Gs Lift Design Oourse

API Gas Lift Design
API RP 11V6: Recommended Practice for Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations ---Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves
By Sid Smith
2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
INTRODUCTIONS
PLEASE TELL US THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF: Name Work Location Job (role) Number of Years Experience Gas Lift Background - hands on
- previous training
2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith 2
Design Outline
Introduction (20) General Design (20) Inflow & Outflow & .Tubing (45) Facilities (15) Gas Inj. Pressure (15) Mandrels & Valves (30) Temperature (15) Gas Passage (15) Design Methods: .Constant Rate (30) .Variable Rate (30) .Intermittent (15) .Equilibrium Curve (45) API Example # 1 (45) API Example # 2 (45) API Example # 3 (45) Summary (15)
0. Introduction :API RP 11L6

RP to provide guidelines, procedures and recommendations. See other API RPs. (Also ISO documents) 1 Scope: Guidelines for continuous flow using injection pressure valves 2 Intent: Maximize production and . Minimize costs 3 Definitions 4 General Design Considerations
S.V.
Continuous Intermittent
Typical continuous flow gas lift installation Injection gas into wing valve and then down the casing-tubing annulus. Well equipped with tubing, side pocket mandrels, wireline retrievable gas lift valves and a single production packer located just above the producing zone. Note: Upper gas lift valves closed and gas enters gas lift valve near bottom.
4.1 General
Complete system! Combination of concepts and experience Continuous flow gas lift has advantages and limitations.
Continuous GL Strengths
Flexible lift capacity Handles sand OK Deviated holes OK Permits wire line op Tubing fully open High GLR beneficial Low well R&M Low surface profile Compatible /SSSVs Permits sounding Easy BHP surveys Permits PL surveys Dual lift feasible Tolerates bad design
Continuous GL Weakness
High back pressure imposed Needs uninterrupted high pressure gas Compressor expenses often high Heading problem with low rates Potential gas freezing & hydrate problem Increased friction w/low gravity crude Valve interference & high inj. point Corrosion, Scale, & paraffin Efficient dual lift difficult Requires excellent data for good design
GL Design Guidelines
Inject gas as deep as feasible Conserve injection pressure Ensure upper valves stay closed Be able to work down to bottom Check for ample gas passage Plan for changes in rate Avoid heading conditions Minimize costs & Maximize rates
Types of Installations
Conventional (Tubing): Inject gas down annulus & produce up tubing. Annulus: Inject gas down tubing & produce up annulus Special: Slim-hole, Dual, Concentric, etc Open installation: No packer or SV Semi-closed: Packer but no SV
IPV UNLOADING
How Howdo dowe weinject injectgas gasinto intoaawell wellin inthe thefirst firstplace? place?
This process of replacing the completion brine with injection gas is called unloading and it is done only once after the initial completion and after any well servicing where the casing to tubing annulus is filled with liquid.
Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
Gas is injected into the casing - tubing annulus and the pressure pushes the brine through each of the gas lift valves which are wide open. This is a particularly dangerous time for the valves. If the differential is too high the liquid velocity can be enough to cut the valve seat. Then, the valve will not be able to close and the design will not work.
Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
Operators must allow sufficient time for unloading. The rule from API RP 11V5 is to take 10 minutes for each 50 psi increase in casing pressure up to 400 psig. After that point a 100 psi increase every 10 minutes is acceptable until gas injects into the tubing. To get up to 1000 psig should require at least 2 hr, 20 min. A good practice is to assign an operator to the well for the duration of this operation.
Pressure
Depth
Brine may go out the tubing or into the reservoir.
SBHP
14
IPV UNLOADING
Once the brine level is below the top valve, gas will enter the tubing and begin lifting the well. If the tubing pressure is less than the SBHP the reservoir will begin to contribute. The first production from the reservoir is normally recovered completion brine.
Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
When the second valve is uncovered, gas will begin to enter the tubing at the second valve. Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
In the case of IP valves, the injection gas rate into the well at the surface must be regulated to control the gas entry to approximately the design rate of one valve. Since two valves are passing injection gas, the pressure in the casing annulus will fall.
+500 -500 -500
With more gas leaving casing than entering, the injection pressure must fall.
Gas to casing 500 mcfd Gas from casing 500 mcfd Gas from casing 500 mcfd
17
IPV UNLOADING
When the casing pressure falls enough, the top valve will close based on valve mechanics in a good design.
Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
Since there is still more casing pressure than tubing pressure at the bottom valve and the bottom valve is still open, the injection gas will continue to displace the brine in the annulus until the third valve is uncovered.
Pressure
Depth
SBHP
IPV UNLOADING
Once again with more gas leaving the casing through two valves, the casing pressure will fall until the second valve closes. Obviously if there were more valves deeper the unloading process would continue.
Pressure
Depth
What would happen if the third valve injected too much gas?
SBHP
20
IPV UNLOADING
Valve Valve4 4(orifice) (orifice)injecting, injecting,3 3 closes closes
Time
Valve Valve3 3injecting, injecting,2 2closes closes
Valve Valve22injecting, injecting,11closes closes
Valve Valve1 1injecting injecting Start Startgas gasto towell well

4.2 Well Performance (Inflow and Outflow)

Well Productivity: A wells ability to produce fluids related to a reduction in bottom hole pressure
22
Inflow:Pseudo-Steady-State-Radial
(After Darcy)
Qo = C*k*h*(Pr-Pwf) . . Bo**[Ln(Re/Rw)-0.75+S+Dq] Qo = J *(Pr-Pwf) or J = Qo/(Pr-Pwf) Where J = PI = Productivity Index Specific PI = J/h C= 0.00708 bpd Oilfield Units 1/C = 141
Inflow: Flow into Well from the Reservoir

PI = Productivity Index=J (in bfpd/psi) Note: PI for single phase flow PI=Change in Rate/Change in Pressure PI=Rate/(Pr-Pwf) in bfpd/psi Rate in bfpd =Ql = PI * (Pr-Pwf) Drawdown = P=(Pr-Pwf) = Rate/PI
24
PI Problem # 1B
Given: Pr = 2500 psig (172.4 bar)=Pb Pwf = 1750 psig (120.7 bar) Ql = 1500 BPD (238.5 m^3) Find: PI, Qmax, & Ql @ 500 psig (34.5 bar) & Pwf if Ql = 3000 BPD (476.9 m^3)
25
3000
PWF; FLOWING PRESSURE (PSIA) OR (kPa)
IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL WELL IPR Pb= PI Problem # 1B when
Pr
2500
PI = 1500/(2500-1750) = 2 bpd/psi
2000
o
1500
Pwf
1000
500
Qmax
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D) NO SKIN WITH SKIN
26
INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP

It is more accurate to describe Well Productivity in terms of: Multi-phase, radial-flow This means it handles flow of both liquids AND gas, which changes the curve This method is called: Inflow Performance Relationship or IPR
Vogel IPR
Q=1-0.2*(Pw f/Pr)-0.8*(Pw f/Pr)^2
Intake Pressure (Pwf/Pr) ratio
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Producing Rate (Q/Qmax) ratio 0.9 1
Initial slope = -1.8
Inflow: Vogel IPR

Ql/Qmax=1-0.2(Pwf/Pr)-.8(Pwf/Pr)^2 Ql/Qmax=1-v*(Pwf/Pr)-(1-v)*(Pwf/Pr)^2 For multiphase flow Need well test rate (Ql), Pr & Pwf Find pressure ratio: Pwf/Pr Find production ratio: Ql/Qmax =(x1) from graph Calculate Qmax: Qmax = Ql/(x1) Once Qmax known, find other rates
IPR Fetkovich: Qo/Qm = [1- Pwf2 /Pr2]n

IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL WELL IPR 1000 900
P W F; FL O W IN G P R ES S U R E (P S IA ) O R (k P a )
n=1
n>.5 n< 1 Typically N=.8
Initial Slope = -2.0
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D) NO SKIN 1/1000 WITH SKIN Ratio
x
Combination PI & IPR Problem

Given: Pr = 2800 psi ; Pb = 1800 psi Pwf = 2300 psi ; Ql1 = 500 bpd Find: Qb, Qa, Qmax & Ql2 @ Pwf = 900 psig Solution: Just divide into a PI + IPR problem
For Pr > Pb)

3 0 0 0
IP R _ V O G :V O G E LO IL E L LIP R PI +W IPR Vogel
Pr= 2800
xo
2 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
PI = 1.0 Pwf=2300 Pb=1800 Slope = - 1.8 Qa Qmax
Qb
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 N OS K IN
2 0 0 0 W IT HS K IN
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
P R O D U C T IO NR A T E (B P D )O R(M ^ 3 /D )
32
Now you know how to find the wells inflow
Use PI for single-phase flow Use IPR for multi-phase flow
Outflow Introduction
Flow from perforations to storage tanks Requires a good vertical flow correlation Also a horizontal flowline correlation Learn to use pressure-depth (gradient) curves Draw tbg outflow performance curves
34
Inflow & Outflow Analysis

Psep Flowline: Gradient Curves Pwh Tubing Performance: Gradient Curves
Gas Sales
Oil
Tank STB
X X
Outflow
PI or IPR Inflow
Pwf
Pr
35
Outflow: Multiphase Vertical Flow
Empirical Models
Gilbert (CA oil wells)-developed 1940 to1950 but published in 1954 Poettmann & Carpenter (no slip) -1952 Baxendell & Thomas (high rate extension of P&C)-1961 Duns & Ros (lab data)-1961 Ros & Gray (improved D&R)-1964 Hagedorn & Brown (most used--slip?)-1964 Orkiszewski (Exxon composite)-1967 Beggs & Brill (incline flow)--1973 MMSM ( Moreland-Mobil-Shell-Method)-1976
Mechanistic Models $ Aziz, Grover & Fogarasi-1972 OLGA Norwegian- 1986 Shell : Zabaras-1990 Ansari. Et al. 1990 Choksi, Schmidt & Doty-1996 Brill, et al-ongoing 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
36
3500 3000 P R E S S U R E (p s i ) o r (b a r ) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1000

50% cut
AGL_GRAD: GAS LIFT GRADIENT CURVES
0 GLR
g = 0.42
.
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GLR=250(44.5) 500(89)

750(134)
1000(178)
1250(223)
1500(267) 37
Gas with oil droplets Oil up tubing wall with gas at higher velocity up center Bubbles connect and expand Bubbles grow Slightly below BP Above Bubble Point
Mist Annular
Flow Regimes
Slug or Churn Plug or Piston
(Surface)
Bubble(y) Single Phase Flow

Water Cut Effect on Gradient

As per ROS with Shell
(Lab tests)
w Gradient psi/ft 0.42 psi/ft
(.46+)
(.38+)
o 0 35 Water Cut (%) 65 95 100

39
Outflow: Find Pwf: Case 1

Given: Tubing ID = 1.995 inches Rate = 800+ bpd Cut = 50%+,GOR = 1200, GLR = 600 Pwh=440 psig, Flow Surf. Temp =100 F Well Depth = 5100, BH Temp = 180 F, Water SG = 1.074 Oil Gravity = 35 API, Gas SG = 0.65 Static BHP = 2060 psig Find Pwf & PI (Find the correct chart)
440
1560
2800
5100
Gradient = 0.42 psi/ft
7900
41
Outflow Example
Case 1: Find Pwf = 1560 psig from 800 BPD graph Calculate PI = Prod/Drawdown PI = 800/(2060-1560) = 1.6 BPD/psi Problem B: Find Pwh for a Pwf of 1200 psig?
OIL W ELL INFLOW& OUTFLOWPERFORMANCE

PWF; FLOWING PRESSURE (PSIA) OR (kPa) A 6000 ft flowing well with GLR = 500 and 10% WOR
3
IPR TBG-1 TBG-2 TBG-3
1.995 2.441 2.992

Thousands 2
Pwf
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 120
PRODUCTIOPN RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D) Production Rate in BPD 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
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Outflow: Summary
Essential to have a good multiphase flow program or gradient charts Use well test data & correlation to find Pwf Calculate PI or IPR for each well Construct tbg perf curves Select most profitable tbg size Size flowline (Typically same as tubing) Minimize Back-pressure and Maximize Rate
44
Tubing Size Guideline

In both flowing & gas lift wells, the size of tubing is critical. Too large a size results in heading, loading up, and unstable flow. Too small a size results in excessive friction and loss of production. For best results, use the following: 1.995 ID-- 200 to 1000 bfpd 2.441 ID-- 500 to 1500 bfpd 2.992 ID-- 1000 to 3000 bfpd 3.958 ID-- > 3000 bfpd
Pwf: BH Flowing Tubing Pressure (PSIG) Thousands
.
5 4
Typical Tubing Curves TU B IN GP E R FO R M A N C E(O U TFLO W )C U R V E S

F O R10,000F W E L LW / 1000G L R&50%C U T Pwh = 100Tpsig
1.995" 2.441" 2.992" 3.467" 3.958"
Pwf 3 in 1000 2 psi

1 0
PIs
1 2 3 4
46
T h o u san d s Rate in 1000 BFPD R A T E (B F P D ) 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
4.4 Facilities
John Martinez
47
GL Surface Equipment
Testing Treating Compression Dehydration Distribution Metering Miscellaneous API Manual Chapter 4 API RP 11V7
XX
Consultant
Dehydrator
AA Typical Typical Gas Lift Gas Lift System System
49
GL Surface Gas Facilities (49)

GL is a system type AL; thus, all components must operate efficiently Freezing often a problem requiring dehydration, heaters, or methanol injection Most important & expensive are the compressors. Proper piping & good meters are essential for accurate gas measurement Manifolds to distribute the gas & adequate separation/treating are also important Plus controls--all are some of our favorite 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith 50 things
Stock tank
sales
Outflow
Simple System
Simple System
Inflow
51
GL Compression
Reciprocating & Centrifugal One --economical but all eggs in one basket Two - most practical; Three -- allows better maintenance; >3 -- too expensive Need high reliability (>96 %) [< 1 day/month] Low suction Pressure (< 100 psia) Adequate discharge pressure ! Adequate cooling System Good maintenance important
Piping, Distribution, Metering

Provide good operating and maintenance plus minimize investment Keep back-pressure low! Adequate separation & scrubbing Follow good piping practices Provide for pigging and traps Install gas meters properly (GPSA)
Choke-Regulation Control for Gas Lift Well
Pg
Pio(0)
Meter Run
54
4.5 Gas Injection Pressure

Has a large effect on efficiency and operation of continuous flow GL wells Too high a pressure results in needless investment of compressors & lines Need enough pressure to inject near bottom ( 100 ft above perforations) at the planned rate. Request suction pressure < 100 psig See paper by J.R. Blann, JPT Aug. 84
Benefit from Higher Gas Injection Pressure

0 Gas Injection Pressures, psig 600 1000 1400
Depth,(ft)
x 200 bpd x400 bpd x500 bpd Equilibrium Curve x600 bpd x700 bpd
Dw Pressure (psig)
Gas Injection Pressure

For the system, select an injection gas pressure that will permit well gas injection just above the producing zone. Install pressure recorder at well and record pressure for a minimum of 24 hours. The pressure variation should be less than 100 psi. Use average gas injection pressure recorded at the well for gas lift design. No safety factor should be necessary.
Kick-Off Injection Gas Pressure

If available, allows deeper lift. Normally not practicable in multi-well installations.
58
References/Bibliography
Clegg, JD; S.M. Bucaram; N.W. Hein Jr.: Recommendations and Comparisons for Selecting Artificial-Lift Methods, JPT Dec 93 Neely, Clegg, Wilson, & Capps: Selection of Artificial Lift Methods: A Panel Discussion, SPE 56th Annual Fall Meeting Oct 81 Redden, Sherman, & Blann: Optimizing Gas-Lift Systems, SPE 5150 , 1974 Winkler & Smith: Camco Gas LIft Manual 1962 Brown: The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods API Recommended Practices 11V8
API Mandrel See API 11V1 And ISO 17078-1
60
API Mandrel Selection Guideline
61
Gas Lift Mandrels

Conventional--Tubing Retrievable Side-pocket--Wireline Retrievable (Oval or Round) Connections same as tubing (avoid crossovers) Material normally 4130 Valve Receptacle 1 or 1.5 With Guard and Orienting Sleeve Drift to tbg size; Fluid Passage (S) Internal test pressure-to tbg rating External test pressure to max collapse case Check clearance; Min spacing 90 ft Plastic coating (optional--Drift check after coating)
4.7 Gas Lift Valves

Conventional (Tubing Retrievable) Wireline Retrievable *
Valve size : 0.625, 1.0 & 1.5 * Closing Force: Gas Charged*, Spring Loaded; Combination Spring-Gas Valve Type: Injection Pressure Operated*; Dummy; ...Production Pressure Operated; Pilot; Orifice; Other Flow Configuration: Type 1*,2, 3, or 4 Service Class: Standard *; SCC Reference API Spec 11V1 & ISO 17078-2
64
Typical Gas Lift Valves
BK-1 BK R20
65
66
Gas Lift Valves Guidelines

Use a 3-ply bellows-- single-element, unbalanced valve w/ a nitrogen charged dome and/or a spring Choice between: Injection Pressure* or Production Pressure (Fluid) Operated. Use reverse flow (check) valve in each Age valve and shelf test Standard Monel Seats or Solid Carbide Use Orifice Valve w/ check on bottom Dummy all unused mandrels Consider combination Gas-charged & Spring- loaded for set pressures > 1500 psi (Field Experience) Use screened orifice/nozzle-Venturi on bottom
Gas Lift Mandrel & Valve Summary

Purchase mandrels as per: API Spec 11V1 or ISO 17078-1 Purchase valves as per: API Spec 11V1 or ISO 17078-2 Follow proposed ISO 17078-3 for running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and latches Select suitable type valves Check on shop to observe practices Keep good records of performance
69
IPO G/L VALVE BEHAVIOR
In Inan anIPO IPOvalve, valve,high high pressure pressurenitrogen nitrogenin inthe the dome domeexerts exertspressure pressureon on the theinside insideof ofthe thebellows. bellows. This Thiscauses causesthe thebellows bellowsto to extend extenddown downand andpushes pushes the theball ballon onthe theseat. seat.
Nitrogen pressure
70
Gas Gasfrom fromthe thecasing casingtries triesto to get getinto intothe thevalve. valve. The The pressure pressureacts actson onthe theoutside outside of ofthe thebellows, bellows,trying tryingto to compress compressthe thebellows. bellows.
71
Fluid Fluidfrom fromthe the production productiontubing tubingtries tries to toforce forcethe thestem stemoff offthe the seat. seat.
72
When Whenthe thevalve valveopens opens gas gasmoves movesthrough throughthe the valve valveand andout outthe thenose. nose.
73

The Thevalve valveis isin inthe theclosed closedposition position now. now. What Whatit ittake taketo toget getthis thisvalve valveopen? open? Lets Letslook lookfirst firstat atthe theforces forcestrying tryingto to close closethe thevalve. valve.
Pb Pb
Closing force = Pb* (Ab) where: Pb = nitrogen pressure Ab = area of the bellows
Ab Ab

Now Nowthe theopening openingforces: forces: Opening force = Ppd (Ap) + Piod(Ab - Ap)
where: Ppd = tubing pressure Piod = casing pressure Ap = port area Ab = bellows area
The casing pressure only acts on this area when the valve is closed.
Piod Piod Ppd Ppd
Ab
Ap
Ap Ap
75
IPO G/L VALVE OPENING BEHAVIOR
The The solution solution

The valve begins to come open when the opening and closing forces are equal. Pb (Ab) = Ppd (Ap) + Piod(Ab - Ap) For a given Pb we could solve for Piod the pressure at which the valve should open. Or for a design case of Piod and Ppd, we could solve for the correct Pb.
Pb Pb Ab Ab Ap Ap Ppd Ppd
Piod Piod
76
Test Rack Set Pressure

Pb Pvo
Pb
Piod
Ppd=0
Ppd
Unbalanced pressure charged valve

77
Test Rack Set Pressures, Pvo

Simple Injection Pressure Operated Valve where well forces ready to open valve: (1) Pb*Ab = Piod *(Ab-Ap) + Ppd * Ap For Test rack conditions where Ppd = 0: (2) Pb *Ab = Pvo * (Ab-Ap) Then by substitution: (3) Pvo * (Ab-Ap) = Piod *(Ab-Ap) + Ppd * Ap Or: (4) Pvo = Piod + Ppd *Ap/(Ab-Ap) and by definition Ap /(Ab-Ap)=Ap/Ab/(1-Ap/Ab) = PPEF
Correct for Shop temperature for bellows charged valve
Pvo = [Ppd*PPEF+Piod]*Ct
TABLE A (OILFIELD UNITS) TYPICAL INJECTION PRESSURE VALVES WITH CHARGED NITROGEN BELLOWS RETRIEVABLE GAS LIFT VALVES VALVE Ab PORT (MONEL) Ap/Ab Ap/Ab OD BELLOWS SIZE SIZE RATIO (1-Ap/Ab) (IN) (IN^2) (IN) (1/64") Mfg PPEF ------------------------(MONEL) (MONEL) 1.5 0.77 0.1875 12 0.0380 0.0395 0.77 0.2500 16 0.0670 0.0718 0.77 0.3125 20 0.1040 0.1161 0.77 0.3750 24 0.1480 0.1737 0.77 0.4375 28 0.2010 0.2516 0.77 0.5000 32 0.2620 0.3550 1.0 0.31 0.1250 8 0.0430 0.0449 0.31 0.1875 12 0.0940 0.1038 0.31 0.2500 16 0.1640 0.1962 0.31 0.2813 18 0.2070 0.2610 0.31 0.3125 20 0.2550 0.3423 0.31 0.3750 24 0.3650 0.5748
Test Rack Set Pressure: Example

Given: XXXXX 1-inch BK valve w/ 3/16 port w/monel seat. Find PPEF = 0.1038 (mfg. data) Pio=Csg pressure @ valve depth=1060 psig Ppd =Tbg pressure @ depth = 420 psig Tv = Valve Temp @ depth = 121 F Tshop = 60 F (Valve temp in shop) Find from Table 4-1 that Ct = 0.88 Thus: Pvo = [PPEF*Ppd+Pio]*Ct Pvo = [0.1038*420+1060]*0.880= 971 psig
API Gas Lift Manual Table 4.1

Temperature Correction for Nitrogen Charged Bellows 1000 psia & 60 F
Examplejoe Well Name: TEMPERATURE COR. FACTORS (F) (Ct) (F) (Ct) (F) 61 0.998 101 0.916 141 62 0.996 102 0.914 142 63 0.993 103 0.912 143 64 0.991 104 0.910 144 65 0.989 105 0.909 145 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 (F) 0.987 0.985 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.968 0.965 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.955 0.953 0.951 0.949 0.947 0.945 0.943 0.941 0.939 0.937 0.935 0.933 0.931 0.929 0.927 0.925 0.924 0.922 0.920 0.918 (Ct) 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 (F) 0.907 0.905 0.903 0.901 0.899 0.898 0.896 0.894 0.892 0.890 0.889 0.887 0.885 0.883 0.882 0.880 0.878 0.876 0.875 0.873 0.871 0.870 0.868 0.866 0.865 0.863 0.861 0.860 0.858 0.856 0.855 0.853 0.851 0.850 0.848 (Ct) 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 (F)
(Ct) 0.847 0.845 0.843 0.842 0.840 0.839 0.837 0.836 0.834 0.832 0.831 0.829 0.828 0.826 0.825 0.823 0.822 0.820 0.819 0.817 0.816 0.814 0.813 0.811 0.810 0.808 0.807 0.805 0.804 0.803 0.801 0.800 0.798 0.797 0.795 0.794 0.793 0.791 0.790 0.788 (Ct)
PRESSURE (Pv) TEMP.in Shop (Ts) (F) (Ct) (F) 181 0.787 221 182 0.786 222 183 0.784 223 184 0.783 224 185 0.781 225 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 (F) 0.780 0.779 0.777 0.776 0.775 0.773 0.772 0.771 0.769 0.768 0.767 0.765 0.764 0.763 0.761 0.760 0.759 0.758 0.756 0.755 0.754 0.753 0.751 0.750 0.749 0.747 0.746 0.745 0.744 0.743 0.741 0.740 0.739 0.738 0.736 (Ct) 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 (F)
1000 PSIA 60 'F (Ct) (F) 0.735 261 0.734 262 0.733 263 0.732 264 0.730 265 0.729 0.728 0.727 0.726 0.724 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.720 0.719 0.717 0.716 0.715 0.714 0.713 0.712 0.711 0.710 0.708 0.707 0.706 0.705 0.704 0.703 0.702 0.701 0.700 0.698 0.697 0.696 0.695 0.694 0.693 0.692 0.691 (Ct) 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 (F)
(Ct) 0.690 0.689 0.688 0.687 0.686 0.685 0.683 0.682 0.681 0.680 0.679 0.678 0.677 0.676 0.675 0.674 0.673 0.672 0.671 0.670 0.669 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.665 0.664 0.663 0.662 0.661 0.660 0.659 0.658 0.657 0.656 0.655 0.654 0.654 0.653 0.652 0.651 (Ct)
81
Table 4-1

Page 40 (Program CT_TEMP)
Temperature Correction Factors for Nitrogen Based of 60 F and Pbv = 1000 psig F Ct 121 .880 Where: Ct =1/[1.0+ (Tv(n)-60) x M/Pbv]
For Pbv<1238 psia : M=3.054xPbv^2/10000000+1.934xPbv/1000-2.26/1000 For Pbv> 1238 psia : M=1.804xPbv^2/10000000+2.298xPbv/1000-2.67/10
82
2 0 0 0 PRESSURE (psi) or (bar)
A G L _ S E T :IN J E C T IO NP R E S S U R EV A L V ED E S IG N Calculate Valve Set Pressures E x a m p le : Pvo1= ?
1 5 0 0
Gg=.03
o 121 121
135
145
150 o
1 0 0 0
1060
5 0 0
420
Gf=.15
0 0
1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 IN JG A S T B G
3 0 0 0 D E P T H(ft) o f (m e te rs ) T e m p
4 0 0 0 V A L V ES P A C IN G
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
83
84
4.10 Temperature
Determine Surface Static and ...Reservoir Static Temperatures Calculate Static Gradient Measure Flowing Temperature for different rates Never use static for design basis Design on estimated production rate
AGL_TEMP: FLOWING TEMPERATURE PROFILE 300 T E M P E R A T U R E ('F ) o f ('C ) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 DEPTH (ft) or (meters) STATIC TEMP FLOW TEMP
86
Flowing
Static
Temperature
The surface and bottom hole temperatures are relatively constant in a given field but change through-out the world The field static temperature gradient should be known or measured as well as the reservoir temperature from well logs Field data when available is best but the flowing temperature can be calculated Normally a linear temperature increase approach with depth is adequate
Isothermal Gradient Map
1.2
88
Kirkpatrick Correlation Example:Ql =2250 bpd through 3.5 Tbg

Well Depth = 5500 , BHT = 180 F Geothermal Gradient = (180-75)/(5500/100) =1.9 F/100
Solution: intersection of 2250/1.5 =

1500 bpd & 1.9 GG find flow GG = 1.0 F/100 Flowing Surf Temperature = 180 - 1.0*5500/100 = 125 F
89
Fig 6-9 Kirkpatrick Fig. Chart to be used directly for 2.5 tubing For 2 tubing, multiply rate by 2 For 3 tubing, divide by 1.5 1.9
90
Temp Computer Program Solution Predicting Temperature Profiles in a Flowing Well, by Sagar, Doty & Schmidt Also for gas lift wells For multi-phase flow: Regression analysis--many assumptions Check against real field data
14-Aug-06 Well Name --INPUT DATA--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pwh: Wellhead Pressure Ts: Temp.Surf.Static Tf:Temp of Formation Qo:Oil Rate Qw:Water Rate Qg:Form. Gas Rate API: Oil Weight SGw: SG. Water SGi: SG Gas (Air = 1) OD: Tubing OD CSG: Casing OD Dw: Total Well Depth Di: Depth of Gas Inj.* Qi:Gas Lift Inj. Rate Unit Selection
**PREDICTING TEMPERATURE PROFILES** Flowing Temperature Example --CALCULATIONS-100 75 180 2000 250 750 40.0 1.060 0.700 3.500 7.000 5,500 0 0 E psi 'F 'F bopd bwpd mcfd 'API sp.gr. air=1 in in ft ft* mcfd E or M (OILFIELD = E; METRIC = M) Tg:TEMP GRAD Cpl:SPEC. HEAT f:DIM.TIME SGo: OIL wt. Wt1:MASS FLOW Wt2:MASS FLOW U1:HEAT t.c. U2:HEAT t.c. A1: COEF. A2: COEf. SGM1:CORRECTION SGM2:CORRECTION Flowing Twh =
(C) COPYRIGHT 2003 VERSION 8.0db
1.909 0.542 2.306 0.825 8.23 8.23 121.22 #N/A 1.21E-04 1.00E-04 -0.0043 -0.0043 125
'F/100' BTU/lbm 't sp.gr. lbm/sec lbm/sec
'F
92
Temperature data
API Gas Lift Manual & API RP11V6 C.V. Kirkpatrick The Power of Gas K.E. Brown The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Volume 2a Sagar, Doty & Schmidt, Flowing Temperature Profiles in a Flowing Well
Winkler & Eads, Algorithm for more accurately
predicting nitrogen-charged gas lift valve operations at high pressures and temperatures
4.12 Gas Passage

Use the minimum size port (choke) that will pass the desired rate of gas! Check Valve Port size for amount of gas passage that is possible Use Thornhill-Craver Equation/Chart Make Gas Gravity & Temp Correction Predict on high side Use next higher standard port/orifice
Upstream: Piod
Pb SGg= Tv =
squareedge orifice Ppd
port
95
Thornhill-Craver Chart: Example

Find corrected gas throughput (Qgi) Given: Upstream Pressure (Piod)=1000 psig
Downstream Pressure (Ppd)= 790 psig Orifice Size (Valve Port) = 12/64 Temperature of valve = 160 F Gas SG = 0.75 Find from chart : Qgi = 660 MCFD From Correction Chart find: Cc = 1.17 Actual Qgi = 660/1.17 = 564 MCFD
660 Choke Chart
97
Cc=
Orifice/Choke Problems
Orifice/Choke Problem # 1 Upstream Pressure = 1250 psig Downstream Pressure = 1150 psig Valve Port Size = 8/64 inch GG = 0.7 & Temp @ Depth = 180 F How much gas can be Injected? What size orifice for Injection GAS Volume of 850 MCFD?
See API RP 11V2
Constant Injection Pressure Test of Gas Lift Valve

Typical VPC Gas-Lift Valve Performance Plot

Fig. 1 (after Decker & Dunham)
1500 Camco BK with 12/64ths VPC PvoT= 964 Pcf= 920 Temp=150 Camco BK with 16/64ths VPC PvoT= 964 Pcf= 920 Temp=150 Camco BK with 20/64ths VPC PvoT= 964 Pcf= 920 Temp=150 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Flowrate - (Mscf/d)
1000
500
Downstream Pressure - (psig)
101
Comparison of Gas-Lift Valve Performance Based on VPC Model Vs. Performance Based on Thornhill-Craver Model
Fig. 2
800
Flowrate - (Mscf/d)
600
Camco BK with 12/64ths VPC PvoT= 964 Pcf= 920 Temp=150
400 Camco BK with 12/64ths Thornhill PvoT= 964 Pcf= 920 Temp=150 0 200 400 600 800 1000
200
Downstream Pressure - (psig)
API Pvo(n) = Test rack opening pressure for nth valve Pcf = Injection gas pressure
102
Nozzle-Venturi Gas Lift Valve
103
Gas Injection Rate
Production Pressure 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
104
Pressures Acting on an Unchoked Valve

The gas injection rate through the valve is reduced as the valve throttles closed.
Injection Pressure. This pressure is greater than Injection Pressure >P the > pressure downstream Tubing pressure of the ball. The pressure downP ~ Tubing stream of ball is nearly Pressure equal to the tubing (production) pressure.
Large pressure drop, large suction force on ball, small gap between ball and seat
Production Pressure
105
Pressures Acting on a Choked Valve

The gas injection rate through the valve is higher because the valve ball is held off of the seat by the higher pressure beneath the ball.
Injection Pressure The pressure down-stream of the ball is held higher by the choke.
Small pressure drop, small suction force on ball, more gap between ball and seat
Choke
Large pressure drop
P P~~Tubing Tubing Pressure Pressure
106
Comparison Between Choked and Unchoked Valves

(After Dunham, Decker, & Waring)
Plot of Injection Rate vs. Pressure

Unloading Gas-Lift Valve with Choke vs. Valve with no Choke Using Gas-Lift Valve/Choke Model
Macco R-1D 3/16" port 10/64" choke Pc = 1200 psi Pt = 325 psi
Choked Unchoked
Note that choked valve remains open over entire range and actually transmits much more gas. It "snaps" closed when closing pressure is reached. 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith 107
4.9 Design Methods

Need to space mandrel/valves to permit working to the lowest possible depth Find the location of the first valve Injection Pressure Operated Valves (1) Constant Rate Design (2) Variable Rate Design (3) Intermittent Design* (4) Equilibrium Curve
108
Graphical Solution-Gas Lift Spacing.........................

Need to space mandrel/valves to permit working to the lowest possible depth You will learn to space using different techniques-depending on type valve Find the location of the first valve Injection Pressure Operated Valves (1) Constant Rate Design* (2) Variable Rate Design (3) Intermittent Design: Other Designs
109
1st Mandrel/Valve...................................
Depth of 1st Valve is the same for most designs Strictly a U-tube case where the outlet and inlet pressures are nearly balanced Outlet Po. = Pwh+Depth(1)*[Liquid Grad (Gs)] Inlet Pi. = Pg + Gg * Depth(1) -Psf Example: Pwh = 100 psig, Gs= .465 psi/ft, Pg = 1000 psig, Gg = .03 psi/ft, Psf = 20 psi or about 50(min) 100+D(1)*.465=1000+.03*D(1)-20 D(1) = [1000-100-20]/[.465-.03] = 2023 ft
In jectionG as G radien t
For Ts = 75 'F &Tf = 175 'F 0.1 0.09 Gas Gradient, psi/ft 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 500 600 700 SG g 0.6 SG g 0.7 SG g 0.8 SG g 0.9
API GL Manual Page 44 Fig. 4.7
x Pgd=Pg x e(0.1875xGxD/(TaxZ)
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Pg, Surface G asInjection Pres s ure, ps ig 1400 1500
AGL_SPAC: GAS LIFT SPACING

2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Pwh P R E S S U R E (p si )
Gs = 0.465 Gg = 0.03
Gf = 0.1
Pio
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GAS INJ TBG
SPACING
112
Exception to depth of 1st Valve

In most cases the depth of the 1st valve is as outlined. But for relatively deep, high PI wells with low injection pressures, the depth of first valve can be placed at the static fluid level. After any workover where the well is loaded with SW, it may be necessary to swab the fluid level to the normal fluid level.
Psep
SGi
Tgs
Twh
Injection Pressure Valve Worksheet
114
Constant Rate Design:

for Injection Pressure Operated Valve with good well data
Draw Gas Injection Pressure Line (Pgd) & Grad. Find location of 1st Valve Select desired rate Select two points (Dw1 & Dw2) from gradient curve for desired rate. Plot gradient curve for desired rate on graph paper. Use unloading gradient to find intersection with
Pgd. Move back up-hole to achieve necessary PD.
This is depth of 2nd Valve. Repeat until Dw is reached or min space

Constant Rate Design Problem

Pg = 1200 psig; SGg = .65; Gg = 0.033 psi/ft Gs = 0.465 psi/ft; Pwh = 100 psig; Psep = 50 psi;Dw=8000 Max rate = 600 bpd; Cut 50 %; 35 API; Tgs = 75 F; Twh = 100 F; Tf = 180 F (650 psi @ 4000) Tbg = 1.995 ID; GLR = 1000; (1300 psi @ 8000 ) Min Space = 500; PD = 20 psi Solution: Use program or gradient curves to find pressures @ depth for desired rate. Draw Ppd(1)Ppd(n) Find 1st Valve @ about 2600 w/ Ppd(1) = 445 psig Extend .465 psi/ft gradient to Pgd. Move back up-hole until a 20 psi PD results. D(2) = about 4450 Continue until 500 min spacing reached. Find operating valve
116
A G L _ S P A C :G A SL IF TS P A C IN G Constant Rate Design

1 5 0 0
1464
1200
PRESSURE (psi) 1 0 0 0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 D E P T H(ft) o r(m e te rs ) G A SIN J T B G S P A C IN G

117 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
W ELL NAM E: W S-Space for Constant Rate D(n) Ppd(n) Pio(n) Piod(n) Tv DEPTH TBG PRES SURF V open @VALVE ft psi psi psi 'F (INPUT) ------------------------0 100 1200 1200 100 2600 442 1200 1284 126 4450 721 1180 1323 145 5750 935 1160 1343 158 6625 1087 1140 1347 166 7150 1181 1120 1340 172 7550 1254 1100 1329 176 7950 1329 1080 1317 180
CT TEM P ------0.869 0.838 0.817 0.804 0.796 0.790 0.785
Pvo(n) Qgi T-R INJ GAS psi m scfd ------------1156 915 1171 928 1176 884 1173 768 1164 628 1153 S.O.444 Dummy 1142 #N/A
118
A. Mandrel Spacing: Constant Rate for injection pressure valves

Given: Pwh=Psep =100 psig; Pg = 1400 psig Gs = 0.465 psi/ft; Twh = 120 F; Tf=200 F SGi = 0.7; Dw= 10000; Dmin = 500 PD = 25 psi; Tubing = 3.5 OD Max rate = 2000 bpd @ max depth Total Rgl = 1000 CF/B Space mandrels & find max injection depth
2500
G A SLIF TG R A D IEN TCU R V E S FO R2.9 92" IDT UB IN G&10 00G LR
2000 FLOWING TBG PRESSURE (PSIG) G rad ient =0 .465p si/ft
3000 b p d 2500 b p d 2000 b p d 1500 b p d 1000 b p d 500b p d
1500
1000
500
0 0 10 00 20 00 300 0 400 0 5000 D E P TH(FE E T) 6000 7000 8 000 9 000 10 000
120
WELL NAME: D(n) NO. DEPTH ft (INPUT) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dw 2980 5331 6965 7973 8500 9000 9500 9950 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 10000 Ppd(n) TBG PRES psi ------100 472 853 1164 1374 1490
Constant Rate Problem A Pio(n) SURF psi ------1400 1400 1375 1350 1325 1300 1275 1250 1225 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0.0 Piod(n) V open psi ------1400 1526 1600 1642 1656 1647 1637 1626 1612 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 'F ------120 144 163 176 184 188 192 196 200 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 200 0.835 0.803 0.783 0.771 0.765 0.760 0.754 0.750 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0.000 Tv @ VALVE CT TEMP ------1302 1335 1351 1352 1342 1331 1320 1307 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1834 1894 1806 1520 1189 573 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 1323 1313 1301 1283 1259 1235 1210 1184 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Pvo(n) T-R psi ------Qgi INJ GAS mscfd ------Pvc(n) Surf close psi --------
Pvcd(n) V close @ depth psi ------1455 1550 1610 1637 1637 1634 1632 1626 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
S.O. D D
1603 1720 1828
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1840
121
Variable Gradient Design for limited data

Draw Gas Injection Pressure Line (Pgd) Draw Upper Design Line (UDL) {Pgd-Pwh} Find location of 1st valve @ D(1). (Same approach) Calculate Pseudo Tbg Pressure@ surface: Ps = Pwh + 0.2 *(Pg-Pwh) Find Ppd(n) at total depth or total injection depth: Note: (Ppd(n) < Pgd-200 psi) Connect these two points: Lower Design Line (LDL) Find intersection of LDL @ D(1): Extend using unloading gradient to intersection w/ Pig (UDL). No pressure adjustment necessary. Locate D(2) Continue spacing until Dw reached or Min Space 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith
122
Variable Rate Design Problem

Pg = 1200 psig; SGg = .65; Gg = 0.033 psi/ft Gs = 0.465 psi/ft; Pwh = 100 psig; Psep = 50 psi;Dw=8000 Rate = 200-600 bpd; Cut 50 %; 35 API Tgs = 75 F; Twh = 100 F; Tf = 180 F Tbg = 1.995 ID; GLR = 1000; Min Space = 500 Calculate Pseudo Tbg Pressure@ surface: Ps = Pwh + 0.2 *(Pg-Pwh)= 100 + 0.2 (1200-100) = 320 psig Find Ppd(n) at total depth or total injection depth: Ppd(n) = 1200 + .033x8000 -200 =1264 psig @ 8000 [max] Connect these two points: Lower Design Line (LDL) Find D(1) {Same approach as before} Find intersection of LDL...Ppd(1) @ D(1): Extend using unloading gradient to intersection w/ Pig (UDL). Locate D(2), D(3).D(n) Continue spacing until Dw reached or Min Space

1500 P R E S S U R E (p si )
Bellows Injection Pressure Operated Valves
1264
1000
Variable Rate
500
Injection Pressure Valves
320
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GAS INJ TBG SPACING

1500 P R E S S U R E (p si )
Spring Production Pressure Operated Valves
1000
Variable Rate
500
Producing Pressure (Fluid) Valves
Intermittent Design
Draw Gas Injection Pressure Line, Pgd:UDL Find location of 1st Valve. Select design rate -Use small ported unloading valves Find Int. Spacing Factor (Fs): API GLM - Page 106, Fig 8-4 Pdp(n) =Fs*Dw+Pwh; Connect Pwh & Pdp(n): LDL From intersection of LDL & D(1) extend unloading gradient (Sg) to UDL. Move back up-hole until the PD is reached. This is location of D(2). Find D(3)... Continue same procedure until Dw reached. Select large ported or pilot operating valve
Intermittent Spacing Example

Well Depth = 8000 Pressure of injection Gas = 1000 psig Injection Gas Gravity = 0.60 Sep. pres =50 psig & Flow TP=100 psig Planned Production Rate = 400 BPD Kill Fluid Gradient = 0.465 psi/ft Tubing OD = 2 3/8 & Casing OD = 7 Valve DP = 20 psig: Space Valves
Intermittent Gas Interm ittent G as Lift Lift Fig. 8.4 Spacing Factors
0.16
Spacing Factor (SF) in psi/ft
0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
1.61"ID 1.995"ID 2.441"ID 2.992"ID

o
o
100 200 300 400 500
R ate in B PD
Intermittent Lift Spacing

1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
1192
P R ES S U R E (p si)
100 +8000x.1
Spacing Factor = .1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 SPACING
129
8000
9000
DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GAS INJ TBG

Mandrel Spacing Summary

You have learned methods for spacing valves:
(2)Constant Rate for Injection Pressure Valves; (3) Variable Gradient for Inj. & Prod. Pressure Valves; (4) Intermittent design for Inj. Pressure Valves.
Good spacing is essential for good operation & being able to work down to the lowest possible valve Plan ahead for changing conditions.
B. Mandrel Spacing: Variable

Gradient for injection pressure operated Valves
Given:
Psep = 100 psig; Pg = 1400 psig Gs = 0.465 psi/ft; Twh = 100 F; Tf=160 F SGi = 0.65; Dw= 7000; Dmin = 500 PD = 25 psi; Tubing = 3.5 OD Rate ? = 1500+ bpd from 7000+ Total Rgl = 750 CF/B Calculate Pseudo Tubing Pressure Space mandrels & find max injection depth
C. Mandrel Spacing: Intermittent Gas Lift

.
Given:
for injection pressure valves

Psep= 50 psig; Pwh = 50 psig; Pg = 800 psig Gs = 0.465 psi/ft; Tgs=75F;Twh =100F; Tf=150F SGi = 0.70; Dw= 7,000 ; Gg = 0.024 psi/ft PD = 25 psi; Tubing = 2.875 OD Rate = 200 bpd from 7,000 Use intermittent lift spacing factors for LDL (.055) Space mandrels
132
Equilibrium Curve
Definition: A curve that connects the intersection of the natural flowing gradients with the gas lift producing gradients. Draw graph of Pressure Vs Depths. Plot upper flowing gradient curves for selected rates for GL conditions. Find from PI or IPR various Pwfs for different rates at total depth. Draw the lower gradient curves and find the intersection with the appropriate upper gradient curve Maximum production rate will be about 200 psi less than the gas injection pressure.
Gas Lift Manual
Gf
0.42 psi/ft 120 F
134
Upper Gradient Curves (Trace)
200o
Lower Gradient Curves (0.42 psi/ft above BP)
200 200 bpd bpd
E.C.
Pwf
Pr
135
E.C.
After Jack Blann

Equilibrium Curve Problem

Find the rate and the lift depth for the following planned gas lift well:
Well Depth = 10,000; Tubing size = 3.5 OD Gas Injection Pressure = 1400 psig; Pwh = 100 psig Temp @ Surface = 75 F; BH Temp = 200 F Pr= 3000 psig; Pb = 500 psig PI = 2.0 Lower flowing gradient = 0.42 psi/ft (if Pwf > Pb) Planned GLR = 1000 during gas lift
2500 FLOWING TBG PRESSURE (PSIG) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0
GAS LIFT GRADIENT CURVES FOR 2.992" ID TUBING & 1000 GLR
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
DEPTH (FEET)
138
A G L_DS N :E Q U ILIBR IU MP R O G R A M 3000
2500
PRESSURE (psi) or (bar)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
D E P TH(ft) or (m eters)
N EED E D IN J PR E SSU R E G AS IN J PR E SSU R E IN J GA S-SF
139
5. Continuous Flow Problems API RP 11V6

5.1 Example Problem No. 1 5.2 Example Problem No. 2 5.3 Example Problem No. 3
140
5. API RP 11V6: Injection Pressure Operated Valves:Example Problem No. 1: Typical Well with Good Data
Pwh = 100 psig Pg = 1250-1200 psig Ts = 78 F Twh = 108 F Tf = 178 F Gs = 0.465 psi/ft Dw = 8000 ft. Pgd at Dw = 1440 psig Water Cut 50% Pr = PB* = 2125 psig Rgo = 700 & Rgl = 350 Psp = 75 psig Sgi = 0.6 (.65) Pl1 = 400 psig @ 2500 Pl2 = 880 psig @ 6000 PD = 25 psig Dmin = 250 Tbg. = 2.441 ID Valve = 1 w/3/16 port Rate = 200 BPD @ 1941 psig
141
IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL WELL IPR 2500

Pr=2125 psig
2000
API RP 11V6: Example # 1
1941 psig
1500
PI = 1000/1000 =1.0
1125 psi
1000
500
Qmax = 1325
0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D) NO SKIN WITH SKIN
142
FLUID RATE bfpd ---------0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P R E S S U R E( p s i) o r 3000 2500 2000 ( b a r ) 1500 1000 500 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
INJ. GFA psi/ft DEPTH ft ------0 4273 4645 5045 5477 5945 6455 7015 7634
P ROGRAM
TBG PRES. psi -------100 470 532 602 681 769 868 980 1108 #N/A #N/A
CSG Pgd psi -------1200 1329 1340 1353 1366 1380 1395 1412 1431 #N/A #N/A 1442
Remarks OK or NO ---
Pwf psi -------0 2035 1941 1843 1740 1632 1517 1394 1261
LEVEL ft ------0 3155 3379 3612 3857 4115 4388 4681 4997
-----0.080 0.087 0.093 0.100 0.106 0.113 0.119 0.126 0.132
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK #N/A #N/A
1116AGL_DS 5343 0.139 N: EQUILIBRIUM 953 5730 0.145
#N/A
#N/A 8000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2007 Workshop Clegg & (m Smith DEP TH (ft) or e te rs)

NEEDED INJ PRESSURE GA S INJ PRESSURE INJ GA S-SF
143
Optimum Injection Gas

Use the available injection gas to make the most oil production and greatest profit Split the gas between wells to achieve such results However; installation of additional compressors to achieve max rate seldom justified! {Parkinsons Gas Law} Experience: Maximum profit @ about 50% of max injection to achieve max rate
Gas Lift Performance

Pt: Tubing Pressure @ 5000 ft in PSIG For 2.992"Tbg & 2000 BPD 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5
Insufficient Gas Optimum Gas
Typical
. Max Rate
Excessive Gas Excessive Gas @ 5000
MMCFD Thousands
Total G as (Formation+Injection) in MCFD
AGL_GRAD: GAS LIFT GRADIENT CURVES

EXAMPLE FOR 1000 BPD UP 2.875" OD TUBING PRESSURE (psi) or (bar) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4
Thousands
1000
5 6 7 8
DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GLR=250(44.5) 1000(178) 500(89) 1250(223)

750(134) 1500(267)
146
TYPICAL CASE
BOPD
Max Oil Rate Max OCI Max Profit
Gas Injection Rate in MCFD

Plot
Plot IPR and Selected GLR Outflow Curves
148
5.1.6 Injection Gas Required @ Depth

For a production rate of 800 BFPD
For a Rgl of : (Correction Factor @ 178 F & Gg of .65 = 1.11) 1500: (1500x800 350x800)/1000 = 920 x1.11= 1021 MCFD 1200: (1200x800 - 350x800)/1000 = 680 x1.11= 755 MCFD 1000: (1000x800 350x800)/1000 = 520 x1.11=577 MCFD 800: (800x800 350x800)/1000 = 360 x1.11=400 MCFD
149
AGL_TEMP: FLOWING TEMPERATURE PROFILE 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0

5.1.7 Temperature
T E M P E R A T U R E 'F o f 'C
Tf=178 F Twh= 108 F Ts = 78 F
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1000 0 DEPTH (ft) or (meters) STATIC TEMP FLOW TEMP
150
In jection G as G radien t 5.1.8 Gas Gradient

For Ts = 75 'F &Tf = 175 'F
API GL Manual Page 44 Fig. 4.7
0.1 0.09 Gas Gradient, psi/ft 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 500 600 700 SG g 0.6 SG g 0.7 SG g 0.8 SG g 0.9
o o
Pgd=Pg x e(0.1875xGxD/(TaxZ)
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Pg, Surface G asInjection Pres s ure, ps ig 1400 1500
5.1.10 Valve Setting Depths

First Valve Setting Depth Tubing pressure = casing pressure Psf Max unloading flowing pressure = . gas injection pressure- Psf Pwh + gs x D(1) = Pg + gg x D(1) Psf 100+0.465 x D(1)= 1200+ .03xD(1) -20 (.465-.03)xD(1) = 1200-100-20=1080 D(1) = 1080/.435 = 2483 ft Adjusted D(1) = 2475 ft (close as you can read chart)
0.465
2325
0.42
2007 Workshop Clegg . & Smith
153
5.1.12 Subsequent Valve Setting Depths

Ppd(n)+gsxDbv=(pg-nxPD)+ ggx(D(n)+Dbv-Psf For valve(2) 400+.465xDbv=(Pg-25)+.03x(2483+Dvb)-20 Dbv =1907 ft D(2) = 2483+1907 = 4390 ft about 4375 ft D(3) = 5797 about 5800 ft (as close as can read chart) D(4) = 6783 about 6775 ft D(5) = 7434 about 7425 ft D(6) = 7820 Adjustment to 7690 ft (half-way between D(5) & D(7) D(7) = 8000+ Adjustment to 7940 ft (30 ft above packer)
155
API RP 11V6: Example # 1 AGL_SPAC: GAS LIFT SPACING

1400 P R E S S U R E (p si) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
0.465
5.1.14 Valve Selection

In this case, one-inch, unbalanced, nitrogen-charged bellows valves without a spring was selected. (A common practice in some areas.)
Pb Port Size = ? Piod PPEF = ?
Ppd
755
Thornhill-Craver Equation
158
I Inj. Pressure w/ 12/64 port
2475 130
.104
400
42
1275
1317
.869
1144
159
Summary: Table 2 Test Rack Pressure Calculation--Modified
WELL NAME: API RP 11V6: Example # 1 D(n) Ppd(n) Pio(n) Piod(n) Tv NO. DEPTH TBG PRES SURF V open @ VALVE ft psi psi psi 'F (INPUT) ------------------------0 100 1200 1200 108 1 2475 397 1200 1273 130 2 4375 648 1175 1302 146 3 5800 851 1150 1315 159 4 6775 996 1125 1315 167 5 7425 1095 1100 1304 173 6 7690 1137 1075 1282 175 7 7940 1176 1050 1258 177
CT TEMP ------0.863 0.835 0.815 0.803 0.795 0.792 0.789
Pvo(n) Qgi T-R INJ GAS psi mscfd ------------1134 1143 1145 1138 1126 1108 14/64 1089SO
160
931 940 919 832 709 604 465
5.1.16 Summary for Example Problem No. 1

Predicted rate of about 800 BFPD Lift from Screened Orifice near bottom Gas injection rate of about 680(755) MCFD Flowing surface temperature of about 108 F Anticipated operating surface gas injection of 1075 psig After installation, production tests should be run to optimize production and injection gas rates.
161
.
.
160
Note: 2 3/8 inch tbg
*max=7100x.465= 3300 psig
**Pi from 0.1 to 1.0 bpd/psi Min PI = 0.1 Av. PI = 0.4 Max PI = 1.0
162
163
API Example 2: Assume PI = 0.1 bpd/psi
FLUID
INJ.
TBG
CSG
Remarks
RATE
Pwf
LEVEL
GFA
DEPTH
PRES.
Pgd
OK
bfpd
psi
ft
psi/ft
ft
psi
psi
or NO
----------
--------
-------
------
-------
--------
--------
---
0.070
80
900
100
2300
1624
0.082
2254
265
953
OK
150
1800
2814
0.088
3801
415
990
OK
200
1300
4005
0.094
5405
588
1028
OK
250
778
5247
0.100
#N/A 7000
#N/A 700
#N/A 1060
#N/A
164
API Example 2: Assume PI = 200/500=0.4 bpd/psi & Pr = 3300 psi

Remark s OK or NO ---
FLUID RATE bfpd ---------0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Pwf psi -------0 2800 2550 2300 2050 1800 1550 1300 LEVEL ft ------0 433 1029 1624 2219 2814 3410 4005 GFA psi/ft -----0.070 0.094 0.106 0.118 0.130 0.142 0.154 0.166
INJ. DEPTH ft ------0 804 1631 2523 3490 4540 5684 6937
TBG PRES. psi -------80 156 253 378 534 725 955 1232
CSG Pgd psi -------900 919 939 960 983 1008 1035 1064
OK OK OK OK OK NO NO
165
API Example 2: PI = 1 bpd/psi

FLUID RATE bfpd ---------0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Pwf psi -------0 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 LEVEL ft ------0 0 195 433 671 910 1148 1386 1624 1862 2100 GFA psi/ft -----0.070 0.106 0.118 0.130 0.142 0.154 0.166 0.178 0.190 0.202 0.214 INJ. DEPTH ft ------0 197 536 903 1302 1737 2213 2736 3313 3954 4670 7100 TBG PRES. psi -------80 101 143 197 265 347 447 567 709 879 1079 CSG Pgd psi -------900 905 913 921 931 941 952 965 979 994 1011 1068 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK NO Remarks OK or NO ---
166
API Example 2: Variable Gradient Design

1500 P R E S S U R E (p s i ) o r (b a r )
1000
Pg= 900 psi
1060 860
500
Pwh= 160+.2x(900-160)=308 psi
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000

SPACING
167
Pwh= .2x(900-160)+160 Min. Spacing = 200 ft
860
1060
168
WELL NAME: D(n) DEPTH ft (INPUT) 0 1753 2757 3599 4290 4846 5281 5610 5847 6047 7000 Ppd(n) TBG PRES psi ------308 432 507 574 630 676 713 742 762 780 866
Example #2 Pio(n) SURF psi ------900 900 880 860 840 820 800 780 760 740 720 Piod(n) V open psi ------900 940 943 940 934 923 910 894 876 857 853 'F ------115 130 138 145 151 155 159 161 163 165 Dummy 173 Dummy 0.867 0.853 0.842 0.834 0.827 0.822 0.818 0.813 0.802 Tv @ VALVE CT TEMP ------830 821 811 799 786 771 755 722 711 668 665 654 628 589 543 489 429 358 #N/A 880 861 841 820 799 778 756 734 711 687 Pvo(n) T-R psi ------Qgi INJ GAS mscfd ------Pvc(n) Surf close psi --------
Pvcd(n) V close @ depth psi ------921 926 926 922 914 903 889 872 854 853
0.815 739 s. orifice
169
Pr = 3300 psi
2500
AGL_SET:INJECTION PRESSURE VALVE DESIGN API Example No. 2
2000 PRESSURE (psi) or (bar)
1500
Pwf
1000
500
0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 DEPTH (ft) of (meters) INJ GAS TBG Temp VALVE SPACING
170
A.Summary: Problem # 2
The design results are for Injection Pressure Operated Valves. This spacing is too wide for Production Pressure Operated (PPO) Valves. For PPO Valves, the top of the design line should be based on 30 or 40% of the difference between Pio1 and Pwh. The resulting closer spacing permits the uppermost PPO Valves to close as unloading progresses deeper in the well.
B.Summary: Problem # 2
Original mandrel spacing for new wells must be carefully thought out. When little or no well productivity info is available, mandrel spacing should be closer, mainly in the upper part of the string. Mandrel spacing must be sufficient to last for the lifetime of the completion.
C.Summary: Problem # 2
Flexible design from 250 to 1100 BFPD Minimum of 10 mandrels Valve to lift from near total depth Drop injection pressure 20 psi on each lower valve to deter multi-point injection Use -inch screened orifice on bottom
173
API RP 11V6: 5.3 Example No. 3 - Fixed Mandrel Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves
Pr = Pws = 3350 psig Pb = 1500; (Standing) Test Rate = 200 BFPD Pwh = 120 psig API Oil = 35o; GOR = 400 Cut = 50 %:Water SG=1.074 Tbg = 1.995 ID Dw=8000TVD/9936MD Pwf = 2550 psig (Fig 21) Ts = 74 F Tf = 180 F

Gs = 0.465 psi/ft Pg = 1150 to 1250 psig Sgi = 0.7 Mandrel = Oval Side Pocket Min Spacing = 500 PD= 20 psig GL Valve = 1 w/ 3/16 port Casing = & OD Directional Well Gg = 0.032
Twh = Measured: 100 F Use all known information
174
5.3.2 Well Data

Pr = Pws = gsx(Depth-SFL) + Pwh Pws = 0.465 x (8000 900*) + 50 = 3350 psig ..from sonic fluid level measurement Pwf = 2550 psig from Fig. 21 Pb = Bubble Point Using Standings = 1500 psia Gg = 0.032 psi/ft Fig. 5 Temp. gradient = 100x(180-100)/8000= 1 F/100
2550 psig
API RP 11V6 Example # 3
176
Bubble Point
GOR = 400 SGg = 0.85 Oil Gr. = 35 Ff = 180
BP = 1500 psia
177
IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL W ELL IPR 4000

5.3 API Example Problem No. 3 Pws = 3350 psig Pwf = 2550 psig PI = 200/(3350-2550) = .25 bpd/psi BP
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0
Qmax = 670 bpd

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) OR (M^3/D) NO SKIN W ITH SKIN
178
API 11V6 Example # 3: Equilibrium Curve Data

FLUID RATE bfpd ---------0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 #N/A #N/A 100 200 300 400 500 600 Pwf psi -------0 2950 2550 2150 1750 1343 808 #N/A #N/A LEVEL ft ------0 976 1929 2881 3833 4803 6076 #N/A #N/A GFA psi/ft -----0.070 0.082 0.094 0.106 0.118 0.130 0.142 #N/A #N/A INJ. DEPTH ft ------0 1568 2853 4236 5728 7370 #N/A #N/A #N/A TBG PRES. psi -------120 249 388 569 796 1078 #N/A #N/A #N/A CSG Pgd psi -------1200 1259 1307 1359 1415 1477 #N/A #N/A #N/A OK OK OK OK OK #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Remarks OK or NO ---
#N/A #N/A #N/A Maximum Production #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A 7370 #N/A Rate 0f 500+ bfpd from ft #N/A #N/A 8000 #N/A #N/A 1501
179
AGL_DSN: EQUILIBRIUM PROGRAM 3500 P R E S S U R E (p si) o r (b a r) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
0 1000 2000
500 BPD 200 BPD

3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
DEPTH (ft) or (meters)

NEEDED INJ PRESSURE GAS INJ PRESSURE INJ GAS-SF
180
Well Data: Mandrel Spacing:

Well straight to 1500 then Directional
No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dtv / Dm 0 0 2350 2450 3460 3921 4345 5094 5000 5962 5500 6624 6000 7287 6500 7949 7000 8612 7500 9274 7900 9804
o 1500
41+ degree angle from 2450 to total depth
10
Dtv
TD
Dm
181
* Fluid rate---50% cut
182
Gas Passage Chart
183
PPEF = 0.104
184
API RP 11V6 Example # 3

ORIGINAL SPACING DESIGN
185
API RP 11V6: Example # 3- Ideal spacing AGL_SPAC: GAS LIFT SPACING

2000
Requires pulling tubing to re-space
P R ES S U R E (p si)
1500
1000
500 bfpd
500 0
1000 2000
3000
4000 5000
6000
7000 8000 SPACING
9000

186
2000
AGL_SET:INJECTION PRESSURE VALVE DESIGN Example
Valve installed in each mandrel

PRESSURE (psi) or (bar) 1500
1000
500
0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 DEPTH (ft) of (meters) INJ GAS TBG Temp VALVE SPACING
187
API RP 11V6 Example Problem No. 3
188
Qgi MCFD
189
Ppd PPEF .104
CT .88
PPEF = 0.104 Pvo = (PPEFxPpd+Piod) x CT
190
API RP 11V6 Example # 3:Table 7 - Mandrel/Valve Summary
WELL NAME: D(n) NO. DEPTH ft (INPUT) 0 1 2350 2 4345 3460 4345 3 5500 5000 5500 4 6000 5 6500 6 7000 7 7500 8 7900
Ppd(n) TBG PRES psi ------120 406 562 D D 800 D D 968 1056 1147 1240 D 1317 D
API RP 11V6: Fixed Mandrels-Example # 3 Pio(n) Piod(n) Tv CT Pvo(n) Qgi SURF V open @ VALVE TEMP T-R INJ GAS psi psi 'F psi mscfd ------------------------------------1200 1200 100 1200 1275 124 0.873 1150 917 1180 1288 135 0.854 1151 918 1160 1315 150 0.829 1159 918 1140 1323 160 0.813 1158 848 1120 1315 165 0.806 1148 761 1100 1307 170 0.799 1139 626 1080 1298 175 0.792 1/4 1129 393 SO 1060 1286 179 0.786 Dummy 1118 #N/A
Summary Example Problem No. 3

Calculated a PI = 0.25 bfpd Used Equilibrium Curve to predict a rate of 500+ bfpd from about 7500 ft. Spaced valves using TVD Recommended valves @ 2350, 3460, 5000, 6000, 6500 & 7000 ft with dummies @ 4345, 5500 & 7900 ft plus a 14/64 inch screened orifice @ 7500 ft to pass 500 MCFD
192
Summary for Design

The better the data, the more specific the design. The poorer the data, the more flexible the design. If feasible, design to lift from near bottom. Carefully select the tubing size. For better valve performance, use 1 -inch valves. Select the smallest port that will pass the required injection gas. For most wells, use a screened orifice as the bottom injection valve.
Impact of Significant Variables

INJECTION PRESSURE: The higher the injection gas pressure, the wider the mandrel spacing and the deeper the maximum lift depth can be. FLOWING WELLHEAD TUBINE PRESSURE: The higher the pressure, the lower the maximum producing rate and the higher the injection gas requirement will be. TUBING SIZE: Larger tubing sizes permit higher producing rates and wider mandrel spacing. UNLOADING GRADIENTS: Higher gradients mean closer mandrel spacing and shallower maximum lift depths. INJECTION GAS GRAVITY: Higher gas gravity means wider mandrel spacing and higher test rack opening pressures for gas lift valves. CLOSER MANDREL SPACING: Permits near optimum gas lift performance and unloading the well with less injection gas volume. 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith 194
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
CLOSER MANDREL SPACING IS PREFERRED. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY WELLS REQUIRE CLOSER MANDREL SPACING NEAR TOP OF WELL. MANDREL SPACING SHOULD BE BASED ON WELL LIFE CYCLE ESPECIALLY OFFSHORE.
GOOD GAS-LIFT PRACTICES
Streamlined Wellhead Flowline Size Separator Pressure Well Conditioning f/Unloading Unloading Precautions
UNLOADING PRECAUTIONS Dont Cut Out the Valves! Buildup Injection Pressure Slowly 5 psi/min. to 400 psi 10 psi/min. Until Gas Production Then increase Gas Injection Rate to the Desired Value
197
Preferences

SINGLE COMPLETIONS PREFERRED OVER DUALS. LARGER OD (1.5) GAS LIFT VALVES PERMIT SMALLER INJECTION PRESSURE DROPS FOR CONTINUOUS FLOW IN SMALLER PORT SIZES. MANDRELS W/ORIENTING SLEEVES BETTER FOR HIGHLY DEVIATED WELLS. RuleOfThumb: FLOWLINE SIZE SHOULD BE ONE STANDARD SIZE LARGER THAN TUBING SIZE. STREAMLINING WELLHEADS REDUCES FLOWING WELLHEAD BACKPRESSURE & INJECTION GAS REQUIREMENT.
20072/3/2006 Workshop Clegg & Smith
Page 82
.GasLift Workshop - Smith & Clegg
198
Summary
You have learned to do a complete gas lift design using an equilibrium curve to determine the max rate, various graphical methods for spacing, and how to calculate the test rack pressures for injection pressure operated valves. You how know more than most people about gas lift---hopefully!
199
This is to certify that ________________ Completed the
API Gas-Lift Design Course Sid Smith
200

Gs Lift Design Oourse

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API Gas Lift Design

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

0. Introduction :API RP 11L6

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

+500 -500 -500

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Valve Valve3 3injecting, injecting,2 2closes closes

Valve Valve22injecting, injecting,11closes closes

Valve Valve1 1injecting injecting Start Startgas gasto towell well

4.2 Well Performance (Inflow and Outflow)

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Inflow: Flow into Well from the Reservoir

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

IPR_VOG: VOGEL OIL WELL IPR Pb= PI Problem # 1B when

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP

Intake Pressure (Pwf/Pr) ratio

Initial slope = -1.8

Inflow: Vogel IPR

IPR Fetkovich: Qo/Qm = [1- Pwf2 /Pr2]n

Initial Slope = -2.0

Combination PI & IPR Problem

For Pr > Pb)

IP R _ V O G :V O G E LO IL E L LIP R PI +W IPR Vogel

PI = 1.0 Pwf=2300 Pb=1800 Slope = - 1.8 Qa Qmax

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Now you know how to find the wells inflow

Use PI for single-phase flow Use IPR for multi-phase flow

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Inflow & Outflow Analysis

Outflow: Multiphase Vertical Flow

3500 3000 P R E S S U R E (p s i ) o r (b a r ) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1000

AGL_GRAD: GAS LIFT GRADIENT CURVES

DEPTH (ft) or (meters) GLR=250(44.5) 500(89)

Slug or Churn Plug or Piston

Bubble(y) Single Phase Flow

Water Cut Effect on Gradient

w Gradient psi/ft 0.42 psi/ft

o 0 35 Water Cut (%) 65 95 100

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Outflow: Find Pwf: Case 1

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

OIL W ELL INFLOW& OUTFLOWPERFORMANCE

1.995 2.441 2.992

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Tubing Size Guideline

Pwf: BH Flowing Tubing Pressure (PSIG) Thousands

Typical Tubing Curves TU B IN GP E R FO R M A N C E(O U TFLO W )C U R V E S

Pwf 3 in 1000 2 psi

T h o u san d s Rate in 1000 BFPD R A T E (B F P D ) 2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

AA Typical Typical Gas Lift Gas Lift System System

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

GL Surface Gas Facilities (49)

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

Piping, Distribution, Metering

Choke-Regulation Control for Gas Lift Well

2007 Workshop Clegg & Smith

4.5 Gas Injection Pressure