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BY
IN
APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
FEBRUARY, 2012
DECLARATIONS
I declare that this thesis is my original intellectual work, it has not been submitted before for
any degree or examination in any other university here in Nigeria or anywhere else in the
world.
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ABSTRACT
Literally, it is assumed that reservoirs are homogenous but in practical situation they are not.
all sedimentary deposits however, have an inhomogeneity caused by distribution in time and
space of sedimentary facies and by compaction, cementation and the nature of pore filling
fluids etc. the porosity of sandstone in Niger delta basin is quite high, from 8% to 38%,
with an average of 18%. About 95% of the sandstone porosity in Niger delta is effective
porosity. if size of grain is not uniform, some small particles are mixed with larger sand
grains, the porosity will be reduced. Small grains of silt or clay within the sand are especially
detrimental because they fill the spaces that could otherwise be pores. Cementation and
dissolution processes continuously modify the pore structure to create or destroy porosity.
During the processes of subsidence and burial the weight of overlying sediment is likely to
change the sand accumulation. Initially these changes are generally a loss of porosity due to
compaction and later further loss due to mineralization or cementation. This study examines
some of these processes.
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the glory of God and to the memory of my late brother, Mr. Onehi
Agbam Oche.
CERTIFICATIONS
We the underlisted hereby certify that this thesis presented by Oche, S tephen
Adakoche, pg/2008/00660 has been examined and found to fulfill the requirement for the award
of the Master of Science (m.sc) in applied geophysics of the rivers state university of science and
technology, Nkpolo-Oworokwu, Port Harcourt.
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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank omnipresent God for answering my prayers, thank
you so much Dear Lord. Without you I am able to do nothing and my life would fall apart.
This thesis has been kept on track and been seen through to completion with the guidance and
the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their
valuable assistance. I would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of this
thesis
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Dr Etim E. Uko, my
supervisor for his effort, guidance, devotion and advice during the entire study and the
preparation of the thesis. His good humour kept me sane through this rollercoaster
experience.
Many thanks are due to all academic and administrative staffs of physics department. I am
also very grateful to Professor S. E. Ananaba for his numerous help, his positive teaching
attitude and immense knowledge benefited me in many ways.
Many thanks to my friend and colleague, Zorasi Collins Baribor who inspired my final effort
despite the final work pressures we were facing together.
A special acknowledgment goes out to my brother, Sur. Obiabo Oche for his sacrifices in
order for me to achieve my goal. I have no doubt in my mind that without his continued
support I could not have completed this process.
Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of
the thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention names one by one.
Thank you for all that you have done for me.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
Declaration..........................................................................................................ii
Abstract.............................................................................................................iii
Dedication..........................................................................................................iv
Approval page......................................................................................................v
Acknowledgement................................................................................................vi
Table of content..................................................................................................vii
List of figures ....................................................................................................xiii
List of tables......................................................................................................xiv
Chapter one
Introduction ........................................................................................................1
Background of the study..........................................................................................1
1.1 Aim of the research ...........................................................................................2
Chapter two
Literature review
2.0 Lithology.....................................................................................................22
2.1 Depobelts......................................................................................................23
2.2 Porosity........................................................................................................24
2.2.1 Porosity units...............................................................................................26
2.3 Classifications of porosity..................................................................................30
2.3.1 Effective porosity..........................................................................................30
Chapter three
3.0 Methodology.................................................................................................66
3.1 Methods and materials......................................................................................66
3.2. 0 wireline logging and core analysis....................................................................66
3.2.1 Wireline logs..............................................................................................66
3.2.2 The density log.............................................................................................69
3.2.3 The neutron log............................................................................................71
3.2.4 The nmr log.................................................................................................71
3.2.5 Sonic log....................................................................................................72
3.3 Calculation of porosity from sonic log...................................................................73
3. 4 .0 Core analysis..............................................................................................76
3.4.1 Cuttings......................................................................................................78
3.5.0 Imbibition method.........................................................................................78
3.5.1 Measurement of pore volume by saturating fluid....................................................79
3.5.3 Gas expansion..............................................................................................70
3.5.5 Petrographic methods.....................................................................................81
Chapter four
4.1 Results and discussions.....................................................................................84
Chapter five
5.0 Conclusions.................................................................................................107
5.1 Recommendations.........................................................................................108
References .......................................................................................................109
LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
page
Figure 4.6: Crossplot of core porosity vs log porosity for well 3........................................97