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Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) in Power Systems
What is SSR? IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM) for SSR studies Results (IEEE FBM)
Future Work
Assessment of possible sources of SSR in the GB network: the Quadrature Booster (QB)
What is SSR?
Definition:
is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system. Dynamic phenomenon. Any system condition providing the opportunity for the exchange of energy at a subsynchronous frequency:
o Natural modes of oscillation o Forced modes of oscillation
What is SSR?
The series capacitor-compensated transmission line
Consider a simple RLC series connected branch where:
What is SSR?
Define: 1. The undamped natural frequency: 2. The damping ratio: 3. The damping rate: 4. The damped frequency: The Inverse Laplace transform of the current is given by
where
What is SSR?
In the current response, there are two different frequencies: A sinusoidal component at the frequency of the driving voltage; A damped sinusoidal component at a frequency depending on the network elements (R-L-C), where
For a 3-f network, phases b and c will have the two frequencies present in their responses but with different coefficients on the transient response component.
These kind of currents flow in the stator windings of the generator. The physical process in which they are reflected into the generator rotor can be described mathematically by the Parks transformation.
o The 50 Hz (or 60 Hz) component appears, as viewed from the rotor, as a DC current. o What about the transient components at the frequency f2?
What is SSR?
The Parks transformation matrix is defined as:
Applying it to 3-f currents will lead to terms such as in terms of the base frequency of the machine as Thus
. If q is defined
Currents of frequency w2 are transformed into currents of frequencies containing both the sum and difference of the two frequencies.
What is SSR?
The difference frequencies are called SUBSYNCHRONOUS FREQUENCIES. Subsynchronous currents inject energy into the rotating mass of the shaft.
Produce shaft torques on the turbine-generator rotor. Cause rotor oscillations at subsynchronous frequencies.
The presence of subsynchronous torques on the rotor causes concern because the turbine-generator shaft itself has natural modes of oscillation (typical of a spring mass system). The shaft oscillatory modes are at subsynchronous frequencies. Should the induced subsynchronous torques coincide with one of the shaft natural mechanical modes of oscillation, the shaft will oscillate at this natural frequency, sometimes with high amplitude. This is called
shaft stress & fatigue
o SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE
What is SSR?
Types of subsynchronous oscillations in series capacitor compensation:
Induction generator effect (purely ELECTRICAL PHENOMENON)
At subsynchronous current, the rotor resistance is negative (seen from the armature), while the network has a positive resistance to these same currents. If the negative resistance of the generator is greater than the positive resistance of the network at the system natural frequencies, there will be sustained subsynchronous currents, causing the self-excitation of the electrical system electrical oscillations of intolerable level.
What is SSR?
Induction generator effect
If fn < f0 , s < 0 rotor behaves as an induction machine running at supersynchronous speed. Depending on fn , Reff < 0. At high compensation, Reff > Rnet RLC circuit with negative resistance. This causes self-excitation causing electrical oscillations of intolerable levels.
What is SSR?
Torsional interactions
Subsynchronous currents inject energy into the rotating mass of the shaft. If the subsynchronous component of rotor torque is close to a torsional natural mode of the turbine-generator shaft, torsional oscillations can be excited.
892.4 MVA generators 500 kV transmission line 60 Hz frequency Navajo-McCullough line parameters radial circuit. Series capacitor-compensated transmission line connecting a synchronous generator to a large system. Only one interaction between the machine and the network.
SIMPLICITY!
LPA turbine
0.858670
LPALPB 52.038
LPB turbine
Generator
0.868495
GENEXC
Exciter 0.0342165
2.82
R XT XL XSYS
Xd Xq Ra Xd Xq Xd Xq Xl
T
Xmd , Xmq Rfd , Xfd Rkd Xkd Rkq1 Xkq1 Rkq2 Xkq2
1.666, 1.58 0.011, 1.7 0.0037 1.666 0.0053 0.695 0.0182 1.825
where 0.35 p.u. corresponds to a 70% compensation of the 0.50 p.u. inductive reactance of the transmission line. The undamped natural frequency is given by
2800 MVA generators 400 kV transmission line 50 Hz frequency Series capacitor-compensated transmission line connecting a synchronous generator to a large system. Only one interaction between the machine and the network.
SIMPLICITY!
Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation
Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation: 70% series compensation
Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation: no series compensation
2.5 MVA induction generator units 400 kV transmission line 50 Hz frequency Series capacitor-compensated transmission line connecting a synchronous generator to a large system. Induction generators connected to simulate the effects on the system of a wind farm.
Results (FSIG)
PSCAD Implementation
Results (FSIG)
PSCAD Implementation
No compensation
70% compensation
Results (FSIG)
PSCAD Implementation
10 FSIG unit (70% comp.) 100 FSIG units (70% comp.) 300 FSIG units (70% comp.)
Future Work
Assessment of possible sources of SSR in the GB network: the Quadrature Booster (QB)
The QB consists of two transformers: one in shunt and one in series. The shunt unit provides a variable voltage from a fully tapped secondary winding to the primary winding of a transformer, which secondary is connected in series with the line. The connection causes the 90 degree phase shift. It injects a voltage into the network to cause a circulating current. This increases the power flow in some lines and reduces it in others, allowing the operator to balance flows.
Questions?