5/10/2013

Emerging Technologies
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 21 24, Toronto, ON

Dr. Medhat H. Shehata is a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Ryerson University, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Shehata has 25 years of industrial and academic experience pertaining to construction material. His areas of expertise include properties, deterioration mechanisms and long-term performance of concrete, development of test methods and standards, construction sustainability and green buildings, recycling of construction and industrial wastes, and development of new construction materials. Dr. Shehata is the current Chair of the Engineering mechanics and Materials of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. He is also a member of various international technical committees including Canadian Standards Association, CSA A23.1 and A23.2, the Technical Subcommittee on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction of CSA, and Committee C. 09, Concrete and Aggregate and subcommittee 09.26, Chemical Reaction of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
ACI WEB SESSIONS

ACI WEB SESSIONS

Alkali Reactivity of Reclaimed Concrete Aggregate: Evaluation, Testing and Preventative Measures

ReclaimedConcreteAggregate(RCA)
Reclaimedorrecycledconcreteaggregateis producedfromprocessingofdemolished concretestructuresorreturnedtoplant concrete.

Medhat Shehata, Chris Christidis,Waleed Mikhaiel, Robert Johnson, Mohamed Lachemi Ryerson University Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chris Rogers Consultant, Ontario, Canada

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

ReclaimedConcreteAggregate(RCA)
Reclaimedorrecycledconcreteaggregateis producedfromprocessingofdemolished concretestructures orreturnedtoplant concrete.

ReclaimedConcreteAggregate(RCA)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

ReclaimedConcreteAggregate(RCA)

ReclaimedConcreteAggregate(RCA)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

ProblemDefinition
In Canada, RCA has been used with success as granular base for pavements The use of RCA in some construction applications such as Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) is under consideration The lack of availability of natural aggregates in some locations may push for the use of RCA in structural concrete

ProblemDefinition
IftheRCAorpercentageofitwasproduced fromstructuresaffectedbyASR,willthenew concretesufferdeterioration? Aretherepreventivemeasures?Arethese preventivemeasurespractical? IsthereawaytosafelyuseRCAevenif partofitisaffectedbyASR? Arethereacceleratedtestmethodsto evaluatepreventivemeasures?
Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Materials ReactiveAggregates

ReactivityofRCAand PreventiveMeasures

RCA: aconcreteblockplacedin1991with (GUPC)andhighlyreactivesiliceous limestonecoarseaggregatefromOttawa, Ontario(Spratt). VirginReactiveAggregate:Thesame aggregateusedinthetestblock

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

Materials CementingMaterial
LowAlkaliGUPC,Na2Oe =0.56% HighAlkaliGUPC,Na2Oe =0.96% SilicaFume Slag FLA:CaO =4.4%Na2Oe=1.95% FHA:CaO =6.4%Na2Oe=4.30% CILA:CaO =17.0%Na2Oe=2.10% CHLA:CaO =28.7%Na2Oe=2.16% LithiumNitrate

ExperimentalTechniques
ConcretePrismTest AcceleratedMortarBartest ConcreteMicrobarTest ScanningElectronMicroscopyand EnergyDispersiveXrayanalysis

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

ExperimentalTechniques
ConcretePrismTest AcceleratedMortarBartest ConcreteMicrobarTest ScanningElectronMicroscopyand EnergyDispersiveXrayanalysis

TestMethods

Concrete Prisms Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Concrete Microbar

Mortar Bars

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

TestMethods
Concrete PrismTest Standard Mixture Dimension Aggregate Soaking solution Duration Temperature ASTMC 1293 Concrete 75X75X285 mm Accelerated MortarBar Test ASTMC1260 andC1567 Mortar 25x25x285 mm ConcreteMicrobar Test RILEM AAR5 Paste+Coarse aggregate 40x40x160(or 285)mm Stones4.0 to8.0 mm(nosand) Yes 14to28days 80C

TestMethods

19.0 4.75mm Sandfractions +sand <4.75mm No 1or2years 38C Yes 14days 80C

Concrete Prisms Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

ReactivityofRCA Phase1
0.30 0.25

Reactivity AggregateProcessing

100%Spratt 100%RCA

Expansion (%)

0.20

0.15 0.10

0.05 0.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Age(Weeks)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Reactivity RoleofAlkalis
0.30 RCA 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Spratt, Ref. 6
0.25

PreventiveMeasures
RCA, F-LA RCA, CH-LA Spratt, F-LA, Ref. 25 Spratt, CH-LA, Ref. 25

2-Year Expansion (%)

1-Year Expansion Limit

0.20

2-Year Expansion Limit

Expansion (%)

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Na2Oe of PC %

Replacement Level (%)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

PreventiveMeasures

PreventiveMeasures

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

PreventiveMeasures
0.28

PreventiveMeasures

FFlyAsh
0.24

Expansion at 2 Years (%)

CIFlyAsh

0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 No SCM 5/15 5/20 5/25 5/30

SilicaFume/FlyAshReplacementLevel(%)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

AggregateDilution: ApracticalMitigationApproach
Most concrete applications would include blends of RCA and natural aggregates to reduce volume change (shrinkage) and maintain other durability aspects.

AggregateDilution: ApracticalMitigationApproach
Most concrete applications would include blends of RCA and natural aggregates to reduce volume change (shrinkage) and maintain other durability aspects. Most concrete mixtures include one of more types of SCM

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

AggregateDilution: ApracticalMitigationApproach
Most concrete applications would include blends of RCA and natural aggregates to reduce volume change (shrinkage) and maintain other durability aspects. Most concrete mixtures include one of more types of SCM Will practical level of SCM mitigate ASR in concrete with blends of reactive RCA and non-reactive natural aggregate?
Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

ExpansionResults

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

PreventiveMeasures
0.25
30%RCA+70%nonreactivelimestone 25%FAsh 25%CIAsh

PreventiveMeasures

0.20

Expansion (%)

50%Slag

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Age(Weeks)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

AcceleratedTesting
TestMethods
0.30

AcceleratedMortarBarTest WithMinorModifications

2-Year Expansion of CPT (%)

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40
38

Mortar Bars Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

14-Day Expansion of AMBT

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Accelerated Testing
Accelerated Mortar Bar Test With Minor Modifications
0.30 5% SF/30% LCFA 70% RCA 70% RCA with 25% LCFA

SampleProcessing

2-Year Expansion of CPT (%)

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40
39

14-Day Expansion of AMBT

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

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4.75mmto2.36mm

SampleProcessing

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

AMBT:Interlab Study
DifferentTypesofRCAfromTestBlocks
AMBT Aggregate 14d exp,% CPT 1-year exp,% 0.090 Reactivity level Block Age Average Expansion % 0.423 Aggregate

AMBT:Interlab Study
DifferentTypesofRCAfromTestBlocks
AMBT 14d exp,% CPT 1-year exp,% 0.090 Reactivity level Block Age Average Expansion % 0.423

Alberta Gravel Springhill Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Bernier Limestone

0.360

Moderate 14 years

Alberta Gravel Springhill Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Bernier Limestone

0.360

Moderate 14 years

0.463 0.090 0.173

0.217 0.130 0.069

High High

16 Years 14 Years

0.563 0.193 0.092

43

0.463 0.090 0.173

0.217 0.130 0.069

High High

16 Years 14 Years

0.563 0.193 0.092

44

Moderate 14 Years

Moderate 14 Years

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

AMBT:Interlab Study
DifferentTypesofRCAfromTestBlocks
AMBT Aggregate Location Rock Type 14d exp,% Gravel (sandstone, limestone, quartzite and mixed volcanics) CPT 1-year exp,% Reactivity level

AMBT:InterlabStudy
DifferentTypesofRCAfromTestBlocks

Alberta Gravel

Calgary (Canada)

0.360

0.090

Moderate

Springhill Limestone

Fredericton (Canada)

Crushed greywacke

0.463 0.090

0.217 0.130

High High

Montreal Potsdam Siliceous sandstone (Canada) St-Jean sur-leBernier Argillaceous limestone Richelieu Limestone (Canada)

0.173

0.069

Moderate
45

Source: Adams et al. 2012

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

TestMethods
0.40 0.35 0.30

ConcreteMicrobartest PreliminaryWork
Spratt: 4.75 - 9.5 mm RCA: 4.75 - 9.5 mm RCA: 9.5 - 12.5 mm

Expansion (%)

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

Concrete Microbar Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

10

20

30

40

50

60
48

Age (Days)

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

ConcreteMicrobartest
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00
14Days 28Days

ConcreteMicrobartest
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00
14Days 28Days

Expansion%

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Conclusions
Mitigatingexpansioninconcretecontaining reactiveRCAcouldbeachievedusingternary blendsofsilicafumeandloworintermediate calciumflyashofalkalicontent2.0%Na2Oe. Ternaryblendsof20%TypeFflyashand30% slagwasalsoeffectiveinmitigatingthe expansioninconcretewith100%RCAusedas coarseaggregate.

Expansion%

Conclusions
TheuseoflithiumnitratewithSCMreducedthe expansionofconcrete;however,thelevelsof investigatedlithiumandSCMwerenotenough tolimittheexpansionto<0.04%at2years. BlendingthereactiveRCAwithnonreactive coarseaggregatereducedtheexpansion comparedtoconcretewith100%RCAusedasthe coarseaggregate.

Shehata et al., ACI Fall Convention 2012

Shehata et al., ACI Fall Convention 2012

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention

5/10/2013

Conclusions
PracticallevelsofSCMs(25%flyashofCaO < 20%and50%slag)wereeffectiveinmitigatingthe expansioninconcretewithreactiveRCAblended with30%nonreactivenaturalstones. Theconcretemicrobartestshowedpromising resultsintermsofpredictingreactivityofRCA. Moreworkisneededtoinvestigatethecapacityof thetesttoevaluatepreventivemeasures.

ThankYou! Questions?

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI Fall 2012 Convention

Shehata et al., ACI 2012 Fall Convention