DKV/MET

Wireless Technology Questions 1 03-2-2007 Text Willi!" #t!lling $h!% 1-& 'ssign"ent To (e su("itte) on 17-2-2007 1. Chap 2 Fundamentals
a. Problems Q 7 What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300Hz bandwidth and a signal to noise ratio of 3 d !

'ns* +sing #h!nnon,s e-u!tion $ . / log2 01 1 #234 We h!5e W . 300 67 0#234)/ . 3 There8ore9 #23 . 100*3 $ . 300 log2 01 1 100*34 . 300 log2 02*::;4 . <7< (%s
Q 8a " digital signaling system is re#uired to operate at $%00 bps. &f a signal element encodes a '(bit word) what is the minimum re#uired bandwidth of the channel!

'ns* +sing 2y-uist,s e-u!tion $ . 2/ log2M We h!5e $ . :&00 (%s a. log2M . <9 (ec!use ! sign!l ele"ent enco)es ! <-(it =or) There8ore9 $ . :&00 . 2/ <9 !n) / . 1200 67
Q 9 *tudy the wor+s of *hannon , -y#uist on channel capacity. .ach places an upper limit on the bit rate of a channel based on two different approaches. How are they related!

'ns* 2y-uist !n!ly7e) the theoretic!l c!%!city o8 ! noiseless ch!nnel> there8ore9 in th!t c!se9 the sign!ling r!te is li"ite) solely (y ch!nnel (!n)=i)th* #h!nnon !))resse) the -uestion o8 =h!t sign!ling r!te c!n (e !chie5e) o5er ! ch!nnel =ith ! gi5en (!n)=i)th9 ! gi5en sign!l %o=er9 !n) in the %resence o8 noise*
Q10 /i0en a channel with an intended capacity of 20 1bps) the bandwidth of the cahnnel is 3 1Hz. What signal(to(noise ratio is re#uired to achie0e this capacity!

'ns*

$ . / log2 01 1 #234 20 10& . 3 10& log201 1 #234 log201 1 #234 . &*&7 1 1 #23 . 102 #23 . 101

Q'

DKV/MET
Q11 *how that doubling the transmission fre#uency or doubling the distance between transmitting antenna and the recei0ing antenna attenuates the power recei0ed by % d .

Ans. From Equation 2.1, we have LdB = 20 log (4d/) = 20 log (4df/ v), where f = v (see Question 4). If we double either d or f, we add a term 20 log(2), which is approximately 6 dB.

Q13 &f an amplifier has a 30 d 0oltage gain) what 0oltage ratio does the gain represent!

'ns* ?or ! 5olt!ge r!tio9 =e h!5e 2)/ . 30 . 20 log0V2/V14 V2/V1 . 1030/20 . 101*; . 31*&
Q14. "n amplifier has an output of 20 W. What is its output in d W!

'ns* @o=er 0)/W4 . 10 log 0@o=er/1W4 . 10 log20 . 13 )/=

Worked examples p.42 1. &f a signal with a power le0el of 10mW is inserted onto a transmission line and the measured power some distance away is 2mW) the loss can be e3pressed as 4 d 5 10 log610728 5 1060.38 5 3 d 2. 9ecibels are useful in determining the gain or loss o0er a series of transmission elements. Consider a series in which the input is at a low power le0el of ' mW) the first lement is a transmission line with a 12 d loss) the second element is an amplifier with a 32 d gain) and the third element is a transmission line with a 10 d loss. /d 5 13 5 10 log6:out 7 ' mW8 :out 5 ' ; 101.3 mW 5 <$.= mW 3. :ower of 1000 W is 30 d W) and power of 1 mW is >30 d W.

Review Ques io!s Q1 What are some ma?or ad0antages and disad0antages of microwa0e transmission.

'ns* ' continuous or !n!log sign!l is one in =hich the sign!l intensity 5!ries in ! s"ooth 8!shion o5er ti"e =hile ! )iscrete or )igit!l sign!l is one in =hich the sign!l intensity "!int!ins one o8 ! 8inite nu"(er o8 const!nt le5els 8or so"e %erio) o8 ti"e !n) then ch!nges to !nother const!nt le5el*
Q2 .3plain how synchronous time di0ision multiple3ing 6@918 wor+s.

'ns* '"%litu)e9 8re-uency9 !n) %h!se !re three i"%ort!nt ch!r!cteristics o8 ! %erio)ic sign!l*

Q'

DKV/MET

2. Chap 2 "ntennas
a. Review Ques io!s Q1. What two functions are performed by antenna!

@he two functions of an antenna areA 618 For transmission of a signal) radio( fre#uency electrical energy from the transmitter is con0erted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiated into the surrounding en0ironment 6atmosphere) space) water8B 628 for reception of a signal) electromagnetic energy impinging on the antenna is con0erted into radio(fre#uency electrical energy and fed into the recei0er.
Q2. What is isotropic antenna!

An isotropic antenna is a point in space that radiates power in all directions equally.
Q4. What is the ad0antage of parabolic reflecti0e antenna!

A parabolic antenna creates, in theory, a parallel beam without dispersion. In practice, there will be some beam spread. Nevertheless, it produces a highly focused, directional beam.
Q". What factors determine antenna gain!

.ffecti0e area and wa0elength.

Q#. What is the primary cause of signal loss in satellite communication!

Free space loss.

Q7. -ame and briefly define four types of noise.

Thermal noise is due to thermal agitation of electrons. Intermodulation noise produces signals at a frequency that is the sum or difference of the two original frequencies or multiples of those frequencies. Crosstalk is the unwanted coupling between signal paths. Impulse noise is noncontinuous, consisting of irregular pulses or noise spikes of short duration and of relatively high amplitude.
Q9. What is fading!

The term fading refers to the time variation of received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path(s).
Q10. What is the difference between diffraction and fading!

Q'

DKV/MET Diffraction occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is large compared to the wavelength of the radio wave. The edge in effect become a source and waves radiate in different directions from the edge, allowing a beam to bend around an obstacle. If the size of an obstacle is on the order of the wavelength of the signal or less, scattering occurs. An incoming signal is scattered into several weaker outgoing signals in unpredictable directions.
Q11. What is the difference between fast and slow fading!

Fast fading refers to changes in signal strength between a transmitter and receiver as the distance between the two changes by a small distance of about one-half a wavelength. Slow fading refers to changes in signal strength between a transmitter and receiver as the distance between the two changes by a larger distance, well in excess of a wavelength.
Q12. What is the difference between flat and selecti0e fading!

Flat fading, or nonselective fading, is that type of fading in which all frequency components of the received signal fluctuate in the same proportions simultaneously. Selective fading affects unequally the different spectral components of a radio signal.
Q13. -ame and briefly define three di0ersity techni#ues.

Space diversity involves the physical transmission path and typical refers to the use of multiple transmitting or receiving antennas. With frequency diversity, the signal is spread out over a larger frequency bandwidth or carried on multiple frequency carriers. Time diversity techniques aim to spread the data out over time so that a noise burst affects fewer bits.
b. Problems Q 9 "ssume that two antennas are half(wa0e dipoles and each has a directi0e gain of 3 d . &f the transmitted power is 1 W and the two antennas are separated by a distance of 10 Cm) what is the recei0ed power! "ssume that the antennas are aligned so that the directi0e gain numbers are correct and the fre#uency used is 1001Hz.

Ans. We have Pr

= [(Pt) (Gt) (Gr) (c)2]/(4fd)2

5 D618 628 628 63 10=82E7D61%8 682 63 10=82 610'82E 5 0.<% 10>$ W Q10 *uppose a transmitter produces 20 W of power. a. .3press the transmitted power in units of d m and d W. b. &f the transmitterFs power is applied to a unity gain antenna with a $00 1Hz carrier fre#uency) what is the recei0ed power in d m at a free space distance of 100 m!

Q'

<

DKV/MET a. From Appendix 2A, PowerdBW = 10 log (PowerW) = 10 log (50) = 17 dBW PowerdBm = 10 log (PowermW) = 10 log (50,000) = 47 dBm LdB = 20 log(900 106) +20 log (100) 147.56 = 120 + 59.08 +40 147.56 = 71.52 Therefore, received power in dBm = 47 71.52 = 24.52 dBm b. Using Equation (5.2),

Q'

DKV/MET

3.

Chap %

.ncoding

G. What are the different modulations that can be used to encode digital data for transmission o0er analog media! "ns. 1odulation in0ol0es operation on one or more of the tree characteristics of the carrier signalA amplitude) fre#uency and phase. @here are three basic encoding or modulation techni#ues for transforming digital data into analog signalsA "mplitude *hift Ceying 6"*C8) Fre#uency *hift Ceying 6F*C8 and :hase *hift Ceying 6:*C8. 9raw Fig %.2 6"*C) F*C) :*C8

Q'

&

DKV/MET
G1. What is differential encoding!

An )i88erenti!l enco)ing9 the sign!l is )eco)e) (y co"%!ring the %ol!rity o8 !)B!cent sign!l ele"ents r!ther th!n )eter"ining the !(solute 5!lue o8 ! sign!l ele"ent*
G3 &ndicate three ma?or ad0antages of digital transmission o0er analog transmission.

$ost9 c!%!city utili7!tion9 !n) security !n) %ri5!cy !re three "!Bor !)5!nt!ges enBoye) (y )igit!l tr!ns"ission o5er !n!log tr!ns"ission* Problems Q&* Why shoul) @$M (e %re8er!(le to DM 8or enco)ing !n!log sign!ls th!t re%resent )igiti7e) )!t!C "s was mentioned in the te3t) analog signals in the 0oice band that represent digital data ha0e more high fre#uency components than analog 0oice signals. @hese higher components cause the signal to change more rapidly o0er time. Hence) 91 will suffer from a high le0el of slope o0erload noise. :C1) on the other hand) does not estimate changes in signals) but rather the absolute 0alue of the signal) and is less affected than 91.
G. What is G"1 techni#ue! *how diagrams of G"1 modulator and demodulator.

Qu!)r!ture '"%litu)e Mo)ul!tion is ! co"(in!tion o8 '#K !n) @#K* At c!n (e consi)ere) logic!l extension o8 Q@#K* T=o )i88erent sign!ls 0c!rrier4 !re sent si"ult!neously =ith ! %h!se shi8t o8 :0 )egree =ith res%ect to one !nother* E!ch c!rrier is '#K "o)ul!te)* The t=o )i88erent sign!ls !re si"ult!neously tr!ns"itte) o5er the s!"e "e)iu"* 't the recei5er9 the t=o sign!ls !re )e"o)ul!te) !n) the results co"(ine) to %ro)uce the origin!l sign!l* A8 t=o le5el '#K is use)9 then e!ch o8 the stre!"s c!n (e in one o8 t=o st!tes !n) the co"(ine) stre!" c!n (e in one o8 < . 2x2 st!tes* This is essenti!lly Q@#K* A8 8our-le5el '#K is use)9 then the co"(ine) stre!" c!n (e in one o8 1&.<x< st!tes* #0t4 . )1 cos 2 8 t 1 )2 sin 2 8 t

Q'

DKV/MET

Q'

DKV/MET

Chap 7 Spread Spectrum

Review Questions 1* Wh!t is the rel!tionshi% (et=een the (!n)=i)th o8 ! sign!l (e8ore !n) !8ter it h!s (een enco)e) using s%re!) s%ectru"C @he bandwidth is wider after the signal has been encoded using spread spectrum. 2* Eist three (ene8its o8 using s%re!) s%ectru"* $1% We can gain immunity from 0arious +inds of noise and multipath distortion. $2% &t can also be used for hiding and encrypting signals. Hnly a recipient who +nows the spreading code can reco0er the encoded information. $3% *e0eral users can independently use the same higher bandwidth with 0ery little interference) using code di0ision multiple access 6C91"8. 3* Wh!t is 8re-uency ho%%ing s%re!) s%ectru"C With fre#uency hopping spread spectrum 6FH**8) the signal is broadcast o0er a seemingly random series of radio fre#uencies) hopping from fre#uency to fre#uency at fi3ed inter0als. " recei0er) hopping between fre#uencies in synchronization with the transmitter) pic+s up the message. <* Ex%l!in the )i88erence (et=een slo= !n) 8!st ?6##* *low FH** 5 multiple signal elements per hopB fast FH** 5 multiple hops per signal element. ;* Wh!t is )irect se-uence s%re!) s%ectru"C With direct se#uence spread spectrum 69***8) each bit in the original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal) using a spreading code. &* Wh!t is the rel!tionshi% (et=een the (it r!te o8 ! sign!l (e8ore !n) !8ter it h!s (een enco)e) using D###C For an N(bit spreading code) the bit rate after spreading 6usually called the chip rate8 is N times the original bit rate. 7* Wh!t is $DM'C C91" allows multiple users to transmit o0er the same wireless channel using spread spectrum. .ach user uses a different spreading code. @he recei0er pic+s out one signal by matching the spreading code. D* Ex%l!in the )i88erence (et=een !uto-correl!tion !n) cross correl!tion* "utocorrelation is the correlation or comparison of a se#uence with all phase shifts of itself. Cross(correlation is the comparison is made between two se#uences from different sources rather than a shifted copy of a se#uence with itself. Q' :

DKV/MET

Chap 8 Coding and Error Control

Review Questions Q2* Wh!t is $3$C "n error detecting code in which the code is the remainder resulting from di0iding the bits to be chec+ed by a predetermined binary number. Q3* Why =oul) you ex%ect ! $3$ to )etect "ore errors th!n ! %!rity (itC @he CIC has more bits and therefore pro0ides more redundancy. @hat is) it pro0ides more information that can be used to detect errors. Q<* Eist three )i88erent =!ys to )escri(e $3$ !lgorith"* 1odulo 2 arithmetic) polynomials) and digital logic. Q;* As it %ossi(le to )esign !n E$$ th!t =ill correct so"e )ou(le (it errors (ut not !ll )ou(le (it errorsC Why or =hy notC &t is possible. Jou could design a code in which all codewords are at least a distance of 3 from all other codewords) allowing all single(bit errors to be corrected. *uppose that some but not all codewords in this code are at least a distance of 2 from all other codewords. @hen for those particular codewords) but not the others) a double(bit error could be corrected. Q&* An !n 0n9 F4 (locF E$$9 =h!t )o n !n) F re%resentC "n 6n) k8 bloc+ code encodes k data bits into n(bit codewords. Q7* An !n 0n9 F9 K4 con5olution co)e9 =h!t )o n9 F9 !n) K re%resentC "n 6n) k) K8 code processes input data k bits at a time and produces an output of n bits for each incoming k bits. @he current output of n bits is a function of the last K k input bits. QD* Wh!t is trellis in context o8 ! con5olution co)eC " trellis is a diagram that shows the state transitions o0er time in a con0olutional code. Q:* Wh!t t=o Fey ele"ents co"%rise error controlC 9etection of errors and retransmission of frames that are recei0ed in error. Q10* Ex%l!in ho= Go-(!cF 2 '3Q =orF* /o(bac+(- "IG is a form of error control in which a destination station sends a negati0e ac+nowledgment 6-"C8 when it recei0es an error. @he source station recei0ing the -"C will retransmit the frame in error plus all succeeding frames transmitted in the interim. Problems Q1* Wh!t is the %ur%ose o8 using "o)ulo-2 !rith"etic r!ther th!n (in!ry !rith"entic in co"%uting !n ?$#C Q' 10

DKV/MET "ny arithmetic scheme will wor+ if applied in e3actly the same way to the forward and re0erse process. @he modulo 2 scheme is easy to implement in circuitry. &t also yields a remainder one bit smaller than binary arithmetic. &'ap 4 :roblems. QD * Descri(e +D@ %rotocol* Why c!nHt ! user %rogr!" )irectly !ccess A@C +D@ is ! tr!ns%ort le5el %rotocol* +D@ %ro5i)es connectionless ser5ice 8ro !%%lic!tionle5el %roce)ures* At is (!sic!lly !n unreli!(le ser5ice9 )eli5ery !n) )u%lic!te %rotection !re not gu!r!ntee)** 6o=e5er9 this re)uces the o5erhe!) o8 the %rotocol !n) "!y (e !)e-u!te in "!ny c!ses* ?or ex!"%le9 - An=!r) )!t! collection =here loss o8 occ!sion!l )!t! unit "!y not c!use %ro(le"* 3e-uest-3es%onse in tr!ns!ction ser5ice =here !%%lic!tion c!n h!n)le error* - 3un-ti"e !%%lic!tions such !s 5oice 5i)eo in5ol5ing ! )egree o8 re)un)!ncy or re!lti"e re-uire"ent* +D@ sits on to% o8 A@* /ec!use it is connectionless9 +D@ "!y h!5e 5ery little to )o* Essenti!lly it !))s %ort-!))ressing c!%!(ility to A@*

+D@ %ro5i)es the source !n) )estin!tion %ort !))resses !n) ! checFsu" th!t co5ers the )!t! 8iel)* These 8unctions =oul) not nor"!lly (e %er8or"e) (y %rotocols !(o5e the tr!ns%ort l!yer* Thus +D@ %ro5i)es ! use8ul9 though li"ite)9 ser5ice*

Q'

11