Holographic Data Storage Uses Volumetric Crystal Media

VASANTHAM.R, USHA.R, ND 2 YEAR-M.C.A, I.F.E.T. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, vasanthamrajendhran@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Holographic Data Storage will store up to 1 TB of data on a DVD sized disk, or Into any storage device typical DVD diskspace capacity range in few Gbs, but just imaging if you are allowed to save 1 TB (around 1500 CDs capacity) of data on a single DVD disk, which you can access in few microseconds at the speed of light, such promising results can be obtained using holographic data storage technology .

How Holographic Data storage Works Laser beams splits into 2 beams. Beams works as object beam and Reference beam. To read the stored data, the media is illuminated by original reference beam. Holographic Data storage Advantages Associative memory capability Access All the Microseconds Data in Few

INTRODUCTION
Holographic data storage is a potential technology in the area of high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data storage. Magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium. Holographic data storage overcomes this limitation by recording information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles. Multiple Data Recording is possible by Using Light at Different angles Thousands of Holograms can be stored in the same location by simply changing angle of reference.

Storage Capacity Increased Multiple Folds

Recording data Holographic data storage contains information using an optical interference pattern within a thick, photosensitive optical material. Light from a single laser beam is divided into two separate optical patterns of dark and light pixels. By adjusting the reference beam angle, wavelength, or media position, a multitude of holograms (theoretically, several thousand) can be stored on a single volume. Reading data The stored data is read through the reproduction of the same reference beam used to create the hologram. The reference beams light is focused on the photosensitive material, illuminating the appropriate interference pattern, the light diffracts on the interference pattern, and projects the pattern onto a detector. The detector is capable of

reading the data in parallel, over one million bits at once, resulting in the fast data transfer rate. Files on the holographic drive can be accessed in less than 200 milliseconds. Longevity Holographic data storage can provide companies a method to preserve and archive information. The write-once, read many (WORM) approach to data storage would ensure content security, preventing the information from being overwritten or modified. Manufacturers believe this technology can provide safe storage for content without degradation for more than 50 years, far exceeding current data storage options. Counterpoints to this claim are that the evolution of data reader technology has in the last couple of decades changed every ten years. If this trend continues, it therefore follows that being able to store data for 50100 years on one format is irrelevant, because you would migrate the data to a new format after only ten years. However, claimed longevity of storage has, in the past, proven to be a key indicator of shorter-term reliability of storage media. Current optical formats such as CD have largely lived up to the original longevity claims (where reputable media makes are used) and have proved to be more reliable shorter-term data carriers than the floppy disk and DAT media they displaced. Terms used Sensitivity refers to the extent of refractive index modulation produced per unit of exposure. Diffraction efficiency is

proportional to the square of the index modulation times the effective thickness. The Dynamic Range determines how many holograms may be multiplexed in a single volume data. Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) are pixilated input devices (liquid crystal panels), used to imprint the data to be stored on the object beam. Technical aspects

Mutually coherent light from two sources creates an interference pattern in the media. These two sources are called the reference beam and the signal beam.

Where there is constructive interference the light is bright and electrons can be promoted from the valence band to the conduction band of the material (since the light has given the electrons energy to jump the energy gap). The positively charged vacancies they leave are called holes and they must be immobile in rewritable holographic materials. Where there is destructive interference, there is less light and few electrons are promoted.

The need to accommodate imperfections or limitations in the optical system Economic payoff (higher densities may cost disproportionately more to achieve).

After some electrons have moved into the dark areas and recombined with holes there, there is a permanent space charge field between the electrons that moved to the dark spots and the holes in the bright spots. This leads to a change in the index of refraction due to the electro-optic effect. Beginning immediately after being promoted, there is a chance that a given electron will recombine with a hole and move back into the valence band. The faster the rate of recombination, the fewer the number of electrons that will have the chance to move into the dark areas.This rate will affect the strength of the hologram. Holograms can theoretically store one bit per cubic block the size of the wavelength of light in writing. For example, light from a heliumneon laser is red, 632.8 nm wavelength light. Using light of this wavelength, perfect holographic storage could store 4 gigabits per cubic millimeter. In practice, the data density would be much lower, for at least four reasons:

Despite those limitations, it is possible to optimize the storage capacity using alloptical signal processing techniques. Unlike current storage technologies that record and read one data bit at a time, holographic memory writes and reads data in parallel in a single flash of light.For twocolor holographic recording, the reference and signal beam fixed to a particular wavelength (green, red or IR) and the sensitizing/gating beam is a separate, shorter wavelength (blue or UV).Readout is achieved by illumination with the reference beam alone. Two-color recording

The need to add error-correction

Effect of annealing For a doubly doped crystal there exists an optimum oxidation/reduction state for desired performance. This optimum depends on the doping levels of shallow and deep traps as well as the annealing conditions for the crystal samples. This optimum state generally occurs when 95 98% of the deep traps are filled. In a strongly oxidized sample holograms cannot be easily recorded and the diffraction efficiency is very low. This is because the shallow trap is completely empty and the deep trap is also almost devoid of electrons. In a highly reduced sample on the other hand, the deep traps are completely filled and the shallow traps are also partially filled. This results in very good sensitivity (fast recording) and high diffraction efficiency due to the availability of electrons in the shallow traps. However during readout, all the deep traps get filled quickly and the resulting holograms reside in the shallow traps where they are totally erased by further readout. Hence after extensive readout the diffraction efficiency drops to zero and the hologram stored cannot be fixed. Development and marketing At the National Association of Broadcasters 2005 (NAB) convention in Las Vegas, InPhase conducted public demonstrations of the worlds first prototype of a commercial storage device at the Maxell Corporation of America booth. InPhase Technologies, after several announcements and subsequent delays in 2006 and 2007, announced that it would soon be introducing a flagship product.

InPhase went out of business in February 2010 and had its assets seized by the state of Colorado for back taxes. The company had reportedly gone through $100 million but the lead investor was unable to raise more capital. In the video game market Some have speculated that Nintendo will be the first video game console maker to implement holographic data storage due to the uncovering of a Joint Research Agreement between In Phase and Nintendo. Joint Research Agreement, by or on the behalf of Nintendo Co., and InPhase Technologies, Inc It is still unclear whether InPhase's closure has affected this rumor in any way. Volumetric storage In the AON HDS method, an optical signal from a coherent laser source is split into separate data and reference beams that travel two separate paths before they are directed into a volumetric storage medium. A proprietary device placed in the reference beam serves to control its phase, enabling on/off switching, hologram writing, and erasure. A second proprietary device enables rapid addressing to a selected multiplexed angle when writing and also later, when searching and accessing an individual hologram. All holograms are stored near 90 for greatest diffraction efficiency. Finally, the data beam is reflected from the individual micromirror surfaces of a microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)type spatial light modulator (SLM) that transports the information to be stored into

the photorefractive crystallinematerial. Principal advantages of the AON method include volume rather than surface holographic storage, with greater than an order-of- magnitude layer depth in the storage medium compared to holographic disks; angle multiplexing of a large number of holograms within a 1-cm-cube crystalline medium to store more than 1 Tbyte of data; selective erasure of portions of individually stored holograms by external computer controlessential for data storage applications. scalability to >10 Tbyte density and read/rewrite performance exceeding 10 Gbit/s while concurrently reducing the form factor and power requirement compared to conventional optical storage methods.AON is currently storing digitized parallel data in rectangular 1000 1000 (1 million) arrays within the crystal volume and using the latest CMOS camera readout methods. This parallel recording and readout of a million bits at a time enables the rapid data-transfer rates in holographic storage. And the ability to multiplex or superimpose images throughout the volume enables the enormous storagedensity capabilities of holographicstorage. We are currently seeking strategic partners to collaborate in completing the development of our holographic data-storage technologies,300 K radiation-hardened storage medium that can be clean-erased in minutes.

Holograms have other surprising traits as well. If you cut one in half, each half contains whole views of the entire holographic image. The same is true if you cut out a small piece -- even a tiny fragment will still contain the whole picture. On top of that, if you make a hologram of a magnifying glass, the holographic version will magnify the other objects in the hologram, just like a real one. Once you know the principles behind holograms, understanding how they can do all this is easy. This article will explain how a hologram, light and your brain work together make clear, 3-D images. All of a hologram's properties come directly from the process used to create it, so we'll start with an overview of what it takes to make one. Future applications works. Future applications of haptic technology cover a wide spectrum of human interaction with technology.

Current research focuses on the mastery of tactile interaction with holograms and distant objects, which if successful may result in applications and advancements in gaming, movies, manufacturing, medical, and other industries.The medical industry stands to gain from virtual and telepresence surgeries, which provide new options for medical care. The clothing retail industry could gain from haptic technology by allowing users to "feel" the texture of clothes for sale on the internet. Future advancements in haptic technology may create new industries that were previously not feasible or realistic. CONCLUSION In this course, we have seen the different techniques and elements used for recording a hologram. We have established that in analogue holography, the principal of reconstructing the object wave front follows a physical approach, by using the recording laser. As far as reconstruction by digital holography is concerned, it is necessary to correctly simulate the diffraction of the generally plane reference beam on the discredited hologram. In this case, the Fresnel transform can be implemented using direct or even by simulating a convolution. References Rob, Ashwell (12/08/2011). "Haptic controller chips offer low latency" http://eduhaptics.org/index.php/Hapti cDevices/HomePage "Haptic technology simulates the sense of touch via computer" http://www.optiqueingenieur.org/en/courses/OPI_ang_ M02_C10/co.