Presented by

Alok G Keerthana A.N. Md.Kashif hussain Shruthi S.M.

Project overview Maximum demand calculation Load flow studies Short circuit studies Protection Relay coordination

This Project is actually the brown field expansion of a 0.6 MTPA Pellet plant to 1.8 MTPA integrated steel plant. Existing Facilities include the following: 25 MW power plant 70 MW power plant 2 x 1.2 MTPA beneficiation plant 2x1.2 MTPA pellet plant 4 x 500 TPD DRI Plant A small capacity bar mill.

Expansion to 1.8 MTPA Integrated Steel Plant is planned in two stages of 0.9 MTPA each. The major units envisaged in Stage-I and Stage-II are as follows: 100T EAF/LF Oxygen Plant Sinter Plant Blast Furnace Coke Oven Bar Mill And Billet Caster

The existing plant receives power at 220 kV from nearby switching station, located approximately 17 kms away from the plant. In addition to the grid supply, in-house generation from 25 MW and 70 MW CPPs also caters to the load demand. Excess power generated after meeting the demand of the plant is exported to the Grid.

To cater to the increased demand of the power due to expansion of the plant , an additional capacity of 140 MW (2x70 MW CPPs) generation is also planned to be set up. For feeding the new plant units at 33 kV, a new 220/33 kV Main Receiving Substation (MRSS) is planned. The interconnection of the existing power system, CPPs and new MRSS and CPPS is planned through a number of interconnections considering various factors to ensure maximum availability and reliability.

 Maximum demand calculations Transformer selection Load flow analysis Short circuit analysis Selection of Protective equipments Relay co-ordination

Shop/Unit

Production (Tonnes/yr)

W orking days/year

W orking hours/year

Sp. Energy Consumption (kW h/Tonnes)

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh)

Average Load (MW )

Load Factor

Maximum Demand (MD) in 15 Min. (MW)

PHASE-1

RAW MATERIAL YARD

To Unit

Raw Coal Sinter Lime stone RMHS Total Load BLAST FURNACE GHM COKE OVEN COKE SGP SLAG EAF/LF EAF/LF Auxillaries

Coke Oven Sinter Plant Lime Plant

802569 1478798 187186

365 350 320

8760 8400 7680

8 8 8

6420552 11830384 1497488 59636718

0.73 1.41 0.19

0.85 0.85 0.85

0.86 1.66 0.23 8.56

B.F Output

910000

350

8400

175

159250000

18.96

0.8

23.70

CO Output

450000

350

8400

60

27000000

3.21

0.8

4.02

SGP

318500

365

8760

25

7962500

0.91

0.8

1.14

EAF/LF

1100000

320

7680

50

55000000

7.16

0.9

7.96

PIG CASTING MACHINE

Step-1 Calculation of Annual Energy Consumption Step-2 Calculation of Average Load of each unit

Step-3 Calculation of individual maximum demand of each unit

Step-4 calculation of total maximum demand Step-5 calculation of simultaneous maximum demand considering 3% losses

Step-6 calculation of total maximum demand considering 5% contingency

Step-7 calculation of total energy requirements per annum

Sum of Individual Maximum Demand (considering 3% losses) = 83.45MW Max. Demand (MD) (considering diversity factor of 1.25) = 66.76 MW Max. Demand (MD) (considering 5% contingency requirement) = 3.34 MW Total load demand =70.10MW Total EAF demand=106.0MW Total Energy consumption per annum (considering 3% losses) = 18089046.94kWh Total Energy requirement per annum = 621.06MkWh

Transformer selected will have the rating twice the calculated MVA for each load. For 70 MW plant loads, transformer selected is, 63/80 MVA For 106 MW EAF load, transformer selected is, 130/160 MVA

Load flow studies are carried out to determine the power flow in the system. Load flow studies helps in planning the operation of power system under existing conditions, its improvements and future expansion. The study also helps to identify Overloading of transmission lines Voltage limit violations at the buses

Case-1: Grid and 25MW CPP feeding existing loads Case-2: Grid and 95MW (1x25 & 1x70) CPPs feeding existing loads Case-3:Grid and 95MW (1x25 & 1x70) CPPs feeding existing loads and phase-1 loads. Case-4:Grid and 165MW (1x25 & 2x70) CPPs feeding existing loads, phase-1 and phase-2 loads. Case-5: Grid and 235MW (1x25 & 3x70) CPPs feeding existing loads, phase-1 and phase-2 loads.

DESCRIPTION

GENERATION

GRID

25MW CPP 25 20.30

70 MW CPP-1 0 0

70 MW CPP-2 0 0

70 MW CPP-3 0 0

LOAD

CASE-1

MW MVAR

35.41 14.09

60.05 37.22

FROM NODE 1 4 2 2 7 12 8 12 1 20

FROM NAME Bus1 Bus4 Bus2 Bus2 Bus7 Bus12 Bus8 Bus12 Bus1 Bus20

TO NODE 2 3 5 6 8 8 14 14 19 2

TO NAME Bus2 Bus3 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8 Bus8 Bus14 Bus14 Bus19 Bus2

FORWARD MW 27.866 MVAR 21.65

LOSS MW 0.1313 MVAR 0.0912

% LOADIN G 27.6 ^

-21.915 -12.477 0.0283 12.845 14.008 35.443 7.952 8.676 15.98 0.0243 0.0289 0.0482

-0.0417 3.2 & -0.006 11.9 &

-0.0018 12.9 & -2.5716 17.8 &

LINE IS OPEN 0 -0.028 0 -0.0282 0.0 *

LINE IS OPEN -4.661 2.32 -1.371 1.194 0.0025 0.0007 -0.0262 3.8 & -0.0275 2.1 &

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%: @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125%: # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100%: $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75%: ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50%: & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25%: * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1%:

0 0 0 0 1 6 1

DESCRIPTION

GENERATION

GRID

25MW CPP 25 6.47

70 MW CPP-1 70 25.85

70 MW CPP-2 0 0

70 MW CPP-3 0 0

LOAD

CASE-2

MW MVAR

(-) 34.42 3.99

60.05 37.22

FROM NODE 1 4 2 2 7 12 8 12 1 20

FROM NAME Bus1 Bus4 Bus2 Bus2 Bus7 Bus12 Bus8 Bus12 Bus1 Bus20

TO NODE 2 3 5 6 8 8 14 14 19 2

TO NAME Bus2 Bus3 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8 Bus8 Bus14 Bus14 Bus19 Bus2

FORWARD MW MVAR 34.476 34.75 12.85 14.012 -34.39 13.555 -1.559 7.952 8.675 6.838

LOSS MW 0.1446 0.051 0.0243 0.0289 0.0387 0 -8.123 7.5 0.0203 0.0144

MVAR 0.1034 -0.0247 -0.006 -0.0018 -2.6328 -0.0284 -0.0101 -0.0151

% LOADING 28.9 ^ 4.3 & 11.9 & 12.9 & 15.9 & 0.0 * 10.8 & 9.1 &

LINE IS OPEN 0 -0.028 LINE IS OPEN -11.245 8.924

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%: @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125%: # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100%: $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75%: ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50%: & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25%: * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1%:

0 0 0 0 1 6 1

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS-CASE 3

DESCRIPTION

GENERATION

GRID

25MW CPP 25 6.31

70 MW CPP-1 70 25.35

70 MW CPP-2 70 2.50

70 MW CPP-3 70 2.5

LOAD

CASE-3

MW MVAR

(-) 163.54 19.90

69.85 43.3

FROM NODE

FROM NAME

TO NODE

TO NAME

FORWARD MW MVAR 13.339 -2.266 7.952 8.675 26.426 -14.312 IS OPEN IS OPEN -8.124 7.494

LOSS MW 0.144 0.0511 0.0243 0.0289 0.8468 0.0524 MVAR 0.1028 -0.0246 -0.006 -0.0018 1.6732 -0.0049

% LOADING

1 4 2 2 7 12 8 12 1 20

Bus1 Bus4 Bus2 Bus2 Bus7 Bus12 Bus8 Bus12 Bus1 Bus20

2 3 5 6 8 8 14 14 19 2

Bus2 Bus3 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8 Bus8 Bus14 Bus14 Bus19 Bus2

34.47 34.754 12.85 14.013 -163.08 129.549 LINE LINE -11.24 8.924

28.9^ 4.4& 11.9& 12.9& 73.7$ 57.9$

0.0202 0.0144

-0.0101 -0.0151

10.8& 9.1&

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%: @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125%: # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100%: $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75%: ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50%: & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25%: * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1%:

0 0 0 2 1 5 0

DESCRIPTION

GENERATION

GRID

25MW CPP 25 9.45

70 MW CPP-1 70 35.60

70 MW CPP-2 70 13.60

70 MW CPP-3 0 0

LOAD

CASE-5

MW MVAR

77.91 74.38

240.95 107.185

FROM NODE 1 4 2 2 7 12 8 12 1 20

FROM NAME Bus1 Bus4 Bus2 Bus2 Bus7 Bus12 Bus8 Bus12 Bus1 Bus20

TO NODE 2 3 5 6 8 8 14 14 19 2

TO NAME Bus2 Bus3 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8 Bus8 Bus14 Bus14 Bus19 Bus2

FORWARD MW 34.545 34.67 12.848 14.011 77.909 25.511 137.478 39.256 -11.32 8.917 MVAR 16.371 7.673 7.952 8.675 74.381 -2.3 75.849 5.293 -8.113 7.565

LOSS MW 0.154 0.0532 0.0243 0.0289 0.3656 0.0021 0.0079 0.005 0.0204 0.0145 MVAR 0.112 -0.0227 -0.006 -0.0018 -0.8488 -0.2645 0.0144 -0.2489 -0.0099 -0.015

% LOADING 29.9^ 4.4& 11.9& 12.9& 48.8^ 11.6& 70.9$ 17.9& 10.9& 9.2&

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%: @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125%: # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100%: $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75%: ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50%: & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25%: * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1%:

0 0 0 1 2 7 0

DESCRIPTION

GENERATION

GRID

25MW CPP 25 8.97

70 MW CPP-1 70 34.02

70 MW CPP-2 70 34.02

70 MW CPP-3 70 34.02

LOAD

CASE-4

MW MVAR

12.97 74.59

245.85 110.22

FROM NODE 1 4 2 2 7 12 8 12 1 20

FROM NAME Bus1 Bus4 Bus2 Bus2 Bus7 Bus12 Bus8 Bus12 Bus1 Bus20

TO NODE 2 3 5 6 8 8 14 14 19 2

TO NAME Bus2 Bus3 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8 Bus8 Bus14 Bus14 Bus19 Bus2

FORWARD MW 34.536 34.679 12.848 14.011 12.967 59.441 106.64 70.099 -11.31 8.918 MVAR 16 6.458 7.952 8.675 74.59 -2.078 75.626 5.498 -8.115 7.557

LOSS MW 0.1527 0.0525 0.0243 0.0289 0.184 0.0112 0.0054 0.0157 0.0204 0.0145 MVAR 0.1107 -0.0233 -0.006 -0.0018 -1.8226 -0.2169 0.0013 -0.193 -0.01 -0.015

% LOADING 29.7^ 4.4& 11.9& 12.9& 34.9^ 26.8^ 58.9$ 31.7^ 10.9& 9.2&

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125%: @ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125%: # NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100%: $ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75%: ^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50%: & NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25%: * NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1%:

0 0 0 1 4 5 0

Losses in the system are calculated. No buses or Lines are getting overloaded. No need for additional generation and inductive VAR support or placement of capacitors to maintain system voltages within specified limits is found.

Short circuit calculations provide currents and voltages on a power system during fault conditions. Short circuit study calculates the maximum available short circuit current at various points throughout the system and the calculated values are then used to evaluate the application of protective devices, and to develop circuit breaker trip settings.

Case-1: Grid and 25MW CPP & 70 MW CPP Case-2: with grid and all CPP sources (1x25 & 3x70MW)

BUS NUMBER Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5 Bus6 Bus7 Bus8 Bus19 Bus20

BUS VOLTAGE 11 11 11 11 11 11 220 220 11 11

MVA LEVEL 587.1 591.4 1013.5 1011.7 556.7 556.7 7267.9 3510.1 572.2 575.1

FAULT CURRENT (kA) 30.815 31.04 53.197 53.1 29.219 29.219 19.074 9.212 30.032 30.188

41

BUS NUMBER Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5 Bus6 Bus7 Bus8 Bus9 Bus10 Bus12 Bus14 Bus15 Bus16 Bus17 Bus19 Bus20

BUS VOLTAGE 11 11 11 11 11 11 220 220 11 11 220 220 33 33 33 11 11

MVA LEVEL 591.8 596.3 1028.1 1025.8 561 561 7641 3946.1 882.2 882.2 3842.9 3924.2 537.4 537.4 965.4 576.7 579.8

FAULT CURRENT(kA) 31.064 31.297 53.961 53.844 29.447 29.447 20.053 10.356 46.307 46.307 10.085 10.299 9.402 9.402 16.89 30.269 30.432

 Short

circuit studies provide post fault bus voltages at different buses in the network for a fault at any location in the network. These results are typically given as fault MVA. Short circuit studies for minimum fault level condition is of interest in relay coordination to check whether relays can distinguish between the Maximum Load Currents and Minimum Fault Currents.

The purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver energy to the utilisation points with both reliability and economy. Protection should be done to prevent the following: Prevent any disruption of supply Electrical equipment used is very expensive and we should prevent any damage to the equipment Power system should operate in a safe manner at all times Fault may represent a risk to life and property

 Maximum

protection Minimum equipment cost Reliable protection High-speed operation Simple designs High sensitivity to faults Insensitivity to normal load currents Selectivity in isolating a minimum portion of the system

For attaining higher reliability, quick action and improvements in operating flexibility of the protection schemes, separate elements of a power system , in addition to main or primary protection , are provided with a back-up and auxiliary protection.
Protection Zone A To Zone A Relays Protection Zone B To Zone B Relays

Short-circuit protection includes two protection systems: primary and backup protection. Primary protection is the first line of defense. Back up protection gives back up to the main protection, when the main protection fails to operate or is cut out for repairs etc.

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES

Relays

Current Transformers CTs Voltage Transformers VTs or PTs Circuit Breakers CBs etc.

Protection function can be classified as follows:

Back up protection
(Over current and Earth Fault)

Power transformer protection

(Unit or Differential Protection)

Distance protection Differential protection Busbar protection, etc.

 Application

The most commonly used protective relays are the instantaneous overcurrent relays. They are used as both primary and backup protective devices and are applied in every protective zone in the system.

Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer

The current decreases as the distance increases, This indicates that the operation time of the relay will be larger as the current is farther from the RELAY source. This is one of the OPERATION advantages of inverse-type overcurrent relays. TIME Time (s)

Current (A)

Radial Line
Fault Load

 Distance

protection uses current and voltage information to make a direct, or indirect, estimate of the distance to the fault. Application

Distance relays are widely used for primary and backup protection on transmission lines where high-speed relaying is desired. Other applications include generator backup protection for faults on the system and startup of large motors with high inertia.

 Application

Synchronism check relays are applied when two or more sources of power are to be connected to a common bus.

The arrows shown in the figure are used to represent the protection tripping direction. Note that the relays are oriented towards the protected lines. This orientation divides the system protection into two independent groups: the relays looking to the right and those looking to the left. The directionality divides the coordination process into two independent processes. A relay only needs to be coordinated with the other relays in its group.

 Application

Directional overcurrent relays are used to provide sensitive tripping for fault currents in one(tripping) direction and not trip for load or fault currents in the reverse (normal) direction.

Balanced CT Ratio CT
Protected Equipment

CT External Fault

If the primary and secondary currents at both sides of the protected equipment are equal. There will be no difference, and the relay will not operate.

50

IDIF = 0

CTR Protected Equipment Internal Fault

CTR

50

IDIF > ISETTING

For an internal fault, the secondary currents are 180 out of phase and produce a differential current through the overcurrent relay. If this differential current is larger than the pickup for the relay, the relay will trip both circuit breakers instantaneously.

Relay Operates

Bus protection Transformer protection Generator protection Line protection Large motor protection Reactor protection Capacitor bank protection Compound equipment protection

 The

basic idea of coordination is that the backup relay should be slower than the primary relay, with a minimum separation of T between curves calculated as follows: tbackup = tprimary + T

Distance

} T

} T
Distance

For relay R1, CT chosen =1600/1A Maximum fault current(I) = 10.297kA Current setting(IS)=130% of 1600A = 2080A For t=0.15s, TMS=0.035

By performing various system studies using MiPower, the following things were concluded: From the results of Load flow analysis it is verified that: No bus or transmission line is getting overloaded. Real and Reactive power requirement or excess under various operating conditions is found. Loading of transformers is verified. From the results of Short circuit analysis following observations are made: Required rating of equipments and Interrupting capacities of breakers is found. No requirement for change in the existing system on account of expansion and capacity addition was found. Short circuit levels obtained at various buses is used as input for relay coordination. From the results of Relay Coordination following observations are made: Settings for over current relays at various feeders were given and coordination between them was verified.

THANK YOU