result, the potential energy of the mass decreases, and the internal energy of the fluid increases in accordance with the conservation of energy principle. However, the reverse process, raising the mass by transferring heat from the fluid to the paddle wheel, does not occur in nature, although doing so would not violate the first law of thermodynamics.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

The second law also asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law is concerned with the quantity of energy and the transformations of energy from one form to another with no regard to its quality. The second law provides the necessary means to determine the quality as well as the degree of degradation of energy during a process. The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as well as predicting the degree of completion of chemical reactions.

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Dr Ahmed Salah

Thermofluids Lecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Dr Ahmed Salah