Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Z urich

FS 2009

Exercises for Phenomenology of Particle Physics II

Prof. Dr. A. Gehrmann, Prof. Dr. U. D. Straumann sheet 2 M. Ritzmann http://www.itp.phys.ethz.ch/education/lectures_fs09/PPPII handed out: 24.2.2009 handed in: 3.3.2009 returned: 10.3.2009

Exercise 3 Local Gauge Invariance and Gauge Field Self-Interactions (corrected) This exercise follows chapter 15.2 in Peskin/Schroeder closely. In this exercise we derive the necessity of gauge eld self-interactions from gauge invariance. Our gauge group G is a simple compact Lie group. The fermions transform in a unitary a a representation of G, the elements of this representation can be written as ei T where the T a are the generators of the representation and the summation over the repeated index a is understood. The properties of the T a we need are T a , T b = if abc T c (where the f abc are antisymmetric under interchange of any two indices) and Tr(T a T b ) = C (r) ab . Our starting point is the gauge symmetry of L under local gauge transformations (x) V (x) (x) where (x) has several components which we supress in our notation. We can see immediately that the combination (x) (x) is a gauge-invariant quantity. If our Lagrange density is to contain terms with derivatives (as in (i m) , we encounter the problem that n (x) = lim 1
0

( (x + n) (x))

does obviosly not have a well-dened transformation under the local gauge transformation V (x) because the gauge transformation is in general dierent at x and x + n. We dene a derivative which transforms the same as (x) by introducing the comparator U (y, x). The properties we assume are U (x, x) = 1 and U (y, x) ei
a (y )T a

U (y, x)ei

b ( x) T b

under a local gauge transformation. Using the comparator we dene the covariant derivative as 1 n D (x) = lim ( (x + n) U (x + n, x) (x))
0

which does have the transformation property D (x) ei (x)T D (x) by construction (therefore terms like (iD m) are candidates for the Lagrange density). The gauge eld is dened as the expansion coecient of the comparator
a U (x + n, x) = 1 + ig n Aa (x)T + O 2

giving us the covariant derivative

a D = igAa (x)T .

Derive the transformation of the gauge eld A under an innitesimal gauge transformation (x) from the transformation of the comparator U by rst expanding to rst order in and then to rst order in the gauge transformation (x). You should arrive at 1 a abc b c a A (x). Aa (x) A (x) + ( (x)) + f g Now give a short argument why [D , D ] (x) transforms like (x), then compute [D , D ] explicitly to see that is in fact not a dierential operator but a multiplicative factor which is a by therefore gauge invariant. We dene the eld tensor F
a [D , D ] = igF Ta a F a , the simplest gauge-invariant combination of the eld tensor, to see and compute F that it contains terms that are cubic and quartic in A.

Exercise 4 Higgs couplings in the standard model

Starting from the Lagrange density L = (D )+ (D ) V (), for the scalar dublet 1 = 2 0 + h(x) ,
a D = igT a W ig

Y B , 2

V () = 2 2

4 4

nd the couplings hW W ,hhW W , hZZ and hhZZ . You may follow the steps below.
a T Specialise the Lagrange density to Y = 1, T a = 1 2 and = (0, 2 ) and get rid of the 2 3 0 i 1 0 1 Pauli matrices by inserting them explicitly ( 1 = ( 0 1 0 ) , = i 0 , = 0 1 ).

Diagonalise the quadratic terms by introducing the physical elds 1 1 2 + W = W iW = (W ) 2 3g B gW Z = g2 + g 2 3 + gB g W A = . 2 2 g +g Now you can read o the coecients in the expansion 1 2 2 + + (D )+ (D ) = ( h)2 + MW W W + MZ Z Z iVhW W hW W 2 + iVhhW W hhW W iVhZZ hZ Z iVhhZZ hhZ Z .

(1) (2) (3)