28th Indian National Mathematical Olympiad-2013

Time : 4 hours Instructions : Februray 03, 2013

1.

Calculators (in any form) and protractors are not allowed. Rulers and compasses are allowed. Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks. Answer to each question should start on a new page. Clearly indicate the questions number.

Let !1 and !2 be two circles touching each other externally at R. Let l1 be a line which is tangent to !2 at P and passing through the centre O1 of !1 . Similarly, let l2 be a line which is tangent to !1 at Q and passing through the centre O2 of !2 . Suppose l1 and l2 are not parallel and intersect at K. If KP = KQ, prove that the triangle PQR is equilateral.

Q K

O1

O2

Sol.

KP = KQ, So K lies on the common tangent (Radical Axis) Now " KPQ ~ "KO1O2 & PQK is isoceles

%#KQP $ #KO1O2 & !" PQO1O2 is cyclic ( ' # KPQ $ # KO O 2 1 ) *

So, "KO1O2 is also Isosceles So, KO1 = KO2 & O1R = O2R, clearly in "O1PO2 ,

!
so, so,

PO2 $

O1O2 2

#PO1O2 $ 30 & similarly #QO2O1 $ 30 #O1KR $ #O2 KR $ 60 & "PQR is equilateral.

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2. Sol.

Find all positive integers m, n and primes p + 5 such that m(4m2 + m + 12) = 3(pn 1).
4m 3 , m 2 , 12m , 3 $ 3 p n

.m

, 3 / . 4m , 1/ $ 3 p n ; p + 5 & prime

{so, m 2 , 3 must be odd so m is even let m = 2a

. 4a

, 3 / . 8a , 1/ $ 3 p n

{Now a must be 3b or 3b + 1 because 3 is a factor so, Case-1 - Let a = 3b

. 36b .12b

, 3 / . 24b , 1/ $ 3p n , 1/ . 24b , 1/ $ p n

Now 24b + 1 must divide 12b2 + 1 & hence it must divide b - 2, so the only possibility is b = 2 & hence m = 12 & p = 7, n = 4 Case-2 : if a = 3b + 1

.36b . 36b

, 24b , 7 / . 24b , 9 / $ 3 p n , 24b , 7 / . 8b , 3 / $ p n

so, . 8b , 3 / must divide 36b2 , 24b , 7 Hence divides 49 which is not possible for b 0 1 , . so, 3. Sol.

. m, n / $ .12,4 /

Let a,b,c,d be positive integers such that a + b + c + d. Prove that the equation x4 ax3 bx2 cx d = 0 has no integer solution.

x 4 2 ax 3 2 bx 2 2 cx 2 d $ 0 & a + b + c + d

a, b, c, d 0 N
p Let ! be a factor of d because other roots cant be of the form q as coefficient of x4 is 1.

so, roots are either integers or unreal or irrational in pairs. Now there may be atleast one more root (say " )which is integer & it is also a factor of d. So, 32d 5 ! , " 5 d 4 Now, f . 0 / $ 2d 6 0 & f . 21/ $ 1 , a 2 b , c 2 d 7 0 also

f (x) 6 0 for x 080,d9 , So there is no positive integral root.

Also. for x 0 8 2d, 219 ; f(x) > 0 so, no integral root in [-d, -1]. Hence there is no integral root. {Though roots are in (-1, 0)}. 4. Let n be a positive integer. Call a nonempty subset S of {1,2,3,.....,n} good if the arithemtic mean of the elements of S is also an integer. Further let to denote the number of good subsets of {1,2,3,.....,n}. Prove that tn and n are both odd or both even. Let A $ 3x1, x2 , x3 ,...xr 4 be a good subset, then there must be a set B $ 3. n , 1/ x, . n , 1/ 2 x2 , . n , 1/ 2 x3 ,... . n , 1/ 2 xr 4 which is also good. So, good subsets occur in a pair. However, there are few cases when A = B, which means if xi 0 A - . n , 1/ 2 xi 0 A . To count the number of these subsets. Case-1 : If n is odd. a. If the middle element is excluded, the no. of elements in such subsets is 2k. (k before middle, & k elements after). So sum of hte elements will be k(n + 1), Apparently these sets are good. So no. of these subsets is 2
n 21 2

Sol.

2 1 (i.e. odd)
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: n , 1; . 2k , 1/. n , 1/ b. Similarly if mid term < again = is included no. of terms is 2k + 1 & sum will be 2 > ? 2 these subsets will be good.
So number os subsets will be 2
n 21 2

2 1 ; (odd)
2 2 i.e. (even)

so toal number of sebsets = 2.2

n 21 2

So, if n is odd. Rest of the subsets are occuring in pair and the complete set iteself is good. so, tn is odd. Case 2: If n in even Again the number of elements will be 2k & sum will be k(n+1) & these subsets are not good, so discarded. so, if n is even, all the good subsets occur in distinct pairs. Also, the complete set itself is not good. So tn is even. 5. In a acute triangle ABC, O is the circumcentre, H the orthocentre and G the centroid. Let OD be perpendicular to BC and HE be perpendicular to CA, with D on BC and E on CA. Let F be the mid-point of AB. Suppose the areas of triangles ODC, HEA and GFB are equal Find all the possible values of #C.
A E

H G

Sol.

So, ar . "ODC / $ ar . "HEA / $ ar . "GFB /

1 .OD.DC / $ 1 AE.HE $ " 2 2 6

(where " $ ar . "ABC / )

Equ. 1 -

. R cos A / . 12 / $ .c cos A /. 2R cos A cos C / $ " 3

.R cos A / a 2 $ .c cos A /. 2R cos A cos C /
sin A $ 2 sin C cos A cos C 2
tan A $ 2 sin 2C

. sin rule /

Equ. 2 -

.R cos A / . a 2 / $
-

1 bc sin A 2 3

. R cos A /. B sin A / $

1 . 2R sin B / . . 2R sin C / sin A 2 3

3 cos A $ 2 sin B sin C $ 3 @ B 2 cos . B , C / A C

3 cos B cos C $ sin B sin C

tan B tan C $ 3

Now,

tan A , tan B , tan C $ tan A.tan B.tan C

2 sin 2C ,

3 , tan C $ tan A.tan B.tan C tan C

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so, 6. Sol.

3 , tan2 C $

8 tan2 C 1 , tan2 C

tan4 C 2 4 tan2 C , 3 $ 0
tan C = 1 or

tan2 C $ 1or 3

#C $ 45 or 60

Let a,b,c,x,y,z be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = x + y + z and abc = xyz. Further, suppose that a 5 x < y < z 5 c and a < b < c. Prove that a = x, b = y and c = z.

. c 2 x /. c 2 y /. c 2 z / + 0
-

c 3 2 . x , y , z / c 2 , . xy , xz , zx / c 2 xyz + 0 c 3 2 . a , b , c / .c 2 , . xy , yz , zx / c 2 abc + 0
c 2 2 . ac , bc , c 2 / , . xy , yz , zx / 2 ab + 0

xy , yz , zx + ab , bc , ca

...(I)

Similarly,

. a 2 x /. a 2 y /. c 2 z / 5 0
...(II)

So,

. xy , yz , zx / 5 ab , bc , ca

xy , yz , zx $ ab , bc , ca & c $ z & x $ a therefore y = b

Page # 4