Level 7 [Meena]

Gerund (its pronunciation is djerend) : A gerund is used : [Meena] 1) After certain prepositions (" ! #$) :

(H.K.)

% He is interested in learning &n'(is) . * % +,- accusto-ed to getting up ear(.. % /e,re (oo0in' for1ard to seeing .ou . * % 2)e 1ent on crying a(( t)e ti-e . % 3)e. ta(0ed about solving t)e pro4(e-s.

2) After certain expressions (56!789 :#$ "#$) ('o on ; carr. on ; 0eep on ; 4e used to ; 'ot used to ; no use ; 1ort) ; 'i<e up ; 1ou(d .ou -ind) :

% He kept on interrupting us. * % +'m used to getting up ear(.. % + got used to 'ettin' up ear(.. (H.K.) "#$ RS 'ot J"KDLM BC#D NO"$ EF =I PI Q 'ot used to @A BC#D EF GHI a- used to =?!> . <er4 4e EV#O I a- J"KDLM 6A6TU BC#D % 3)is car is nice ; it,s worth buying. * % 3)ere is no use trying t)is a'ain. % + don,t feel like eating (unc). * % 1i(( .ou give up smoking. % Would you mind giving it to -e. [Meena]

3) Werund is a(so used as a subject of a sentence (I"DXTH I NO"X EF) :

% Learning &n'(is) is <er. i-portant. * % Driving Yuic0(. can 4e dan'erous. % Swimming and walking are 'ood eZercises.

) And as an object of a sentence 1)en it (t)e 'erund) co-es after t)e fo((o1in' <er4s ([6#FI "#$) : (en\o. ; (i0e ; dis(i0e ; (o<e ; )ate ; 4e'in ; stop ; finis) ; a<oid ; appreciate ; -ind; consider ; discuss ; de(a. ; 'o ; )ear ; i-a'ine ; 0eep; 'i<e up ; pre<ent).
% +,(( 'o 1)en +,<e finished doing -. 1or0. * % 3)e. enjoy praying. % + can,t imagine Ma'd. driving a truc0. * % Stop talking. % 2)e likes walking. * % +t started raining (ast ni')t. % /ou(d .ou mind giving it to -e. (H.K.)

: NO]^_M? E `RaU "!"# ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc NO]^_M? Nde"$ @^TDfA Rg (b cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc N^hTD ijO Cg (2 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc lh mjDLO n^X og (k po qCrCT stV$ m_#DO uVv wxFI =CvO u_^ayU 5BeI z` Q i#9 =CvO "{ $%&'() *+,() --.6Vg |6VXDH I w9I Cg infiniti<e [[ 6T#Dd^@ $ 'erund [[ 6T#Dd^@ $ }t^~ rCU wxtO 6Vg infiniti<e to) I 'erund 6g"#$ xM =I @vTO ED[ 6#F :#$ "aC^F Q ( <er4) w#t e"A 'erund 6g"#$ 6V#r z` V#T^ DO I [6#FI :#$ "aCO Q N_T V#A ^^U = "$ ( . to infiniti<e)) 6g"#$ 6V#r z` @ : V#T EF ^^U = "$ @^VS?@ A PI 6g"#$ xM @vTA [6#FI Eg E_O6A .1 i0e ; )ate ; start ; 4e'in ; prefer
% %

to ) 6g"#$ 6V#r z` @ 'erund 6g"#$ 6V#r z` V#T 6g"#$ ^DO [6#FI Eg E_O6A .2 . (infiniti<e 2top ; tr.
% % He stopped playing . He stopped to play . Try swimming . Try to swim . [Meena] : wGA : ^^D I e6XD? I N$D@ A qCM : 6f$ BCT= CvO ( in' NF6r6$) N_T ^! + )a<e )ad a )eadac)e for 2 )ours no1; + tried ta0in' an aspirin 4ut it didn,t )e(p.

2)e likes walking 2)e likes to walk +t started raining (ast ni')t +t started to rain (ast ni')t.

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: wGA QNA6 Nt$ I n{ PI EF I "! T : 6f$ BCT= CvO (to infiniti<e) N^M6G 3r. to 4e Yuiet 1)en .ou co-e )o-e (ate ; e<er.one 1i(( 4e as(eep. (H.K.)

%ness (0indness) ; %s)ip (friends)ip) ; %)ood (c)i(d)ood) ; %r. (4a0er.) ; %is- (socia(is-) ; %ist (scientist) ; %ion (in<ention) ; %ation (infor-ation) ; %ance (i'norance) ; %enc. (presidenc.) ; %r (-a0er) ; %er * %ar * %or (actor) .

*&/0) 1/2 34/5 6xOI ovg Q EF in' NF6r6$ 'erund [ EF l6Td 6V_T 6TH --: 56T_v NO6fM EF 67(&8() 9&:&;<&= >o ?orm nouns : 1e add suffiZes (see pa'e bb) ; so-e of 1)ic) are :

!"#. /rite t)e noun for- of eac) of t)e fo((o1in' 1ords :

@erb Ma0e ui(d Aoun @erb +nforo Aoun

>ranslate into Brabic: + don,t fee( (i0e doin' it ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 3)e. )ate p(a.in' foot4a(( cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc <[( NO]^_M? E `RaU cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc vXA >^DdI BC#DA 6MI ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc lh mjDLU Nh| og

>Ce Brabic BlpCabet 67=DE() 65F,=G) HIDJ()

P]^_M %E$ CA6{ J"KDd" V PI Q P]^_M? E$@ A NTaD N6! EF NOe r Eg P | = J [ } q e z B 5 I Q CA6 EF 6fV jXM RS 6f_9 NT_v aM Q P]^_M?6$ E$ NT_H V#A NF#A 6DjM 6A"V wH Eg 6g"M =CX#_O NT_H 7GA poH Q w EF 6fU6DhA wH Eg 6g"M wDhO NT_H : [6GA 3)e. Eg =CX#_O NTaU Q He 1or0s Eg wDhO NTaU =CvU E6D6$ . i# EF 6fU6DhA . p(a.
(.H.K) : NO]^_M? E `RaU "!"# ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc e"T_=( C#TDLO) =CO NX_8( b cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc RL^" _tA EhT( 2

>Cings to Know [Meena] : SubLects : A su4\ect te((s 1)o or 1)at is doin' t)e

-ain <er4 . +t can 4e a re'u(ar noun; pronoun or a 'erund. Bppositives : An appositi<e is si-p(. a noun p)rase t)at defines t)e su4\ect. +t -ust 4e identica( to t)e su4\ect and pro<ide additiona( infor-ation. A co--a -ust i--ediate(. precede and fo((o1 t)e appositi<e. &Z.: AidsM a CigCly in?ectious diseaseM causes deat). Nodi?iers : 3)e. descri4e or 'i<e -ore infor-ation a4out t)e su4\ect; <er4; or ot)er -odifiers. &Z.: anada; wCicC Cas a small population; co<ers sligCtly more territor. t)an t)e nited 2tates does. [Meena] .. Ad\ecti<es are -odifiers for nouns; and ad<er4s are -odif. <er4s; ad\ecti<es or ot)er ad<er4s. Subordinations .modi?ying clauses) : 3)e. co-4ine t1o or -ore sentences into one sentence. 3)e su4ordinate c(ause usua((. contains a re(ati<e pronoun. e(ati<e pronouns are : /)o * 1)ic) * t)at * 1)en * 1)ose * 1)ere &Z.: He p(a.s 1it) a 4a((. 3)e 4a(( is 4(ue * He p(a.s 1it) a 4a(( t)at is 4(ue. OonLunctions : 3)e. eZpress a re(ations)ip 4et1een ideas.
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3)ere are t1o 4asic t.pes of con\unctions : b) t)ose t)at s)o1 a'ree-ent 4et1een ideas; (i0e : 4ecause * a(so * in addition to * suc) as * as 1e(( as * as 2) 3)ose t)at s)o1 disa'ree-ent 4et1een ideas; (i0e : A(t)ou') * 4ut * )o1e<er * despite * in spite of * 1)ereas OonLuncion Patterns : (i0e : eit)er or * neit)er nor * 4ot) and * suc) as * not on(. 4ut a(so Joining words 1QR() 9&/ST And / so / as well / both and / as well as / either or / neither nor / but / not only but also !but also" / when / as soon as / because / as / since / to / in order to / so as to / so that !so that" / in order that / such a !an" that &Z : /e -a. 'o either to airo or to A(eZandria; 1e )a<en,t decided .et. Neither A)-ed nor Weor'e did t)e )o-e1or0. Mar. is stud.in' )ard so that s)e -a. 'et )i') 'rades. +t 1as such an interestin' 4oo0 that + read it se<era( ti-es. UtCer eVpressions ?ollowed by a gerund : esponsi4(e for doin' so-et)in' * punis) so-eone for doin' so-et)in' * capa4(e of doin' .. * 4e(ie<e in * 0no1n for * accuse so-eone of * co--itted to * succeed in * eZcited a4out * participate in * ta0e part in * ad-it to * confess to * 4(a-e so-eone for * 0eep so-eone fro- * pro)i4it so-eone fro- * for'i<e so-eone for so-et)in' .

!"#.: +n .our ).1. cop. 4oo0 : b) ut eac) of t)e fo((o1in' 1ords in a sentence : capa4(e * eit)er * a(t)ou') * 4ecause * 1)en * 1)o * 4ut a(so . 2) /rite a sentence 1it) a 'erund as a su4\ect.

Bdverbs HIDW()
. (uD{ ) uM6A I uM6vA I w#t !" N^t^H E_ ["U ED Eg 6fMI @ e6D6$ [CM Ad<er4s are re(ated to <er4s ; t)e. te(( : b) how ; 2) where ; and ; k) when ; t)e <er4s are done. b) #ow : (i0e : fast ; Yuic0(. &Z: He runs fast.NL$ P^$ Cg * He did it very $uickly."a NL$ 6f_T Cg 2) When : (i0e : neZt ; no1 ; .esterda. (H.K.) &Z: %ext t)in' .ou s)ou(d do is t)is.* 2)e 1ent t)ere yesterday. o it now. k) Where : (i0e : no1)ere ; an.1)ere ; )ere ; t)ere ; out &Z: + cou(dn,t find it anywhere. * o-e here. [Meena] He ran s(o1ly : wGA (. EfDVU P]^_M? EF R#A %%% A friend(. person : wGA (. 6xOI EfDVU 56t9 "aCO @v

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BdLectives 9REX() IY 9&Z[()

B"#$ SyDU ? Eg *&/0Y \[] ED 5C#V I 56t PI descripti<e Eg 6TB NF #T 6fTgI (.red; .oun' . (H.K wGA C9CT qCM I U 6V_{ 6THcQ (ad<er4s) 6AI Ql6Td U (ad\ecti<es) 56t^ Y _`< --: [6GA Q [6#FI !"#" /rite ad<er4s t)at sa. )o1 a <er4 is done ccccccccccccccccc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc /rite descripti<e ad\ecti<es cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccc CtO ad\ecti<es [ 6AI Q ccccccc CtO ad<er4s [ : 67]a) 6S/,() 1/TY

Oonversations :

Naking suggestions : 2)a(( 1e 'o s1i--in' ((et us 'o s1i--in') (1). don,t 1e eat dinner t)ere ) (Ho1 a4out doin' t)is ) * es; sure (t)at is a 'ood idea) (it sounds 'reat) (o0.) . (H.K.) %%% 3)ere is a foot4a(( 'a-e at t)e stadiu- to-orro1 ; do .ou 1ant to 'o (1ou(d .ou (i0e to 'o ) ()o1 a4out 'oin' ) * .es; sure (+,d (i0e to) (-a. 4e) (+ don,t 0no1) ; 1)at ti-e is it * at -:k * o0. see .ou t)ere . Bsking ?or permission :
As0in' for per-ission
Ma. + [Meena] (can +) (cou(d +) drin0 so-e 1ater o .ou -ind if + 4orro1 .our 4oo0

Wi<in' t)e per-ission

es ; sure (certain(.) (of course) ()ere .ou are) ()e(p .ourse(f) o; of course + don,t -ind. (no pro4(e-)

efusin' t)e per-ission

+,- sorr. (sorr. + need it -.se(f)

es; + ,- usin' it ri')t no1. (es ; + need it)

Giving tCanks : 3)an0 .ou (t)an0s) (t)an0s a (ot) (+ appreciate .our )e(p) * .ou,re 1e(co-e (.ou are <er. 1e(co-e an. ti-e) (-. p(easure) >o agree or disagree : o .ou a'ree 1it) -e (1)at do .ou t)in0 ) (+s t)at ri')t ) * + a'ree 1it) .ou (+ a'ree 1it) a(( 1)at .ou,<e \ust said eZcept ..) (.es; t)at,s ri')t) (eZact(.) (.ou are a4so(ute(. ri')t) or 2orr. + don,t a'ree (+ disa'ree 1it) .ou) (+ don,t t)in0 so) ( t)at is not ri')t 4ecause .. ..) [Meena] >o ask ?or Celp : ou(d .ou )e(p -e (-a. .ou do -e a fa<or ) * .es; sure (of course) %%% /ou(d .ou -ind doin' t)is for -e * no; + don,t -ind (.es ; +,- sorr. + can,t) (H.K.) !"#" ractice a(( t)ese con<ersations 1it) an. of .our friends

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