Because of such problems the only acceptable evidence for screening comes from a randomised controlled trial. High level evidence in screening is particularly important because screening always prolongs the period of illness and often brings psychological, social and financial problems to people who would otherwise have enjoyed apparently good general health for a longer period. If you are satisfied that the article describes a valid controlled trial which shows that screening results in a reasonably large clinical benefit, you then need to check a few other factors before forming an opinion. The main one concerns how much work has already been done on the subject and is if the article agrees with it. It is generally rash to accept findings that disagree with those of other valid studies. It is also rash to act on the basis of a single trial.
You would also like to know background information about orange disease, about its frequency, its likely outcomes and the effectiveness of treatment options. Is the natural history known, and is early treatment more effective than treating at a later stage? Your assessment includes consideration of both length and quality of life, as well as the risks of treatment. Secondly, is a screening test possible - is there a preclinical phase that lends itself to early diagnosis?
In relation to the hazard Perception of threat: people generally believe that they are at less than the average risk, particularly when they have control over their exposure to the hazard. Reduction of vulnerability: people wish not to feel vulnerable to a perceived threat and may therefore deny their risk.