FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

1. INTRODUCTION:Firing angle control also called phase cutting, is a method of pulse width modulation (PWM) for power limiting, applied to AC voltages. It works by modulating a thyristor, SCR, triac, or other such gated diode-like devices into and out of conduction at a predetermined phase of the applied waveform. Phase fired control is often used to control the amount of voltage, current or power that a power supply feeds to its load. It does this in much the same way that a pulse width modulated (PWM) supply would pulse on and off to create an average value at its output. Delay angle is the time during which the Thyristor blocks the line voltage. The conduction angle is the time during which the Thyristor is on.

Figure 1.1: Sine Wave Showing Principles of Phase Control The sensitive gate Triac serves as a direct power switch controlled by HTL, TTL, CMOS, or integrated circuit operational amplifier. A timed pulse from the systems logic can activate the Triac anywhere in the AC sine wave producing a phase-controlled load.

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

2. TRANSFORMER DESIGN:2.1. Calculating VA Area =VA/6.8 VA = (Area*6.8)2 = (2*6.8) 2 = 184.96 2.2. Calculating Turns per Volt T/V=1*108/1.1*4*f*B*A Where f=Frequency (Hz) B=Flux Density A=Area (inch)2 T/V=1*108/1.1*4*50*60,000*2 =3.78 2.3. Primary winding calculations:TPrimary=VPrimary*T/V =220V*3.78 =831.6 IPrimary=VA/ VPrimary =184.96/220 =0.840A 2.4. Secondary winding calculations:TSecondary=VSecondary*T/V =19V*3.78 =71.82 ISecondary=VA/ VSecondary =184.96/38V =4.86A

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

Figure 2.1:Transformer Winding

Figure 2.2: Voltage waveform

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

3. RECTIFICATION:A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.
3.1 Full-wave rectification

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.

Figure 3.1: Rectification 4. FILTERATION:Filteration is done by filter capacitor .During positive capacitor charges and during negative cycle capacitor discharges The variation in capacitor voltage due to charging and discharging creates ripples. Generally, ripple is undesirable; thus, the smaller the ripple, the better the filtering action.

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

Figure 4.1: Capacitor Charging

Figure 4.2: Capacitor Discharging

Figure 4.3: Filtration

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

5. REGULATION:While filters can reduce the ripple from power supplies to a low value, the most effective approach is a combination of a capacitor-input filter used with a voltage regulator. A voltage regulator is connected to the output of a filtered rectifier and maintains a constant output voltage (or current) despite changes in the input, the load current, or the temperature. The capacitor-input filter reduces the input ripple to the regulator to an acceptable level. The combination of a large capacitor and a voltage regulator helps produce an excellent power supply.

Figure 5.1:Regulation

6. ZERO CROSSING DETECTION:The zero-crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. A zero crossing detector literally detects the transition of a signal waveform from positive and negative, ideally providing a narrow pulse that coincides exactly with the zero voltage condition.

Figure 6.1:Zero crossing Detection When Voltage increases(>0.7V),the transistor is in the saturation region because the base-emitter junction and the base-collector junction are forward-biased and the base current is made large enough to cause the collector current to reach its saturation value. In this condition, there is, ideally, a short between collector and emitter. Output voltage becomes zero. When Voltage (<0.7V), the
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transistor is in the cutoff region because the base-emitter junction is not forward biased. In this condition, there is, ideally, an open between collector and emitter and pulse is generated at the output.

Figure 6.2:Zero crossing Detection

7. RAMP GENERATION:A capacitor is charged from a voltage source through a resistor, an exponential waveform is produced while charging of a capacitor from a constant current source produces a ramp.

Figure 7.1:Ramp Generation When Voltage increases(>0.7V),the transistor is in the saturation region because the base-emitter junction and the base-collector junction are forward-biased and the base current is made large enough to cause the collector current to reach its saturation value. In this condition, there is, ideally, a short between collector and emitter. So the capacitor discharged through transistor. When Voltage (<0.7V), the transistor is in the cutoff region because the base-emitter junction is not forward biased. In this condition, there is, ideally, an open between collector and emitter and capacitor charges and produces a ramp.

8. COMPARISON:Comparators are basic operational amplifier circuits that compare two voltages simultaneously and switch the output according to the comparison. Op amp is used as a comparator. It compares both
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the input voltages, i.e. the saw tooth waveform and the DC signal. Thus we get a pulse waveform that swings. That is the pulse width changes according to the message signal. By comparing a ramping waveform with a DC level produces the PWM waveform that we require. The higher the DC level is, the wider the PWM pulses are. The DC level is the 'demand signal'. The DC signal can range between the minimum and maximum voltages of the triangle wave.

Figure 8.1:PWM 9. DIAC&TRIAC:A diac is a two-terminal four-layer semiconductor device (thyristor) that can conduct current in either direction when properly activated . Conduction occurs in a diac when the break over voltage is reached with either polarity across the two terminals. Once break over occurs, current is in a direction depending on the polarity of the voltage across the terminals. A triac can be turned on by a pulse of gate cur- rent and does not require the break over voltage to initiate conduction; the triac can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered on, depending on the polarity of the voltage across its Al and A 2 terminals. The triac can be triggered such that the ac power is supplied to the load for a controlled portion of each Ac-cycle.

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL