BE./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2007.

Eighth Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 047 CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions.

PART A (10 >< 2 = 20 marks)

1. Why the cells are assumed to be hexagonal in shapes?

2. Why low data rates are used in paging systems?

3. What are soft and hard hand off?

4. A FDD cellular system has a total bandwidth of 50 MHZ. Assuming the forward
and reverse channel bandwidth of each equal to 50 kHz, determine the number of
available channels per cell if the system uses N = 4 (four cell runs).

5. What are the three basic propagation mechanisms? When do they occur?

6. Name the propagation models used for outdoor and also indicate the specific
situation foreach model.

7. What are the advantages of Diversity techniques?

8. What are Trellis code and Turbo codes?

9. Why do you use Walsh codes for modulation in CDMA?

10. What is near/far effect in wireless networks?

PART B (5 >< 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Draw the block diagram of a cellular system and explain how a cellular
telephone call is made between the landline and the mobile user and when the call
is initiated by the landline customer. Draw
suitable timing diagrams. (10)
(ii) Explain briefly about 3 G CDMA techniques. (6)
Or
(b) (i) What is the need for frequency reuse? Explain the frequency reuse concept
and show that N = i2 +ij + j2 where N is the number of cells per cluster. (8)
(ii) Derive an expression for signal to interference ratio (S/I) for 7 cell
cluster system. (8)

12. (a) What are the different techniques used for increasing the capacity and
improving the coverage in cellular system? Explain them. (16)
Or
(b) (i) What is Grade of Service? How are Erlang B formula and Erlang C formula
used in cellular systems? (6)
(ii) A hexagonal cell with four cell system has a radius of 2 km and a total of 50
channels are used in the system. lf the load per user is 0.03 Erlangs, and lamda = 2
call/hour compute the following for Erlang
C system by assuming 5% probability of delay with C = 15 and traffic intensity =
9.0 Erlangs.
(1) How many users per square kilometer this system will
support?

(2) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more
than 10 secs.? (10)

13. (a) Derive and explain the Free space propagation model to determine the
received power at a distance d and relate this power to Electric field. (16)
Or
(b) For a Two-Ray model derive the expression for the received power at a distance
d from a transmitter and show that, Pr = PtGtGr (ht2 hr2/dt)

IV B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2009

CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics &
Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1.
(a) Explain the terms GSM & GPRS.
(b) Write notes on Digital cellular systems. [8+8]
2.
(a) For a cellular system, If blocking probability is 40% and assuming each
subscriber generates 0.1 Erlangs traffic load, find the no. of. subscribers if no.
of.channels are
i. 1
ii. 5
iii. 10
iv. 20
v. 100. Use Erlang B model charts.
(b) In a total 33MHz of BW allocated to a particular FDD system which uses two
25kHZ simplex channels to provide full duplex voice & control channels.Compute
the no. of channels available per cell if a system uses:
i. four cell reuse
ii. seven cell reuse
iii. 12 cell reuse.

1 MHz of allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels. Determine a

equitable distribution of control & Voice channels in each cell for each of three
systems. [8+8]
3. Explain the designing of the directional antenna, for k=4, k=12 and k=7 with all
suitable values explaining each of them, consider a noise margin of 6dB. [16]
4.
(a) From the free space propagation model derive the equation for received power.
(b) Discuss Lee model of point to point propagation. [6+10]
5.
(a) What are the different synthesis of sum pattern? Explain them briefly.
(b) What are the antennas used at cellsite? Explain them. [8+8]
6.
(a) What type of messages are received to the set up channels when the mobile
unit monitors strongest signal strength?
(b) What are the advantages of Reuse-partition scheme?
(c) What is channel sharing and channel borrowing?
7.
(a) What are the different types of handoffs? Explain how to implement them?
(b) Define a dropped call rate and explain how it differ from blocked call? [10+6]
8.
(a) Explain the significance of SIM in Mobile station.
(b) What is the function of transcoder rate adoption unit in BSS?
(c) What are the different kinds of downlink common channels? [6+4+6]

B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2009

CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics &
Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1.
(a) What is the difference between frequency selective fading & flat fadings.
(b) What are the major problems in AMPS system & how these are overcome in GSM
system? [8+8]
2.
(a) Explain about the co-channel interference reduction factor and derive the
general formula for C/I.
(b) If the maximum no of calls per hour Qi in one cell be 5000 and an average
calling time T be 1.76 min. The blocking probability is 2%. Find the offered load. If
Qi is 30000. Find the offered load compare this with no. of channels by using Erlang
B model charts. [10+6]
3.
(a) Explain how co-channel interference is measured in real time mobile radio
transceivers.
(b) Explain different methods to reduce the cochannel interferences. [8+8]
4.
(a) Discuss in detail about small scale multipath propagation.
(b) Write the general formula of Lee Model and Explain the remarks. [10+6]
5.
(a) Explain the synthesis of difference patterns.

(b) Draw the setup for space diversity antennas used at cell site and explain how to
design it. [8+8]
6.
(a) What is the function of frequency management?
(b) Explain how the 666 channels are divided into groups?
(c) Write notes on setup channels. [4+6+6]
7. Explain the following terms:
(a) Mobile Assisted Handoff
(b) Soft Handoff
(c) Delaying Handoff
(d) Cellsite Handoff [44=16]
8.
(a) Explain the significance of SIM in Mobile station.
(b) What is the function of transcoder rate adoption unit in BSS?
(c) What are the different kinds of downlink common channels? [6+4+6]

IV B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2009

CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics &
Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1.
(a) Differentiate the analog & digital cellular systems with their operating
capacities.
(b) Explain the relation between the received power & the range of subsystem in
detail. [8+8]
2.
(a) Mention the two frequency reuse schemes and explain N-Cell reuse pattern in
detail for four & seven cell reuse with illustrative diagrams.
(b) During a busy hour the no. of calls per hour Qi for each 10 cells is 2000,1500,
3000, 500, 1000, 1200, 1800, 3200, 2600, 800. Assume that 60% of the car phones
will be used during this period and that one call is made per car phone. Find the no.
of customers in the system. [10+6]
3.
(a) What is Near-end-far-end interference ratio and explain its effect.
(b) Write notes on channel combiners. [8+8]
4.
(a) Explain ground incident angle, elevation angle, ground reflection and reflection
point with respect to signal coverage.
(b) Briefly explain about multiple knife edge diffraction. [8+8]

5.
(a) Draw the symmetrical difference pattern and compare it with symmetrical sum
pattern.
(b) Draw the cell site antenna for omni cells for 45 and 90 channels and explain
them. [8+8]
6.
(a) What are the different techniques for increasing frequency spectrum?
(b) Compare the average blocking in spatially uniform and nonuniform traffic
distribution for FCA, BCA and FBCA. [8+8]
7.
(a) Explain how the handoffs implemented based on signal strength?
(b) How the dropped call rate is related to the capacity and voice quality.
(c) What are the different factors that limit the size of splitting cells? [6+4+6]
8. Explain the following terms of CDMA Digital Cellular Systems:
(a) Active set
(b) Long code
(c) Multiple sub-layer
(d) Paging channel. [44=16]

IV B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2009

CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics &
Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1.
(a) Discuss analog cellular system (AMPS) in detail.
(b) Discuss the special features in AMPS and compare them with Digital cellular
systems. [8+8]
2.
(a) For a cellular system, If blocking probability is 40% and assuming each
subscriber generates 0.1 Erlangs traffic load, find the no. of. subscribers if no.
of.channels are
i. 1
ii. 5
iii. 10
iv. 20
v. 100. Use Erlang B model charts.
(b) In a total 33MHz of BW allocated to a particular FDD system which uses two
25kHZ simplex channels to provide full duplex voice & control channels.Compute
the no. of channels available per cell if a system uses:
i. four cell reuse

ii. seven cell reuse

iii. 12 cell reuse.
1 MHz of allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels. Determine a
equitable distribution of control & Voice channels in each cell for each of three
systems. [8+8]
3.
(a) Write notes on power control and diversity receiver.
(b) Explain the different types of Noncochannel interference. [10+6]
4.
(a) Determine the phase difference between direct path and reflected path.
(b) Explain mobile propagation through obstructive path. [8+8]
5.
(a) Write the equation of general pattern for a 2N elements array equi-spaced by a
separation d.
(b) Differentiate between Roof-mounted and glass-mounted antennas.
(c) What are the advantage of using umbrella pattern antennas at cell site?[4+6+6]
6.
(a) Explain the following operational functions of access channels:
i. FOCC
ii. RECC.
(b) Write the channel sharing algorithm. [8+8]
7.
(a) Explain how to calculate the number of handoffs per call?
(b) What are the circumstances where handoffs are necessary but cannot be made?
(c) Explain how a handoff is initiated? [6+6+4]
8.
(a) Explain the various logical GSM channels.

(b) Explain the SSD update message flow from Base Station to Mobile Station and
vice versa. [8+8]

Paper ID[DE011]
B.Tech.(Sem-6th )
CELLULAR & MOBILE COMMUNICATION (DE-1.1)
Time:03 Hours Maximum Marks:60
Instructuions to Candidates:
1) Section-A is Compulsory.
2) Attempt any Four questions from Section B.
3) Attempt any Two questions from Section C.

Section A
Q1)
a) Explain why FM is better than AM for cellular radio inspite of its wider bandwidth.
b) What factors limit the maximum and minimum size of cells?
c) What is the function of duplexer in a cell phone?
d) What is meant by the term air interface in a cellular system .
e) Define cluster.
f) State the different types of handoff.
g) What is sectoring.
h) What is meant by coherence bandwidth? Give the expression.
i) Define rayleigh fading.
j) State the operations performed by control channel.

Section B
Q2) Discuss the history of 800 MHz spectrum allocation to cellular systems.
Q3) Explain the different techniques of improving coverage and capacity in cellular
system.
Q4) Explain in detail about trunking and grade of service.
Q5) What is multipath propagation and what are its effects? List the factors that
influence small scale fading.
Q6) Discuss the characteristics of cell site antennas.
Section-C
Q7) Describe the impulse response for the multipath radio channel.
Q8)
(a) Derive the improvement offered by selection diversity combining.
(b) Describe the polarization diversity.
Q9) Write a detailed technical note on 3G systems.