Experiment 1: Youngs modulus

Objective(s)
I. II. To investigate the relationship between load , span, width, height and the deflection of a beam that placed on two bearers and affected by a concentrated load at the centre. To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for stainless steel, brass and mild steel.

Abstract(s)
In the experiment, the material such as stainless steel, brass and Aluminium was used as a beam which is broken into two parts. The part one is where the beam is fixed at one end and one simple support end whereas on part two the setup was set to two simple support ends. Through these, the deflection value from the three kind of beam was measured when the load was applied on the center of the beam. The amount of loads was varied throughout both parts in order for us to investigate the relationship between the loads, span width, height and the deflection. Through this, we are able to measure the deflection of the beam(s) with a dial gauge where each experiment done on the beam was repeated three times. The reason different beam(s) was used is to compare the oefficient of !lasticity between the different types of material used on the beam. "uring the experiment we also re#uired to measure the width and the thickness of the beam used in order to get the cross sectional area so that the moment of inertia could be determined.

Introduction
The $oung%s &odulus Apparatus is a bench top model designed to understand and to determine the $oung%s &odulus of given material sample(s). It consists of an epoxy coated steel reaction frame complete with a meter long linear scale. Two ad'ustable supports provide the variable span needed to perform the experiment. The weights and hanger are provided for loading of the beams. (ne set of dial gauges to ).)*mm resolutions complete with mounting brackets are employed for the measurement of the beam deflection. Youngs modulus The elastic modulus is one of the most vital properties involved in various aspects of material engineering for design purposes. !very material undergoes elastic deformation. !lastic deformation is mostly defined as temporary deformation of its physical shape and will able to return to its original state. +or elastic deformation, the material undergoes an amount of stress without exceeding the elastic limit. Any deformation caused by further increases in load or stress beyond the yield point of a certain material will be plastic permanent.

The $oung%s modulus (elastic modulus) is the measurement of the stiffness of a given material. It is defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of stress with strain. ,esides using the stress and strain graphs, the $oung%s &odulus of any material can also be determined by using the deflection of the material (beam) when sub'ected to load. Moment o Inertia! I &oment of Inertia, I, is the property of an ob'ect associated with its resistance to rotation. It depends on the ob'ects mass and the distribution of mass with respect to the axis of rotation. +or any beam, the inertia is calculated based on the cross sectional shape and the thickness. It does not depend on the length and material of the beam. +or a rectangular section beam, I - bh./*0, where b - width of beam and h - height of beam.

Material and Apparatus

a) b) c) d) e) f) 1et of hanger and weights 1et of dial gauge ().)* mm resolution) +our leveling feet with built in spirit level 1tainless steel specimen Aluminium specimen ,rass specimen

"rocedure(s)
"art One: (a)One ixed end and one simple support end *. The clamping length (2) was set to 3))mm. 0. The width and height of the test specimen was measured by using a vernier caliper and the values were recorded. 4. The test specimen was placed on the bearers. 5. (ne of the ends was set as fixed end and was tighten by using 6Allen key7. 8. The load (+) hanger was mounted on the center of the test specimen. 9. The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge was ad'usted in order for the needle to touch the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge was recorded. :. The load of 8; weight was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded 3. The experiment was then continued by varying the loads every once by increment of 8; until 08;. All the dial gauge readings were recorded. <. All the loads were removed after the results were taken. *). The experiment was repeated for another two times in order to obtain an average deflection value. **. The graph of force versus deflection was plotted. *0. The experimental value of $oung modulus for the respective was calculated for the respective beam by comparing the theoretical value.

*4. The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e. Aluminium, brass, stainless steel) "art #$o: (b)#$o simple supports end% *. The clamping length (2) was set to 9))mm. 0. The width and height of the test specimen was measured by using a vernier caliper and the values were recorded. 4. The test specimen was placed on the bearers. 5. ,oth of the ends won%t be tighten since both ends are simple support. 8. The load (+) hanger was mounted on the center of the test specimen. 9. The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge was ad'usted so that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge was recorded. :. The load of 8; weight was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded. 3. The experiment was repeated for another two times in order to obtain an average deflection value. <. All the loads were removed after the results were taken. *). The graph of force versus deflection was plotted. **. The experimental value of $oung modulus for the respective was calculated for the respective beam by comparing the theoretical value. *0. The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e. Aluminium, brass, stainless steel)

&E'()#(s)
2ength, L in =art I - 3)) mm 2ength, L in =art II - 9)) mm Thickness, h (mm) 1tainless Aluminium ,rass 1teel 5.48 4.3) 5.44 5.5) 5.03 5.45 5.)) 4.<) 5.40 5.5) >idth, b (mm) 1tainless Aluminium ,rass 1teel 04.8) 04.<) 04.:) 04.8) 04.8) 04.8) 04.<) 04.<) 04.<) 04.:) 04.:) 04.:)

*st reading 0nd reading 4rd reading Average reading

4.<) 5.48 Table *

=art I (ne fixed end and one simple support end. "eflection ?* (mm) "eflection ?0 (mm) "eflection ?4 (mm) Average "eflection (mm) 2oad Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless (N ) ,rass ,rass ,rass ,rass nium 1teel nium 1teel nium 1teel nium 1teel 8 ).80 ).*) ).00 ).84 ).*5 ).0) ).80 ).*4 ).0) ).80 ).*0 ).0* *) *.*3 ).03 ).83 *.*3 ).45 ).9) *.*3 ).45 ).83 *.*3 ).40 ).8< *8 *.30 ).84 *.)4 *.34 ).8< *.)4 *.34 ).9) *.)4 *.34 ).8: *.)4 0) 0.5: ).<8 *.5< 0.53 ).<) *.53 0.53 ).3< *.53 0.53 ).<* *.53 08 4.** *.0: *.<0 4.*5 *.0* *.<4 4.)< *.*< *.<0 4.** *.00 *.<0 Table 0 =art II Two simple support end.

"eflection ?* (mm) "eflection ?0 (mm) "eflection ?4 (mm) Average "eflection (mm) 2oad Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless Alumi@ 1tainless (N ) ,rass ,rass ,rass ,rass nium 1teel niun 1teel nium 1teel nium 1teel 8 ).99 ).0< ).45 ).99 ).03 ).44 ).98 ).03 ).44 ).99 ).03 ).44 *) *.4* ).8< ).:5 *.4* ).83 ).:5 *.4* ).83 ).:5 *.4* ).83 ).:5 *8 *.<9 ).33 *.*8 *.<8 ).39 *.*8 *.<9 ).3: *.*8 *.<9 ).3: *.*8 0) 0.9* *.*8 *.89 0.9* *.*8 *.8: 0.9* *.*5 *.89 0.9* *.*8 *.89 08 4.0: *.54 *.<: 4.0: *.54 *.<3 4.09 *.54 *.<< 4.0: *.54 *.<3 4) 4.<) *.:) 0.4< 4.<* *.:* 0.5) 4.<0 *.:* 0.5) 4.<* *.:* 0.5) 48 5.89 0.)) 0.3* 5.88 0.)) 0.3* 5.8< 0.)) 0.3* 5.8: 0.)) 0.3* 5) 8.0) 0.03 4.08 8.0) 0.0: 4.08 8.0) 0.0: 4.05 8.0) 0.0: 4.08
Table 3

*alculation(s)

"art 1 : One ixed end and one simple support end

The deflection at length a from the fixed supportA B - + a. (2 C a) D (52 C a) / *0!I2. +or a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a - 2/0 in the above e#uation, the deflection isA B - 4.8+2. / 435 !I ! - 4.8+2. / 435I B ! - (+ / B) (4.82. / 435I) The moment of inertia for a rectangular section beam, I - bh. / *0

#+e moment o Inertia! I ! o rectangular section o brass beam! I - E 04.:) x *) F(@4)mG E5.48x *) F(@4)mG. / *0 - *.94 x *)F(@*)) mF(5) + / B - 0).));/).))*:*m -**9<9.)) ;/m ! - **9<9.)) ;/m E4.8)().3)m). / 435(*.94 x *)F(@*)) mF(5)G - 4.48 x *)F(**) =a - 448.)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I *)).)) H=a C 448 H=a I *)).)) H=a - 0.48 K #+e moment o Inertia! I ! o rectangular section o aluminium beam! x *))K x *))K

I - E 04.8) x *) F(@4)mG E5.45 x *) F(@4)mG. / *0 - *.9) x *)F(@*)) mF(5) + / B - 0).));/).))08<m -::00.)) ;/m ! - ::00.)) ;/m E4.8)().3)m). / 435(*.9)x *)F(@*)) mF(5)G - 0.08 x *)F(**) =a - 008.)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I 0*).)) H=a C 008.)) H=a I 0*).)) H=a - ).): K x *))K

x *))K

#+e moment o Inertia! I! o rectangular section o stainless steel beam! I - E04.<) x *) F (@4) mG E4.<) x *) F (@4) mG . / *0 - *.*3x *)F (@*)) mF (5) + / B - 0).));/).))**m -*3*30.));/m ! - *3*30.)) ;/m E4.8)().3)m). / 435(*.*3x *)F(@*)) mF(5)G - :.*< x *)F(**) =a - :*<.)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I *<8.)) H=a C :*<H=a I *<8.)) H=a -0.9< K x *))K x *))K

"art , : #$o simple support end

The deflection at distance a from the left@hand hand support isA B - + aD (2 C a)D / 4!I2 +or a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a - 2/0 in the above e#uation, the deflection isA B - +2. / 53!I ! - +2. / 53IB ! - (+ / B) (2. / 53I) The moment of inertia for a rectangular section beam, I - bh. / *0

#+e moment o Inertia! I ! o rectangular section o brass beam! I - E 04.:) x *) F(@4)mG E5.48 x *) F(@4)mG. / *0 - *.94 x *)F(@*)) mF(5) + / B - 48.));/).))0<0m -**<39.)) ;/m ! - **<39.)) ;/m E().9m). / 53(:.*0 x *)F(@**) mF(5)G - :.83 x *)F(**) =a - :83.)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I *)).)) H=a C :83.)) H=a I *)).)) H=a - 9.83 K #+e moment o Inertia! I ! o rectangular section o stainless steel beam! I - E 04.<) x *) F(@4)mG E4.<) x *) F(@4)mG. / *0 x *))K

x *))K

- *.*3x *)F(@*)) mF(5) + / B - 48.));/).))*<<m -*:833.)) ;/m

! - *:833.)) ;/m E().9m). / 53(5.09 x *)F(@**) mF(5)G - *.383 x *)F(*0) =a - *383.)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I *<8.)) H=a C *383.)) H=a I *<8.)) H=a - 3.84 K #+e moment o Inertia! I ! o rectangular section o aluminium beam! I - E04.8 x *) F(@4)mG E5.45 x *) F(@4)mG. / *0 - *.9)x *)F(@*)) mF(5) + / B - 48.));/).))585m -::)<.)) ;/m ! - ::)<.)) ;/m E().9m). / 53(5.3*3 x *)F(@**) mF(5)G - :.0)x *)F(**) =a - :0).)) H=a =ercentage !rror - I Theoretical Jalue C !xperimental Jalue I Theoretical Jalue - I 0*).)) H=a C :0).)) H=a I 0*).)) H=a - 0.54 K x *))K x *))K

x *))K

x *))K

-otation:

! - $oung modulus (=a) + - +orce/load applied (;) B - "eflection (m) 2 - ,eam length (m) I - &oment of Inertia (m5) +/B - 1lope of graph line force versus deflection

.iscussion
Based on the experiment, Youngs Modulus, It is also known as the Young modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus. The SI unit of modulus of elasticit !"# is the $ewton o%er meter s&uare !$'m(#) the practical unit is gigapascals !*+a#, -ence, it is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material, So, we used three t pes of materials which consists of the .luminium !.l#, the Brass, and the Stainless Steel, -owe%er, these materials are used to measure the Youngs Modulus b using a bench top model of Youngs Modulus .pparatus, There are two conditions appl to the specimens which are) !/# 0ne of the end of the beam was fixed and another end with the simple support onl , !1# Both the ends of the beam were simple supports onl , Both of the conditions are with the loads mounted on the middle of the test specimens,

There is a force alwa s acting towards the "arth which is the gra%it force, Therefore, there is a force acting downwards which is applied on the surface of the beam, 23mg, where m is the mass of the loads and g is the gra%itational acceleration, This force causes the beam to deflect and gi%es readings to the dial gauge, -owe%er, there is alwa s a resisting force acting against the gra%itational force which is caused b the stiffness of the isotropic elastic materials that will react b appl ing a reaction force back to the downward force as action of resistance to the deflection which is called the Young Modulus,

-ence, we ha%e conducted the experiments using the formulas of

! - (+ / B) (4.82. / 435I)
which is used for part / whereb one end of the beam is fixed and one simple support end, In +art 1, both ends are 4ust simple support of the beam, we used the formula of

! - (+ / B) (2. / 53I)
5ith the width and the thickness measured b using the meter ruler, we can calculate the moment of inertia for all the rectangular beams b the formula of

&oment of Inertia, I - bh x hD / *0
where b is the width of the beams and h is the thickness of the beams, 2rom the e&uation abo%e, we can know that the moment of inertia, I is directl proportional to the width and the thickness of the rectangular beams, Moreo%er, there is a general formula of Young Modulus which is)

where, E F 3 the Young6s modulus !modulus of elasticit # 3 the force applied to the ob4ect)

A0 3 the original cross7sectional area through which the force is applied) L 3 the amount b which the length of the ob4ect changes) L0 3 the original length of the ob4ect,

The length of the deflection is proportional to the amount of the loads that are loaded on the surface of the beams whene%er the end of the beams is fixed or both are 4ust simple support according to the experiments conducted, 2or +art / results, brass beam 3338,99*pa, stainless steel 3 :/;,99*pa, and aluminium 3 118,99*pa, 5hereas in +art 1, brass beam 3:8<,99*pa, stainless steel 3 :19,99*pa, and aluminium 3 /<8<,99*pa, Thus, we can clearl see that both simple supports of the beams ends are larger than the one fixed end, -ence, we can conclude that the more the loads are added to the beams the deflection of the beams will also increase, -owe%er, when the loads added to the beams ha%e reached to the maximum or limit of the deflection of the beams, there will be no further deflection when loads are added on it, $e%ertheless, we can find another suitable and the limitation of stress on the materials with the measurements of the Young Modulus which is the

carbon fibre, It consists of thin fibres with 9,99879,9/9mm in diameter because mostl composed of carbon atoms, It has high tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion which can withstands an impact of man tons and deform minimall , There are se%eral precaution steps that should be a%oided during the experiments, 2irstl , the %ernier calliper and the dial gauge used should alwa s directl to the =ero readings in order to pre%ent =ero errors, Secondl , we ha%e to pre%ent parallax errors while taking the readings in the dial gauge and the %ernier calliper, Thirdl , the loads hanger should be directl in the middle of the beams so that there is less errors in the readings,

*onclusion
.s a conclusion, the length of deflection is directl proportional to the magnitude of the force that applied on the surface of the beams, whether the ends of the beam are fixed or both of the ends are simpl supported, The condition of Youngs modulus for both ends using simple supported bearers is larger than the first one fixed end, The length of the beams is in%ersel proportional to the Youngs modulus, 2urthermore, stainless steel has higher %alue of Youngs modulus compared to the rest and this makes it much stiffer than other specimen beam!s#, 2inall , the width and height of a rectangular section beam is directl proportional to its moment of inertia,

&e erence(s):

*. >ikipedia, The (nline yclopedia, $oung%s &odulus ,0) Lune 0))< (httpA//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$oungMsNmodulus) 0. >ikipedia, The (nline yclopedia, &ild 1teel ,0) Lune 0))< (httpA//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&ildNsteel) 4. (nline calculator counting $oung &odulus, 0) Lune 0))< (httpA//www.allmeasures.com/+ormulae/static/materials/8/youngsNmodulus.htm) 5. The ("! (H1 !ngineering ,1hear force and bending moment, 0* Lune 0))< (httpA//www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/materials/shearNforceNandNbending Nmoment.php)

8. >ikipedia, The (nline yclopedia, arbon fiber ,0* Lune 0))< (httpA//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ arbonNfiber)

9. >ikipedia, The (nline yclopedia, "ial indicator ,0* Lune 0))< (httpA//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"ialNindicator)
:, >ikipedia, The (nline

yclopedia, &oment of inertia ,0* Lune 0))< (httpA//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&omentNofNinertia)

Appendix