Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas is known as the Little Giant and he was the senator of Illinois who debated for Presidency. He also wanted to stop the fight between the North and the South and created the Freeport Doctrine. Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was the 14th president of the United States and he supported the KansasNebraska Act Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 had four parts to it. It stopped the slave trade in Washington D.C. but did not end slavery, the Fugitive slave law was created, it took in California as a free state, and it divided the land of Texas. Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor is the 12th president of the United States and was also known as the Hero of Buena Vista as he won in the Mexican War. John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun supported the Southerners and their rights and he didnt want things dealing with slavery to change. Matthew C. Perry Matthew C. Perry was the commander of a fleet of four warships sent to Japan by Fillmore and he travelled to Edo Bay in order to cause hysteria and Henry Clay Henry Clay wanted the fighting to just stop between the North and the South and he requested that the North passed a better Fugitive Slave Law.

Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil party disagreed with slavery and they supported any acts or laws that was antislavery. Fugitive Slave Law The Fugitive Slave Law stated that the slaves who escaped must be returned to the rightful owners. The North highly disagreed with this. Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was a former black slave who was a conductor in the Underground Railroad. She helped free hundreds of slaves and bring them to Canada. Ostend Manifesto Ostend Manifeseto was a document that stated that the United States should purchase Cuba but declare war on Spain if the United States is refused the land. $120 million was the maximum amount of money allowed to be used to purchase Cuba. Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas Nebraska Act was an act that allowed Kansas and Nebraska states to vote whether they wanted to be free or slave states. Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South Hinton Helper wrote the Impending Crisis of the South and it gained plenty of fame among the abolitionists, along with Uncle Toms Cabin. George Fitzhugh

He was a social theorist who mostly thought about slavery and races and he believed that blacks were not important. John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist who killed people in the South and was hated greatly by the South. He was hanged after trying to give weapons to slaves but was discovered. Charles Sumner Sumner was an abolitionist who made a speech was attacked until he was unconscious because of it. Dred Scott Dred Scott was a slave who lived in a free state for a couple of years and he sued for his freedom after his master has died but the Supreme Court said that slaves were property and not citizens. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln is the 16th president of the United States who also debated with Douglas for the Senate seat. John Crittenden John Crittenden suggested the Crittenden Compromise that reinforced the Missouri Compromises 3630 parallel with free states in the North and slave states in the South. Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas is the nickname for Kansas after a small civil war started and continued all the way until 1856. American or Know-Nothing Party The Know-Nothing Party was mainly comprised of nativists or people who were against immigrants and it was created by Millard Fillmore. Panic of 1857 Panic of 1857 was a depression of the economy that caused the South to consider using higher tariffs in order to improve the economy over in the North. One cause of the Panic of 1857 was the increase in supply of gold from the Gold Rush in California and another was overspeculation. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln Douglas Debates were a set of debates between Lincoln and Douglas in order to decide who would become the Senate. Freeport Doctrine

The Freeport Doctrine was created by Stephen Douglas in order to answer Lincolns question and the Doctrine stated that slavery could only exist where there is a slave code. Harper's Ferry Raid Harpers Ferry Raid was a raid of weapons by John Brown for the slaves so the slaves would be able to defend themselves. John Brown was caught and was sentenced to hang for treason. Constitutional Union Party The Constitutional Union Party was comprised of the Whigs in 1859 who wanted to keep the Union. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Uncle Toms Cabin was more important because it was a larger reason that the Civil War started. People who read Uncle Toms Cabin realized how bad slavery was and joined in the fight to stop it. Even the British people read it and they disagreed with slavery and did not want to help the South. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? What went wrong was that Border Ruffians from the South went into the North in order to vote. Many people from outside the state who did not even plan on staying later voted and bought cheap land. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? John Brown led people to killing anybody who advocated slavery. It created disagreement from the Southerners who supported the idea about slavery. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? Preston Brooks beat Sumner of the North after Sumner gave his speech. The South disagreed with the speech and this showed the feelings of the North and South and how they disliked each other. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party

6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. James Buchanan was Londons former minister and John C. Fremont did not have much experiences in the political areas. Mudslinging was used a lot during the election. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. The result of the election of 1856 was that James Buchanan won the presidency even though he did not even have the majority vote. Many Northerners were also willing to work with the Southerners again but this would lead to the Panic of 1857. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The Dred Scott Case was a case ruled by the Supreme Court that every black slave had no rights and was property and thus Dred Scott had no rights to sue for his freedom. The North was displeased while the South was happy with the ruling of the case. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The North was having troubles with the economy while the Southerners were doing fine with the Cotton because Cotton really was the better crop. The North was also denied more land and higher tariffs were introduced that caused more tension between the two sides. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Abraham Lincoln was a tall man who stood out and that he was from a not so rich family and he had to self educate. He was a lawyer and the Dred SCott case influenced him most to create his beliefs. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Lincoln gained lots of support through the debates between himself and Douglas. He was also nominated to be president by the Republicans. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? John Brown was a crazy man who hacked people to pieces and murdered many people who supported slavery. Harpers Ferry was where John Brown planned to raid and take the weapons to give to the slaves but he was later discovered and hanged for treason. The Disruption of the Democrats

Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? The Democratic Party couldnt get the votes for Douglas and John C. Breckinridge was chose by the Southern Democrats and John Bell was nominated from the Northern Democrats. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Lincoln was more known and respected through his debates with Douglas. He was more articulate and moderate as shown in his debates and so the Republicans nominated Lincoln rather than Seward in 1860. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? The South still had some power because they still had the power of the Supreme Court. They had the majority of the judges in the Supreme Court. The House of Representatives and Senate also showed that the South still had some power left because Lincoln could not control the two and so the South did still have some power after LIncoln was elected president. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? President Buchanan could not stop the secession any way. He knew that the states had no right to secede but was powerless and could not do anything in the end anyway. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The Cirttendon Compromise was a last ditch attempt to try and work things out between the North and South. It was proposed by Crittendon and it was similar to the Missouri Compromise by trying to bring back the 36 30 parallel line with free states at the top and slavery at the bottom, but the compromise did not do well and was rejected. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? The southerners knew nobody could stop them from seceding and they could go without anybody stopping them. The South knew that the North still depended on the South for money and took the chance to secede.