Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Content page
1. Introduction 2. Equipments 3. Results 4. Disscussion 4.1 Analys Data 4.2 Precautions 5. Conclution 6. Reference 10 18 2 3-6 7-8 9-9

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Introduction Traverse survey is a series of indivisible points at which angles are measured and between the distances measured. There are 3 types of traverse, they are closed polygonal traverse, closed link traverse and open traverse.(n.a. ,2013) In this field work we were told to construct a four sided polygon and measure the length and angle of the polygon. In order to carry out our field work the equipment we used where the Ranging rod, Automatic level (dumpy level), tripod, measuring tape and a plumb bob.

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Equipment Ranging Rod The base of the ranging are mostly made by wood or steel. (Ahmad, 1996) The number of section of the rod are normally 2 or 3 and the diameter of the rod is 1.5mm. (Ahmad, 1996) Most of the ranging rod was PVC coated so that it is more durable and weather resistant.

Figured 10: Ranging rod

Normally ranging rod is used for calculating direction and angle.

Automatic Level (Dumpy Level) Dumpy level look like a telescope and the way of using it is almost the same. Usually it is set-up on a tripod. A levelling staff or rod is needed when calculating level plan using automatic level. (McCormack, 1997) When using automatic level, make sure it is true horizontal. (McCormack, 1997) Generally there are three adjustable screw-feet to adjust the automatic level to horizontal. Staff bubble is used to determine the horizontality of the automatic level. Figured 2 show an image of an automatic level

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Figured 2: Automatic level (McCormack, 1997) Base on Rolf Moody procedure of using automatic level First, setup a tripod on a ground as level as possible, then screw the automatic level on top of the tripod. After that, adjust the bubble inside the staff bubble to the centre, then make sure the crosshair and the objective lens are perfectly clear. (Rolf, 2008) Tripod

Figured 3: Tripod (Milligan, 2002) The above diagram shows a standard tripod used in levelling. They are design in such it is very stable and help surveyor to have more accurate reading. The leg of the tripod is adjustable to duel with uneven ground level. A clamp or a screw is used to lock the leg of the tripod after adjusted.
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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Figured 6: Clamp (left) and Screw (right) (Milligan, 2002) Make sure the leg is been tighten, because any slight movement of the tripod it have to set up again and all the recorded value are no long can be use due to the height of the instrument had change.(Milligan, 2002)

Staff Bubble Basically it is use for make sure the equipment like levelling staff and automatic level are held vertical. (Wong, 2013) To reduce error. When the bubble are in the circle at the centre which means the equipment are vertical. Figured 7 shows a staff bubble.

Figured 7: Staff Bubble (Wong, 2013)

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Plumb bobs A plumb-bob is usually a heavy metal with a sharp bottom and attach to a string used as a reference point. (Boeing, 2003) It is tied to the bottom of automatic level making sure that the automatic level is at the exactly position or mark the position. (Boeing, 2003) It also help maintain the height of the instrument. Figured 8 is an example of a plumb-bob

Figured 8: Plumb-bob (Boeing, 2003) Measuring Tape Measuring tape is used to measure the distance between one points to other. Usually Fibre glass tape is used because it is more durable and accurate. (Nosek, 1968)

Figured 9: Fibre glass tape (Nosak, 1968)

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

3.0 Results/Data

Figure 1

Station A B C D

Angle 64 113 38 144

Course AB BC CD DA

Length, H (m) 4.356 7.540 6.086 4.548 Table 2

Table 1

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Formula:

Correction of Angle = Latitude, Y = H cos (WCB) Departure, X = H sin (WCB) Precision Error = ( ) ( )

Where, N = Number of Side H = Distance / Length of Side W.C.B = Whole Circle Bearing = Azimuth W = Course AB/BC/CD/DA

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

4.0 Discussions According to Merriam-Webster, 'error of closure' is define as the sum of the angles of a traverse as measured minus the true sum required by geometry - called also closing error. The true sum of quadrilaterals should be 360. However, the total interior angles obtained is 359 which is 1 lesser than the true sum of the quadrilateral. Therefore, an error of closure has occurred.

There are many reasons that affect the error for the result of the survey such as human error. transposition of numbers, neglecting to level an instrument, misplacing a decimal point, misunderstanding a callout, back sighting an incorrect turning point or control point, not extending the level rod the full length for a high rod reading.("Chapter 4 Errors and Maximum Closures", 2005)

In addition to that, other types of error which can also happen, such as systematic error that is an error that is not determined by chance but is introduced by an inaccuracy (as of observation or measurement) inherent in the system. ("Systematic error - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary", 2013) Next, random errors are a measurement mistake caused by the factors that vary from one measurement to another; a statistical error due to chance. ("Random error | Define Random error at Dictionary.com", 2013).

Moreover sources of error can come from 'Personal Error', 'Instrument Error' and 'Natural Error'. Personal error is due to physical limitations and observing habit of the observer. ("Chapter 4 Errors and Maximum Closures", 2005) Instrument error is caused by imperfections in the design construction and adjustment of instruments and other equipments. ("Chapter 4 Errors and Maximum Closures", 2005) Lastly, natural error is sourced by natural physical conditions such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, gravity and atmospheric refraction. ("Chapter 4 Errors and Maximum Closures", 2005)

The errors can be corrected by carrying out adjustment by equally balancing the interior angles and using the 'Compass Rule' as shown in the calculations below.

Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Figure 2 ( ( ) )

| |

Station A B C D

Field Angle 64 113 38 144 359 Error = 1 = 60

Arbitrarily Balanced 64 113 30 38 144 30 =360 Balanced

Equally Balanced 64 15 113 15 38 15 144 15 =360 Balanced Correction of Angle = = 15

Table 3 In this report, the method of equally balancing every interior angle in the field is adopted.

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Calculations of the Azimuth AB, BC, CD and DA are shown below:

Figure 3

Course AB BC CD DA

Adjusted Interior Angle 64 15 113 15 38 15 144 15 Table 4 71 64 15 135 15 113 15 248 30 180 68 30 38 15 106 45 180 286 45 144 15 431 180 251

Azimuth 135 15 68 30 286 45 251

WCB WCB

AD AB

WCB

BC

WCB

CD

WCB

DA

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Calculations of Latitude and Departure are shown below: Course Distance, H AB 4.356 BC 7.540 CD DA 6.086 4.548 P = 22.530 Azimuth 135 15 68 30 286 45 251 Bearing S 44 45 E N 68 30 E N 73 15 W S 71 W Table 5 For AB, Latitude, Y = 4.356 cos (135 15 ) = -3.094 Departure, X = 4.356 sin (135 15 ) = 3.067 For BC, Latitude, Y = 7.540 cos (68 30 ) = 2.763 Departure, X = 7.540 sin (68 30 ) = 7.015 For CD, Latitude, Y = 6.086 cos (286 45 ) = 1.754 Departure, X = 6.086 sin (286 45 ) = -5.828 For DA, Latitude, Y = 4.548 cos (251 ) = -1.481 Departure, X = 4.548 sin (251 ) = -0.430 Latitude -3.094 2.763 1.754 -1.481 lat = -0.058 Departure 3.067 7.015 -5.828 -0.430 dep = -0.046

Calculating Precision Error, Precision Error = ( ( P = 22.530 Precision Error = = The ratio of error is small. ) ) ( ( ) )

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Distributing errors in latitude/departure by using Compass Rules: (Answers are corrected to 4 significant figures) Correction for error in latitude, ( , where W = any course )

Correction for error in departure, (

, where W = any course )

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Coordinates Xa Xb Xc Xd

Latitude -3.0940 2.7630 1.7540 -1.4810

Correction of Error 0.0112 0.0194 0.0157 0.0117 Table 6

Adjusted Latitude, x -3.0828 2.7824 1.7697 -1.4693 =0

Coordinates Ya Yb Yc Yd

Departure 3.0670 7.0150 -5.8280 -4.3000

Correction of Error 0.0089 0.0154 0.0124 0.0093 Table 7

Adjusted Departure, y 3.0759 7.0304 -5.8156 -4.2907 =0

Since x +y = 0, The coordinates are adjusted correctly.

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Let Station B to be (1000.00 N, 1000.00 E). (Answers are corrected to 4 significant figures) Ya = 1000.0000 + 3.0828 = Xa = 1000.0000 - 3.0759 = 996.9241 E 1003.0828 N Xb = 1000.0000 E Yb = 1000.0000 N Yc = 1000.0000 + 2.7824 = Xc = 1000.00 + 7.0304 = 1007.0304 E 1002.7824 N Xd = 1007.0304 5.8156 = 10001.2148 Yd = 1002.7824 + 1.7697 = E 1004.5521 N Figure below shows the traverse station coordinates by using balanced latitudes and departures.

Figure 4 The actual coordinates of Station A, B, C and D are tabulated in the table below: Coodinates Stations A B C D X 996.92 E 1000.00 E 1007.03 E 1001.21 E Table 8 Y 1003.08 N 1000.00 N 1002.78 N 1004.55 N

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

5.0 Graph:

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

Conclution With travesing survey

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Fieldwork 2: Traverse Survey

References Ahmad, Saleem. "Survey Equipment." IndiaMART - Indian Manufacturers Suppliers Exporters Directory,India B2B Exporter Manufacturer. Taj Survey Industries, 1996. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. Boeing, Karl. "SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND LEVEL SET-UP." Building & Construction Information. Boeingconsult, 2003. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/ss&so/survey1/Module4/equipment-s1.htm#top>. Chapter 4 Errors and Maximum Closures. (2005). Errors and Maximum Closures.
Error of closure - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2013). In Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/error%20of%20closure

Error of closure - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2013). In Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/error%20of%20closure McCormack, AJ. "Setting out Auto-levels & Lasers." Pavingexpert. N.p., 1997. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.pavingexpert.com/setout04.html>. Milligan, Sean R. "Level and Tripod." Levelling Tutorial 1. Uhi.ac.uk, Nov.-Dec. 2002. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/tutorial1_1.html>. Nosek, Aaron. "Long Tape." Make Your Mark. Keson, 1968. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.keson.com/products/Measuring/Long-Tapes.aspx>. Random error | Define Random error at Dictionary.com. (n.d.). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/random+error Retrieved from http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/survey/external/survey/manual_guides_forms/survey_m anual/sm_chapter04.pdf Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://faculty.mu.edu.sa/public/uploads/1334330566.8372traverses[1].pdf Rolf, Moody, and Murphy Phil. "How To Use Auto Levels." New England Laser & Transit Company: Lasers, Optics, Sales, Rentals, Service. NewEnglandLaser.com, 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://newenglandlaser.com/index.php?n=how_to_use_auto_levels>. Systematic error - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). In Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/systematic+error? show=0&t=1386092850 Wong, Khai Jee. "Levelling." Site Surveying. Taylor's Lakeside University, Subang Jaya. 11 Sept. 2013. Lecture.
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