Sterilization of Water by Titration.

Chemistry Project

Shivank Sharma (36) Shrey Grover (37) Siddharth DSouza (38) Paul Thottan (22) XII-D

RAJHANS VIDYALAYA
Andheri(W), Mumbai.
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This to certify that Shivank Sharma of Std XII-D (Roll-No. 36) has successfully completed the Chemistry Project titled Sterilization of Water by Titration in partial fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education leading to the award of All India Senior School Certificate Examination for the academic year 2013-2014.
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Internal Examiner
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External Examiner

Teacher In-charge

Principal

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Acknowledgemen$
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STERILIZATION
&hat is S#riliza!on?
Sterilization (or sterilization) is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all forms of microbial life, including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, etc.) present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. Sterilization can be achieved by applying heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration or combinations thereof.

'i(erent Me)ods of S#riliza!on:

Steam Sterilization:

! Au*clave: A device used for S#am S#riliza!on. A widely used method for heat sterilization is the autoclave, sometimes called a converter. Autoclaves commonly use steam heated to 121134 C (250273 F). To
Type to enter text achieve sterility, a holding time of at least 15 minutes at 121 C (250 F) at 100 kPa (15

psi), or 3 minutes at 134 C (273 F) at 100 kPa (15 psi) is required. Additional sterilizing time is usually required for liquids and instruments packed in layers of cloth, as they may take longer to reach the required temperature (unnecessary in machines that grind the contents prior to sterilization). Heat sterilization of foods: Although imperfect, cooking and canning are the most common applications of heat sterilization. Boiling water kills the vegetative stage of all common microbes. Roasting
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meat until it is well done typically completely sterilizes the surface. Since the surface is also the part of food most likely to be contaminated by microbes, roasting usually prevents food poisoning. Note that the common methods of cooking food do not sterilize food - they simply reduce the number of disease-causing micro-organisms to a level that is not dangerous for people with normal digestive and immune systems. Boiling of water: Boiling in water for fifteen minutes will kill most vegetative bacteria and inactivate viruses, but boiling is ineffective against prions and many bacterial and fungal spores; therefore boiling is unsuitable for sterilization. However, since boiling does kill most vegetative microbes and viruses, it is useful for reducing viable levels if no better method is available. Boiling is a simple process, and is an option available to most people, requiring only water, enough heat, and a container that can withstand the heat; however, boiling can be hazardous and cumbersome. Tyndallization Tyndallization named after John Tyndall is a lengthy process designed to reduce the level of activity of sporulating bacteria that are left by a simple boiling water method. The process involves boiling for a period (typically 20 minutes) at atmospheric pressure, cooling, incubating for a day, boiling, cooling, incubating for a day, boiling, cooling, incubating for a day, and finally boiling again. The three incubation periods are to allow heat-resistant spores surviving the previous boiling period to germinate to form the heatsensitive vegetative (growing) stage, which can be killed by the next boiling step. This is effective because many spores are stimulated to grow by the heat shock. The procedure only works for media that can support bacterial growth - it will not sterilize plain water. Tyndallization is ineffective against prions. Sterilization using Alcohol: Mode of action: Alcohols dehydrate cells, disrupt membranes and cause coagulation of protein. Examples: Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol. Application : A 70% aqueous solution is more effective at killing microbes than absolute alcohols. 70% ethyl alcohol (spirit) is used as antiseptic on skin. Isopropyl alcohol is preferred to ethanol. It can also be used to disinfect surfaces. It is used to disinfect clinical thermometers. Methyl alcohol kills fungal spores, hence is useful in disinfecting inoculation hoods. Disadvantages: Skin irritant, volatile (evaporates rapidly), inflammable.
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Sterilization using Aldehydes: Mode of action: Acts through alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- or hydroxyl group, and probably damages nucleic acids. It kills all microorganisms, including spores. Examples: Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde Application: 40% Formaldehyde (formalin) is used for surface disinfection and fumigation of rooms, chambers, operation theaters, biological safety cabinets, wards, sickrooms etc. Fumigation is achieved by boiling formalin, heating paraformaldehyde or treating formalin with potassium permanganate. It also sterilizes bedding, furniture and books. 10% formalin with 0.5% tetra-borate sterilizes clean metal instruments. 2% gluteraldehyde is used to sterilize thermometers, cystoscopes, bronchoscopes, centrifuges, anesthetic equipments etc. An exposure of at least 3hours at alkaline pH is required for action by gluteraldehyde. 2% formaldehyde at 40oC for 20 minutes is used to disinfect wool and 0.25% at 60oC for six hours to disinfect animal hair and bristles. Disadvantages: Vapors are irritating (must be neutralized by ammonia), has poor penetration, leaves non-volatile residue, activity is reduced in the presence of protein. Gluteraldehyde requires alkaline pH and only those articles that are wettable can be sterilized. Sterilization using Phenol: Mode of action: Act by disruption of membranes, precipitation of proteins and inactivation of enzymes. Examples: 5% phenol, 1-5% Cresol, 5% Lysol (a saponified cresol), hexachlorophene, chlorhexidine, chloroxylenol Applications: Used to prevent infection of surgical wounds. Phenols are coal-tar derivatives. They act as disinfectants at high concentration and as antiseptics at low concentrations. The corrosive phenolics are used for disinfection of ward floors, in discarding jars in laboratories and disinfection of bedpans. Chlorhexidine can be used in an isopropanol solution for skin disinfection, or as an aqueous solution for wound irrigation. It is often used as an antiseptic hand wash. 20% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution is used for pre-operative hand and skin preparation and for general skin disinfection. Chlorhexidine gluconate is also mixed with quaternary ammonium compounds such as cetrimide to get stronger and broader antimicrobial effects (e.g.. Savlon).Chloroxylenol's are less irritant and can be used for topical purposes and are more effective against gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria. Hexachlorophene is chlorinated diphenyl and is much less irritant. It has marked effect over gram positive bacteria but poor effect over gram negative bacteria. Triclosan is an organic phenyl ether with good activity against gram positive bacteria.
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