Homework #10 PHYS 601 Fall 2013 Due on Wednesday, December 4, 2013 online

Professor Victor Yakovenko Oce: 2115 Physics

Web page: http://physics.umd.edu/~yakovenk/teaching/ GPS: Goldstein, Poole, Safko, Classical Mechanics, 3rd edition, 2002, ISBN 0-201-65702-3 LL: Landau and Lifshitz, Mechanics, 3rd edition, 1976, ISBN 978-0-7506-2896-9 Total score is 35 points.

Theory of Elasticity, LL vol. 7, GPS Ch. 13

1. A 1D crystal with two atoms per unit cell, 15 points. Consider a 1D chain of atoms with alternating masses m and M connected by springs of rigidity with spacing a between the atoms. The Lagrangian of the system is L= 1 {mn 2 (n, t) [ (n, t) (n + 1, t)]2 }, 2 n= (1)

where (n, t) are the displacements of atoms from their equilibrium positions, and mn = m, when n = 2j is even, M, when n = 2j + 1 is odd. (2)

(a) Derive equations of motion for the Lagrangian (1). You should get slightly dierent equations for even and odd n. (b) Show that the normal modes are plane waves characterized by a wave number k . However, because there are two atoms in a unit cell and the crystal period is 2a, a plane-wave solution should be written as (2j, t) (2j + 1, t) = A eika2j B eika(2j +1) eit , (3)

where j is an integer, and A and B are some coecients. From the matrix 2 2 equations of motion, nd the frequencies 1,2 (k ) of two normal modes for a given k and their eigenvectors (A, B )1,2 . (c) Sketch the dispersion relations 1,2 (k ) of the two modes for k in the range [/2a, /2a]. Observe that the functions 1,2 (k ) repeat periodically outside of this range. Show that 1 (0) = 0, whereas 2 (0) = 0. The former mode is called acoustic, and the latter optical. Determine the speed d1 /dk of the acoustic mode for small k . Sketch the patterns of displacement for the acoustic and optical modes in the limit k 0. (d) Take the limit M m in your results for 1,2 (k ) and check whether it agrees with qualitative physical expectations.

Homework #10, Phys601, Fall 2013, Prof. Yakovenko (e) Take the limit M = m in 1,2 (k ) and check that it agrees with the result discussed in class for a chain of atoms of the same mass. 2. Acoustic waves in elastic medium, 8 points. As discussed in class, the Lagrangian for 3D elastic continuous medium is L= 1 2 d 3 x{ j j jlpq ujl upq }, (4)

where summation over repeated indices is implied, = const is the mass density, (x, t) is the vector eld of small displacements, and ujl (x, t) is the strain tensor ujl = 1 2 j l + xl xj . (5)

The corresponding Lagrange equations of motion are j = where Tjl is the stress tensor Tjl = L = jlpq upq . ujl (7) Tjl , xl (6)

For isotropic medium, the elastic modulus tensor jlpq has the form jlpq = jl pq + 2 jp lq , where and are the Lam e coecients. (a) Substituting Eq. (8) into Eqs. (7) and (6), show that equations of motion for isotropic medium have the form j = ( + ) 2 j 2 l + xj xl xl xl = ( + ) ( ) + ( ) = ( + ) grad div + . (8)

(9)

(b) Consider propagation of plane acoustic waves in isotropic medium: eikxit . (x, t) = (10)

k Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (9), nd the speed of waves with longitudinal k polarizations in terms of the parameters , , and . and transverse 3. Inspired by qualier problem I.1 of August 2012, 12 points. Lets study torsional waves in a cylindrical rod of length and radius R with a constant mass density . Let z be the coordinate along the rod, and r = (x, y ) the transverse coordinate. Consider twisting of the rod by a small angle (z, t) in the (x, y ) plane.

Homework #10, Phys601, Fall 2013, Prof. Yakovenko (a) Show that the Lagrangian for torsion deformations has the form 1 L= 2 dz A
0

(11)

and nd expressions for the coecients A and B as transverse integrals 0R d2 r . . . Show that A is the moment of inertia about the axis z per unit length dz . Express B in terms of the Lam e coecient . (b) Derive equation of motion for (z, t) from the Lagrangian (11). What is the speed of propagation of torsional waves along the rod? If the ends of the rod are free, i.e. are not clamped or constrained in any way, what is the boundary condition for /z at the ends? What are the allowed frequencies of torsional oscillations if both ends of the rod are free? (c) If we mentally divide the rod into thin disks of thickness dz , the equations of = dN , where dI = A dz the motion for such disks can be written as (dI ) moment of inertia of a disk, and dN is the dierence of the torques applied to the opposite surfaces of the disk (here N z ). Using this observation, express the torque N (z, t) in terms of /z . If a static twisting torque N is applied between the ends of the rod, what is the total twist angle = ( ) (0) of the rod?

November 25, 2013