Neel Parmar, Roll. no.

37

Ques: Critically analyse - the influence of Comintern upon the Chinese Communist Party, and the ememgence of Maoism. [2007,09] The People's Republic o !hina "as es#ablishe$ on %c#ober &, &9'9. (# "as #he culmina#ion o o)er #"o $eca$es o ci)il an$ in#erna#ional "ars. *rom &9'3 #o &97+, ,ao "as #he !hairman o #he !ommunis# Par#- o !hina .!P!/. 0urin1 #his perio$, ,ao "as calle$ !hairman ,ao or #he 2rea# 3ea$er !hairman ,ao ,ao amousl- announce$: 4The !hinese people ha)e s#oo$ up.4[!hee5 T, e$. .2002/. ,ao 6e$on1 an$ !hina's Re)olu#ions] The !ommunis# Par#- o !hina "as oun$e$ b- !hen 0u7iu an$ 3i 0a8hao in #he *rench concession o 9han1hai in &92& as a s#u$- socie#- an$ in ormal ne#"or5. The irs# session o #he Na#ional !on1ress o #he !ommunis# Par#- o !hina "as a##en$e$ b- &3 $ele1a#es, ,ao inclu$e$. :l#hou1h 9o)ie# an$ !omin#ern $ele1a#es a##en$e$, #he irs# con1ress i1nore$ 3enin's a$)ice #o accep# a #emporar- alliance be#"een #he !ommunis#s an$ #he 4bour1eois $emocra#s4 "ho also a$)oca#e$ na#ional re)olu#ion; ins#ea$ #he- s#uc5 #o #he or#ho$o7 ,ar7is# belie #ha# onl- #he urban prole#aria# coul$ lea$ a socialis# re)olu#ion [9chram &9++]. (n <ul- &922, #he 9econ$ !on1ress o #he !ommunis# Par#- #oo5 place in 9han1hai, #hou1h ,ao los# #he a$$ress an$ coul$n'# a##en$. :$op#in1 3enin's a$)ice, #he $ele1a#es a1ree$ #o an alliance "i#h #he 4bour1eois $emocra#s4 o #he =,T or #he 1oo$ o #he 4na#ional re)olu#ion.4 !ommunis# Par#- members >oine$ #he =,T, hopin1 #o push i#s poli#ics le #"ar$.,ao en#husias#icalla1ree$ "i#h #his $ecision, ar1uin1 or an alliance across !hina's socio? economic classes; a )ocal an#i?imperialis#, in his "ri#in1s he lambas#e$ #he 1o)ernmen#s o <apan, 2rea# @ri#ain an$ #he Ani#e$ 9#a#es, $escribin1 #he la##er as 4#he mos# mur$erous o han1men. Bence :Cc #o Dli8abe#h <. Perr-, ,ao's s#ra#e1- or #he success ul an$ amous :n-uan coal mines s#ri5es .con#rar- #o la#er Par#- his#orians/ $epen$e$ on bo#h 4prole#arian4 an$ 4bour1eois4 s#ra#e1ies. The success $epen$e$ on inno)a#i)e or1ani8in1 "hich no# onl- mobili8e$ #he miners, bu# orme$ schools an$ coopera#i)es. Thealso en1a1e$ local in#ellec#uals, 1en#r-, mili#ar- o icers, merchan#s, Re$ 2an1 $ra1on hea$s, an$ church cler1- in suppor#. :bou# #he same #ime, ho"e)er, ,ao ha$ be1un #o re?percei)e !hina an$ i#s reali#ies. Bis in)es#i1a#ions in Bunan pro)ince aler#e$ him #o #he re)olu#ionarpo#en#ial o #he peasan#r-, par#icularl- #he poor peasan#r-, #he mos# oppresse$ s#ra#um o !hinese socie#-. %n #he basis o #his an$ o#her in)es#i1a#ions, he ma$e a leap in#o #he 1eneral an$ posi#e$ #he en#ire

coun#r-si$e as bein1 a"ash "i#h re)olu#ion. @rea5in1 "i#h ,ar7is# or#ho$o7-, he $eclare$ #ha# "i#hou# #he poor peasan# #here coul$ be no re)olu#ion in !hina. This "as his irs# $isa1reemen# "i#h #he !omin#ern an$, in i#s )ie", his irs# ac# o heres-. Bis secon$ "as his re$isco)er- o !hinese na#ionalism. :s a s#u$en#, ,ao ha$ been ire$ "i#h #he call #o Esa)eF !hina rom ur#her sub>u1a#ion b- #he Ges#ern po"ers. *ormal ,ar7ism perhaps ha$ no# permi##e$ him #o loo5 on na#ionalism as a re)olu#ionar- orce. ,ean"hile, <apan, "hich "as ma5in1 $eep inroa$s in#o !hina, "as re1ar$e$ as an a11ressor bu# no# -e# an imperialis# po"er. (# "as onl- a #er #he crea#ion o #he <apanese puppe#?s#a#e o ,anchu5uo an$ <apanFs a11ression in#o !hina proper #ha# ,ao be1an #o obser)e #he sprea$ o an#i?<apanese na#ionalism amon1 all classes an$ sec#ions o #he !hinese people. Be conclu$e$ rom #his ne" $isco)er- o !hinaFs ob>ec#i)e "orl$ #ha# #he $-namic o #he !hinese re)olu#ion coul$ onl- be na#ionalism. Gha# is calle$ #he !hinese re)olu#ion $a#es rom ,aoFs unor#ho$o7 pairin1 o #hese elemen#al orces un$er #he lea$ership o #he !P! #ha# se# !hinese socie#- on #he pa#h o socialism )ia na#ional libera#ion, Ne" 0emocrac- an$ #he a1rarian re)olu#ion. The re)olu#ion $eri)e$ i#s claim #o socialism bcas#in1 <apan as imperialis#ic, an$ b- posi#in1 a na#ural alliance be#"een i# an$ #he $omes#ic oppressors or reac#ionaries. This Esini ica#ionF o ,ar7ism, or #he ,aois# rein#erpre#a#ion o ,ar7ism #o mee# !hinese reali#ies, represen#e$ a comple#e rup#ure "i#h #he me#ho$s an$ s#ra#e1ies o #he Russian re)olu#ion as "ell as "i#h #hose o #he !P! an$ i#s lea$ership. (# propelle$ ,ao #o loca#e #he !hinese re)olu#ion in #he coun#r-si$e ins#ea$ o #he ci#ies; #o s"i#ch rom a s#ra#e1- o urban insurrec#ion #o #ha# o peasan# re)olu#ion; rom me#ho$s o s#ri5es an$ bo-co## #o arme$ s#ru11le; #o ma5in1 na#ional libera#ion #he irs#?s#a1e ob>ec#i)e o #he re)olu#ionar- e or#. (# also le$ #o #he $es#ruc#ion o #he ori1inal !P! an$ i#s recrea#ion alon1 ,aois# lines. *or ,ao, unli5e #he 9o)ie#s, Ema5in1 re)olu#ionF or brin1in1 socialism #o a coun#r- li5e !hina "as a lon1, slo" process b- s#a1es; a lon1 process o unin#errup#e$ an$ con#inuous re)olu#ion or "hich #here "as no blueprin#. *or ,ao, as or 2an$hi, one s#ep a# a #ime "as su icien#, pro)i$e$ i# "as in #he ri1h# $irec#ion. ( Ema5in1 re)olu#ionF "as a process, #hen #he emphasis "oul$ be on chan1e H nei#her lea$ership nor or1anisa#ions nor ins#i#u#ions an$ no# e)en policies coul$ be permi##e$ #o acIuire permanence. The socialis# u#ure remaine$ onl- $iml- en)isa1e$ in i#s s#ruc#ure an$ or1anisa#ions. (# "as ho"e)er #o be buil# on #he un-iel$in1 commi#men# #o #he incremen#al re$uc#ion o oppression, #o e)en#ua#e in an era "hich "oul$ en$ #he c-cle o manFs inhumani#- #o man.

:l#hou1h ,ao re1ar$e$ ,ar7ism as a uni)ersal #ru#h, he "as philosopher enou1h, an$ perhaps :sian enou1h, #o ac5no"le$1e #he open?en$e$ness o #ru#h. Be "as e)en prepare$ #o specula#e #ha# u#ure 1enera#ions, "hose social an$ economic con$i#ions "oul$ $i er, ma- no# in$ #ru#h in ,ar7ism an$ ma- e)en re>ec# i#. (n #he same )ein he "as #o en)isa1e #ha# con#ra$ic#ions coul$ an$ "oul$ e7is# in a socialis# socie#-, an$ la#er, ,aoFs approach #o buil$in1 socialism in !hina, an$ b- e7#ension in #he coun#ries o #he Thir$ Gorl$, $i ere$ un$amen#all- "i#h #ha# o 9o)ie# lea$ers an$ manlea$in1 ca$res o #he !P!. ,ao also lai$ 1rea#er s#ress on #rans ormin1 rela#ionships be#"een in$i)i$uals an$ social 1roups H in #he process o pro$uc#ion an$ in a##i#u$es; an$ on roo#in1 ou# sel ?in#eres# an$ replacin1 i# "i#h #he commi#men# #o ser)e #he people H ins#ea$ o on $e)elopin1 onl- #he orces o pro$uc#ion. *or all his heresies ,ao "as #o be char1e$ "i#h s#an$in1 ,ar7ism on i#s hea$. Be, in #urn, char1e$ #he 9o)ie# lea$ership "i#h i$eolo1ical re#ro1ression. TBe policies emplo-e$ b- ,ao "ere as ollo"s? 9#ar#in1 in &9J&, ,ao ini#ia#e$ #"o successi)e mo)emen#s in an e or# #o ri$ urban areas o corrup#ion b- #ar1e#in1 "eal#h- capi#alis#s an$ poli#ical opponen#s, 5no"n as #he #hree?an#iC i)e?an#i campai1ns. Ghile #he #hree?an#i campai1n "as a ocuse$ pur1e o 1o)ernmen#, in$us#rial an$ par#- o icials, #he i)e?an#i campai1n se# i#s si1h#s sli1h#l- broa$er, #ar1e#in1 capi#alis# elemen#s in 1eneral. : clima#e o ra" #error $e)elope$ as "or5ers $enounce$ #heir bosses, spouses #urne$ on #heir spouses, an$ chil$ren in orme$ on #heir paren#s; #he )ic#ims o #en "ere humilia#e$ a# s#ru11le sessions, a me#ho$ $esi1ne$ #o in#imi$a#e an$ #erri - people #o #he ma7imum. ,ao insis#e$ #ha# minor o en$ers be cri#ici8e$ an$ re orme$ or sen# #o labor camps, 4"hile #he "ors# amon1 #hem shoul$ be sho#.4 These campai1ns #oo5 se)eral hun$re$ #housan$ a$$i#ional li)es, #he )as# ma>ori#- )ia suici$e.[9hor#,200&] (n 9han1hai, suici$e b- >umpin1 rom #all buil$in1s became so commonplace #ha# resi$en#s a)oi$e$ "al5in1 on #he pa)emen# near s5-scrapers or ear #ha# suici$es mi1h# lan$ on #hem. 9ome bio1raphers ha)e poin#e$ ou# #ha# $ri)in1 #hose percei)e$ as enemies #o suici$e "as a common #ac#ic $urin1 #he ,ao?era. *or e7ample, in his bio1raph- o ,ao, Philip 9hor# no#es #ha# in #he Kan'an Rec#i ica#ion ,o)emen#, ,ao 1a)e e7plici# ins#ruc#ions #ha# 4no ca$re is #o be 5ille$,4 bu# in prac#ice allo"e$ securi#- chie =an1 9hen1 #o $ri)e opponen#s #o suici$e an$ #ha# 4#his pa##ern "as repea#e$ #hrou1hou# his lea$ership o #he People's Republic. :Cc #o 9#e)en G. ,osher, :lon1 "i#h lan$ re orm, $urin1 "hich si1ni ican# numbers o lan$lor$s an$ "ell?#o?$o peasan#s "ere bea#en #o $ea#h a# mass mee#in1s or1ani8e$ b- #he !ommunis# Par#- as lan$ "as #a5en rom #hem

an$ 1i)en #o poorer peasan#s, #here "as also #he !ampai1n #o 9uppress !oun#erre)olu#ionaries, "hich in)ol)e$ public e7ecu#ions #ar1e#in1 mainlormer =uomin#an1 o icials, businessmen accuse$ o 4$is#urbin14 #he mar5e#, ormer emplo-ees o Ges#ern companies an$ in#ellec#uals "hose lo-al#- "as suspec#. *ollo"in1 #he consoli$a#ion o po"er, ,ao launche$ #he *irs# *i)e?Kear Plan .&9J3HJL/. The plan aime$ #o en$ !hinese $epen$ence upon a1ricul#ure in or$er #o become a "orl$ po"er. Gi#h #he 9o)ie# Anion's assis#ance, ne" in$us#rial plan#s "ere buil# an$ a1ricul#ural pro$uc#ion e)en#uall- ell #o a poin# "here in$us#r- "as be1innin1 #o pro$uce enou1h capi#al #ha# !hina no lon1er nee$e$ #he A99R's suppor#. The success o #he *irs#?*i)e Kear Plan "as #o encoura1e ,ao #o ins#i1a#e #he 9econ$ *i)e?Kear Plan, #he 2rea# 3eap *or"ar$, in &9JL. ,ao also launche$ a phase o rapi$ collec#i)i8a#ion. The !P! in#ro$uce$ price con#rols as "ell as a !hinese charac#er simpli ica#ion aime$ a# increasin1 li#erac-. 3ar1e?scale in$us#riali8a#ion pro>ec#s "ere also un$er#a5en Pro1rams pursue$ $urin1 #his #ime inclu$e #he Bun$re$ *lo"ers !ampai1n, in "hich ,ao in$ica#e$ his suppose$ "illin1ness #o consi$er $i eren# opinions abou# ho" !hina shoul$ be 1o)erne$. 2i)en #he ree$om #o e7press #hemsel)es, liberal an$ in#ellec#ual !hinese be1an opposin1 #he !ommunis# Par#- an$ Iues#ionin1 i#s lea$ership. This "as ini#iall- #olera#e$ an$ encoura1e$. : #er a e" mon#hs, ,ao's 1o)ernmen# re)erse$ i#s polic- an$ persecu#e$ #hose, #o#allin1 perhaps J00,000 "ho cri#ici8e$, as "ell as #hose "ho "ere merel- alle1e$ #o ha)e cri#ici8e$, #he par#- in "ha# is calle$ #he :n#i?Ri1h#is# ,o)emen#. :u#hors such as <un1 !han1 ha)e alle1e$ #ha# #he Bun$re$ *lo"ers !ampai1n "as merel- a ruse #o roo# ou# 4$an1erous4 #hin5in1. (n <anuar- &9JL, ,ao 6e$on1 launche$ #he secon$ *i)e?Kear Plan, 5no"n as #he 2rea# 3eap *or"ar$, a plan in#en$e$ as an al#erna#i)e mo$el or economic 1ro"#h #o #he 9o)ie# mo$el ocusin1 on hea)- in$us#r- #ha# "as a$)oca#e$ b- o#hers in #he par#-. An$er #his economic pro1ram, #he rela#i)elsmall a1ricul#ural collec#i)es "hich ha$ been orme$ #o $a#e "ere rapi$lmer1e$ in#o ar lar1er people's communes, an$ man- o #he peasan#s "ere or$ere$ #o "or5 on massi)e in ras#ruc#ure pro>ec#s an$ on #he pro$uc#ion o iron an$ s#eel. 9ome pri)a#e oo$ pro$uc#ion "as banne$; li)es#oc5 an$ arm implemen#s "ere brou1h# un$er collec#i)e o"nership. An$er #he 2rea# 3eap *or"ar$, ,ao an$ o#her par#- lea$ers or$ere$ #he implemen#a#ion o a )arie#- o unpro)en an$ unscien#i ic ne" a1ricul#ural #echniIues b- #he ne" communes. Bo"e)er :Cc #o 9pence, !ombine$ "i#h #he $i)ersion o labor #o s#eel pro$uc#ion an$ in ras#ruc#ure pro>ec#s, #hese pro>ec#s combine$ "i#h c-clical na#ural $isas#ers le$ #o an appro7ima#el- &JM

$rop in 1rain pro$uc#ion in &9J9 ollo"e$ b- a ur#her &0M $ecline in &9+0 an$ no reco)er- in &9+&. (n an e or# #o "in a)or "i#h #heir superiors an$ a)oi$ bein1 pur1e$, each la-er in #he par#- hierarch- e7a11era#e$ #he amoun# o 1rain pro$uce$ un$er #hem. @ase$ upon #he abrica#e$ success, par#- ca$res "ere or$ere$ #o reIuisi#ion a $ispropor#iona#el- hi1h amoun# o #he #rue har)es# or s#a#e use, primaril- in #he ci#ies an$ urban areas bu# also or e7por#. The ne# resul#, "hich "as compoun$e$ in some areas b- $rou1h# an$ in o#hers b- loo$s, le # rural peasan#s "i#h li##le oo$ or #hemsel)es an$ man- millions s#ar)e$ #o $ea#h in #he lar1es# amine 5no"n as #he 2rea# !hinese *amine. This amine "as a $irec# cause o #he $ea#h o some 30 million !hinese peasan#s be#"een &9J9 an$ &9+2 an$ abou# #he same number o bir#hs "ere los# or pos#pone$. *ur#her, man- chil$ren "ho became emacia#e$ an$ malnourishe$ $urin1 -ears o har$ship an$ s#ru11le or sur)i)al $ie$ shor#l- a #er #he 2rea# 3eap *or"ar$ came #o an en$ in &9+2. (n Bun1r- 2hos#s, <asper @ec5er no#es #ha# ,ao "as $ismissi)e o repor#s he recei)e$ o oo$ shor#a1es in #he coun#r-si$e an$ re use$ #o chan1e course. ,ao "as concerne$ "i#h #he na#ure o pos#?&9J9 !hina. Be sa" #ha# #he re)olu#ion ha$ replace$ #he ol$ eli#e "i#h a ne" one. Be "as concerne$ #ha# #hose in po"er "ere becomin1 es#ran1e$ rom #he people #he- "ere suppose$ #o ser)e. :n$ so #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion "as ini#ia#e$. :Cc #o *e1ion [2002], ,ao belie)e$ #ha# a re)olu#ion o cul#ure "oul$ unsea# an$ unse##le #he 4rulin1 class4 an$ 5eep !hina in a s#a#e o 4perpe#ual re)olu#ion4 #ha#, #heore#icall-, "oul$ ser)e #he in#eres#s o #he ma>ori#-, no# a #in- eli#e. @elie)in1 #ha# cer#ain liberal bour1eois elemen#s o socie#- con#inue$ #o #hrea#en #he socialis# rame"or5, 1roups o -oun1 people 5no"n as #he Re$ 2uar$s s#ru11le$ a1ains# au#hori#ies a# all le)els o socie#- an$ e)en se# up #heir o"n #ribunals. !haos rei1ne$ in much o #he na#ion, an$ millions "ere persecu#e$, inclu$in1 a amous philosopher, !hen Kuen. 0urin1 #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion, #he schools in !hina "ere close$ an$ #he -oun1 in#ellec#uals li)in1 in ci#ies "ere or$ere$ #o #he coun#r-si$e #o be 4re?e$uca#e$4 b- #he peasan#s, "here #he- per orme$ har$ manual labor an$ o#her "or5. (n &9+9, ,ao $eclare$ #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion #o be o)er, al#hou1h #he o icial his#or- o #he People's Republic o !hina mar5s #he en$ o #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion in &97+ "i#h ,ao's $ea#h [3i,&999]. This perio$ is o #en loo5e$ a# in o icial circles in !hina an$ in #he Ges# as a 1rea# s#a1na#ion or e)en o re)ersal or !hina. Ghile man-Nan es#ima#e$ &00 millionN$i$ su er,some scholars, such as 3ee *ei1on an$ ,obo 2ao, claim #here "ere man- 1rea# a$)ances, an$ in some sec#ors #he !hinese econom- con#inue$ #o ou#per orm #he "es#. The- hol$ #ha# #he !ul#ural

Re)olu#ion perio$ lai$ #he oun$a#ion or #he spec#acular 1ro"#h #ha# con#inues in !hina. 0urin1 #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion, !hina e7plo$e$ i#s irs# B? @omb .&9+7/, launche$ #he 0on1 *an1 Bon1 sa#elli#e .<anuar- 30, &970/, commissione$ i#s irs# nuclear submarines an$ ma$e )arious a$)ances in science an$ #echnolo1-. Beal#hcare "as ree, an$ li)in1 s#an$ar$s in #he coun#r-si$e con#inue$ #o impro)e. Bence #o"ar$s conclusion i# can be sai$ #ha# ,ao remains a con#ro)ersial i1ure an$ #here is li##le a1reemen# o)er his le1ac- bo#h in !hina an$ abroa$. Be is 1enerall- cre$i#e$ an$ praise$ "i#h ha)in1 uni ie$ !hina an$ en$in1 #he pre)ious $eca$es o ci)il "ar. Be is also cre$i#e$ "i#h ha)in1 impro)e$ #he s#a#us o "omen in !hina an$ impro)in1 li#erac- an$ e$uca#ion. Bis policies cause$ #he $ea#hs o #ens o millions o people $urin1 his 27?-ear rei1n, more #han an- o#her T"en#ie#h !en#ur- lea$er, ho"e)er suppor#ers poin# ou# #ha# in spi#e o #his, li e e7pec#anc- impro)e$ $urin1 his rei1n. Bis suppor#ers claim #ha# he rapi$l- in$us#riali8e$ !hina ho"e)er, o#hers ha)e claime$ #ha# his policies, par#icularl- #he con#ro)ersiall- name$ '2rea# 3eap *or"ar$' an$ #he !ul#ural Re)olu#ion, "ere impe$imen#s #o in$us#riali8a#ion an$ mo$erni8a#ion. Bis suppor#ers claim #ha# his policies lai$ #he 1roun$"or5 or !hina's la#er rise #o become an economic superpo"er, "hile o#hers claim #ha# his policies $ela-e$ economic $e)elopmen# an$ #ha# !hina's econom- onlun$er"en# i#s rapi$ 1ro"#h a #er ,ao's policies ha$ been "i$el- aban$one$. ,ao's re)olu#ionar- #ac#ics con#inue #o be use$ b- insur1en#s, an$ his poli#ical i$eolo1- con#inues #o be embrace$ b- man- communis# or1ani8a#ions aroun$ #he "orl$.