THE BASIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS DESIGN The Nature of Sewage and Industria Eff uents Genera Sewages

and industrial effluents are complex liquors mainly comprised of water with varying amounts of a wide range of other substances dispersed throughout their bulk. These impurities vary greatly in both chemical and physical properties. No two sewages and industrial effluents are exactly alike, and a single sewage or effluent varies in composition continually. The impurities also vary greatly in their polluting effect should they be allowed to enter a water course. So it is important that we understand the nature of sewages and industrial effluents to enable assessments to be made of such things as polluting substances present and degree of treatment necessary. Treatment processes for sewages and industrial effluents have been developed specifically to deal with the various types of polluting substances present. It is therefore very necessary for reasons of plant design, efficient plant operation and treated effluent quality control, to understand the nature of raw sewages and industrial effluents. The Nature of Sewages Genera Des!ri"tion# . !olour " fresh domestic sewage is grey or greyish#brown in colour. In industrial sewages the colour may be modified by the presence of trade wastes, e.g. paint pigments and dyestuffs. Stale sewages darken, eventually becoming almost black. %articulate &atter " there is a great variation in particle si'e and much is settleable, (about )*+ of filterable solids will settle in $ hours,. Turbidity " crude sewages are invariably highly turbid due to the presence of suspended and colloidal solids. /dour " a fresh domestic sewage has a musty, earthy, soapy smell. 0s the sewage becomes stale a sour, 1bad eggs2 smell is apparent. The smell of an industrial sewage may be modified by components of trade effluents. p4 " 5omestic sewage p4 is normally between ).* and 6.*.

$. -. ..

3.

The $h%si!a Nature of Sewage# Sewage is a heterogeneous mixture of solids dispersed through a liquid medium. 0 useful classification of the forms which these solids take can be based on an examination of particle si'es and densities as follows7 &' Gross So ids

8arger identifiable solid material, either more or less dense than water, and which is transported by the force of the sewage flowing through the sewers. /ften considered to be greater than )mm in at least one dimension. The quantity of gross solids in a given sewage will vary according to local conditions e.g.

Nature of sewerage system. 9elocities of flow. :se of pumping. ;eather conditions. Nature of the community. (' Minera )i'e' inorgani!* Sus"ended So ids

Small, relatively dense, often abrasive, and chemically inert particles. <rit density is approximately $,3** kg=m-. !onsists of such material as silt, sand, gravel, ash, metal and glass. <rits settle at a rate of about *.*-m=sec. Sewages vary greatly in grit content, (eg. >otherham *.** to *.*$ m- grit per *- msewage at . to $6+ moisture content and /xford *.* * to *.*?) m- per *- m- sewage at )* to 63+ moisture content,. 9ariations are due to local conditions as for gross solids. +' Organi! Sus"ended So ids

%rincipally of animal and vegetable origin, these particles are often of similar si'e to the mineral suspended solids, but are much less dense, (little denser than water,, and have a settlement rate of around *.**$m=sec. (@m=hr,. 0s the substances are organic they are normally capable of biodegradation, and will turn septic on storage. ,' -o oida So ids

Axtremely fine solids, ( #3** n.m. particle si'e,, neither truly suspended nor truly dissolved in the body of the liquid. The particles are evenly dispersed throughout and will neither float nor settle. !olloidal solids have the property of scattering light. They are stabilised in dispersion by electrical effects which encourage mutual repulsion between particles. To remove these from sewage by physical means would requires a method of breaking down or neutralising the repulsive forces to encourage coagulation which would then be followed by settlement. .' Disso /ed So ids

Solids, both organic and inorganic, which are smaller than n.m. in dimension, which are evenly dispersed throughout the sewage and which will not scatter light. The organic component is generally of greatest significance due to its capacity to absorb oxygen during biodegradation. The -he0i!a Nature of Sewage# Sewage B ;ater ??.?+ C Impurities *. + kg impurity. C /rganic matter @3+

i.e. m- sewage contains about Impurity B Inorganic matter -3+

(/rganic " containing carbon atoms in linked molecular chains, (Inorganic " carbon, if present, is not in the form of linked molecular chains, but as carbonate, bicarbonate etc,.

Inorgani! -o0"onents# The following may be present in the approximate quantities stated in an 1average2 domestic sewage. -ations Sodium %otassium 0mmonium !alcium &agnesium Iron Einc Trace &etals ** mg=l $* mg=l -3 mg=l ** mg=l * mg=l mg=l *.) mg=l F mg=l Anions !hloride Sulphate %hosphate Dicarbonate !arbonate )* mg=l 3* mg=l $* mg=l

5issolved gases may also be present e.g. oxygen up to $ mg=l in fresh sewage, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide if sewage is stale. Signifi!an!e# 0mmonium " 0t high p4 ammonia may be toxic to aquatic life, it can cause an oxygen demand, and has a water treatment significance. !alcium, magnesium and iron " may be sludge forming but has little pollution significance. Sodium, potassium " little significance. !hloride " little pollution significance, an indicator of sewage strength and comparability between sewage samples. Sulphate " attack on concrete at concentrations over ,*** mg=l. %hosphate " traces accelerate growth of aquatic flora. Dicarbonate=!arbonate " no pollution significance, gives buffer capacity to the sewage. Organi! !o0"onents# The ability of carbon to form molecular chains allows for there being a vast number of organic chemicals. &any can be classified into groups with similar chemical properties. The most important groups in sewage, which account for about )3+ of the organic carbon, are the following. . !arbohydrates " -*+ of total carbon. 8inear carbon chains with hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups attached. They include the sugars. e.g. cellulose and starch cane sugar and lactose glucose, hexose sugars pentose sugars (!@ 4 * /3,n ! $ 4$$ / !@ 4 $ /@ !3 4 * /3

$.

Gats " $@+ of total carbon. &uch fatty material is present as insoluable matter (about .* mg=l,. Gats are compounds of glycerol (!4$ (/4, !4 (/4, !4$ (/4,, and various organic acids. !hemically they are glyceryl esters or glycerides. The common organic acids involved are lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic which are saturated, and oleic, linoleic and linolenic which are unsaturated. The common formula is given below7 !4$ " / > I !4 " / >H I !4$ " / >2 where >, >H and >2 are acidic groupings.

eg.

!4$ " / " !/ " ! ) 4-3 I !4 " / " !/ " ! ) 4-3 Tristearin I !4$ " / " !/ " ! ) 4-3

-. %rotein based material " + of total carbon. %roteins are complex nitrogenous organic substances formed from long repetitive chains of the following grouping7 # N4 " !4J " !/ " J will be an organic grouping possible containing sulphur or phosphorus.The chain may repeat ,*** or more times with differing x groupings. %roteins degrade into amino#acids, e.g. glycine !4$=(N4$,!//4 and cysteine !4$ (S4,=!4 (N4$,=!//4. They are present in sewage along with other breakdown products. e.g. urea indole skatole N4$ !/ N4$ (methyl indole,

..

5etergents " + of total carbon. Synthetic substances. The most common are the alkyl ben'ene sulphonates which are used for almost all domestic detergents. e.g. sodium alkyl ben'ene sulphonate. > " !@4. S/- Na. > B alkyl group.

In addition to these four groupings there are other trace quantities of organic chemicals which have been isolated. e.g. :ric acid %henols !holesterol !reatine and creatinine 9itamins mg=l *.$ mg=l trace @ mg=l

The total organic carbon content in solution in sewage amounts to around ** mg=l with a further ** mg=l in suspension.

Sewage i0"urit% as a !e nutrient 8iving cells require certain types of organic matter as nutrients. They are principally7 !arbohydrate , Gats , energy sources %rotein and amino acids " for synthesis of protoplasm. 9itamins " trace quantities needed for cell processes. 0ll these are present in sewage, which is therefore a favourable substrate to support large bacterial populations i.e. the maKor organic impurities are biodegradable. Industria Eff uents Trade wastes are many and varied. The trade waste content of a particular sewage will reflect the nature of the local industry. 0 simple classification of industrial effluents according to their effect on the sewage to which they are discharged is given below7# . $. -. Strongly organic effluents " high D./.5. e.g. food industries, brewing, slaughtering, dairying. &ineral effluents " low D./.5. e.g. metal finishing, mine drainage, pickling liquors, chemical industries. Affluents containing high suspended solids content e.g. quarrying, ceramics, vegetable washing, papermaking. (nb. Solids may be organic and inorganic,. 0cidic effluents e.g. gas scrubbing, rayon production. 0lkaline effluents e.g. textile processing, papermaking. Toxic effluents i.e. those toxic to biological treatment processes. e.g. metal finishing # toxic metals, cyanide case hardening # cyanide agrochemical production # organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds drycleaning # chlorocarbons. !oloured effluents " containing quantities of intractable colour matter. e.g. dyeing, printing, papermaking, paint manufacture. 4ot effluents e.g. cooling waters, hot process liquors.

.. 3. @.

). 6.

Effe!t on sewage 0ny particular trade effluent may fall into a number of the eight categories listed, and will thus give properties of each to the sewage. In addition, discharges of trade effluents to sewers may have a marked effect on the flow regime within the sewerage system.

Site -onsiderations )

/nce a requirement for a new sewage treatment works has been established, the identification of suitable sites for the works becomes a primary consideration in the planning of a new effluent disposal scheme. ;here few suitable sites are available, a scheme may be formed around the most suitable site, or various alternative schemes may be proposed and financially appraised based on the sites which, after a desk study and some field investigation, prove best able to satisfy the requirements of the new plant. 0n investigation into possible sites involves the following considerations7# . $. -. .. 3. @. ). Si'e, shape , cost and ownership of land available at a suitable elevation. Goundation conditions and soil stability. Glood levels. Slope of site. !ompatibility with existing sewerage. %rovision of access and services. Anvironmental impact.

5ealing with each of these in turn, we can note the following points7# . Si'e, shape, cost and ownership of land available The processes involved in sewage treatment consist of7# a, b, c, d, %re#treatment (screening, grit removal etc,. %rimary settlement. Diological treatment. Ginal settlement.

/ne or more of these processes may be omitted depending on the quality of effluent required. The si'e and shape of land available will affect the type of process opted for, for instance, where land is readily available biological filters may prove to be the most economical long term biological treatment stage, whereas an activated sludge process is more economical on land and may prove the best option where land is a t a premium. The availability of land will generally be reflected in its cost, so again the process opted for will be affected by the cost of land. 8and#efficient processes are generally more costly in the long#term, but may be Kustifiable where land is expensive. The shape of land affects design economy, and should preferably allow a compact arrangement of process units to avoid long interconnecting pipework, services and access and allow ease of maintenance. 4owever, where other features of a site are favourable, the extra cost of fitting a plant to a peculiarly shaped site may be Kustified. /wnership of land must be taken into account in choosing a site. If land has to be purchased from a multitude of owners the cost of purchase will inevitably be high, and land 6

acquisition may be protracted. It may be more economical to find a site more readily obtainable but requiring a more expensive process, extra sewerage or access costs. The land elevation must be such that the sewage can be brought to the plant economically and can be readily disposed of. Sites will therefore be low#lying so as to drain as much of the ultimate development as possible by gravity sewerage and hence avoid expensive pumping. $. Goundation conditions and soil stability

!osts are increased when dealing with difficult or unpredictable ground conditions, excavating rock and supporting instable earthworks. 0s previously noted, sites are generally low#lying and the problems associated with such sites are high water tables, peat deposits and low bearing capacity. /ccasionally overburden is thin, and the depth of tanks may need to be restricted to avoid extensive rock excavation, possibly affecting the process. %reliminary site investigations reveal enough useful information to be able to compare sites, but the importance of thorough investigation into a chosen site must not be under#estimated. Inadequate site investigation leads to uneconomical design, and unforeseen problems causing further expense. The engineer must assess whether a site which may be ideally situated with regard to sewerage, access and cost is worth the expensive foundation engineering that may be necessary to construct a plant that will be free from long term faults due to differential settlement, or may need expensive temporary works during construction. -. Glood levels

0s a sewage treatment works is likely to be situated on low#lying ground in close proximity to a river or coastline the occurrence of flooding must be investigated. <enerally a site will be chosen which will not flood. 4owever if the only site available foes occasionally flood (as sometimes occurs in estuaries or flood plains, then it could have the following consequences. a, b, %reventing the plant from operating by reducing the head available across the plant, or submersion of biological filters preventing the aerobic metabolism of the bacteria. Serious damage to equipment due to the ingress of water into electric motors and control gear and the bearings and gearboxes of mechanical equipment.

!onsequence a,, although serious, does not result in permanent damage, and the consequences are mainly operational problems. 0 statistical probability of this condition based on records of flood levels can be estimated for cases where increased elevation of the plant involves a direct cost. It may be that the condition is acceptable once every $3 years, and that the cost of reducing the probability of flooding by elevating the plant is not Kustified. !onsequence b,, is obviously more serious, and hence the acceptable probability of flooding to a level at which this sort of damage results will be lower. <enerally, the plant will be designed such that expensive electrical and mechanical equipment is either submersible, or placed above the levels of previously occurring floods. .. Slope of site

Ideally the site should slope gently and uniformly so that the process can be arranged for the sewage to flow through the works without pumping, whilst maintaining the civil engineering works at a reasonable height above ground level. The slope of the site also has a bearing on the type of process proposed as head losses through biological filters are much higher than those through aeration tanks. 3. !ompatibility with existing sewerage

New sewage treatment works are often required to treat sewage from mixed existing and new development, and often to replace one or more existing works. ;ith greater emphasis on a cleaner environment, works have now been proposed for towns and cities which previously discharged to the sea. In each case, there is an existing sewerage system designed to gravitate to particular locations. In a new scheme, the amount of modification to the existing system should be minimised. To achieve operational economics, a new plant may replace several small works, to which existing sewerage systems drain. These sewers are connected by an interceptor sewer, which will preferably drain by gravity to the new works, thus avoiding pumping. Decause of the nature of many present day sewage treatment schemes, choosing a site compatible with the existing sewers is a maKor consideration. In addition to the incoming sewers a further consideration is the siting of the outfall from the works. 0 river is able to assimilate a certain amount of polluting matter before flora and fauna are seriously affected, and it is on this basis that the >oyal !ommission standards were fixed. 0fter an effluent is discharged into a river the biochemical processes which remove the remaining nutrients continue for some distance downstream. It is desirable where several works discharge into one river, that the discharges are reasonably evenly spaced to spread the load over the riverHs natural assimilative capacity. In practise the managers responsible for river quality management in the A0 L the ;ater !ompany will stipulate the standard of effluent to be achieved at the works, and this will depend upon the classification of the river, whether the river water is used for abstraction, the riverHs amenity value, and its assimilative capacity. @. %rovision of access and services

0 sewage treatment works requires supplies of electricity, water and possibly gas. Alectricity is required for pumping and, with activated sludge systems, for aeration. 8ighting and buildings also consume electricity. 0ccess is required for operating staff, maintenance vehicles, and initially for construction plant. 0 further consideration in the siting of a works is therefore that it should not be too remote. ). Anvironmental impact

0 new sewage treatment works will have effects of various kinds on the environment, and these must be considered when assessing the suitability of a site, the effect on the receiving waters has already been mentioned, the other maKor effect is the nuisance to the surrounding population. ;e have seen that works need to be sited reasonably close to the population which they serve for ease of access and servicing, and economy of sewerage. This can cause odour and noise problems for those in close proximity to the plant. 0ctivated sludge systems in particular have noisy machinery and produce aerosols which are likely to be considered as obKectionable. 9isually, a sewage works is unlikely to be hailed as a maKor aesthetic achievement and screening may be necessary. !aution should be exercised in planting trees as the leaves *

can cause problems if they are able to fall into the plant, particularly with percolating filters. /bKections may also be raised to the movement of plant and vehicles both during construction and operation of the works and particularly so with a substantial sludge disposal operation. In any civil engineering proKect, environmental impact assessment must now be seen as a necessary part of proKect evaluation. F1OW ASSESSMENT FORM A2AI1AB1E DATA &' Introdu!tion

In the hydraulic and process design of sewage treatment works the 5ry ;eather Glow (5;G, of sewage is the most fundamental parameter used and it is important that it should be assessed as accurately as possible. 5;G is defined in 1<lossary of Terms used in ;ater %ollution !ontrol2 (published by the Institution of ;ater and Anvironmental &anagement MI;A&N, as follows7 1;hen the sewage flow is mainly domestic in character, (the dry weather flow is, the average daily flow to the treatment works during seven consecutive days without rain (excluding a period which includes public or local holidays, following seven days during which the rainfall did not exceed *.$3mm on any one day. ;ith and industrial sewage the dry weather flow should be based on flows during five working days if production is limited to that period. %referably, the flows during two periods in the year, one in summer and one in winter, should be averaged to obtain the average dry weather flow2. ;inter determinations of 5;G are likely to be higher than summer assessments due to higher levels of infiltration water resulting from winter precipitation. Gor this reason it is more usual to assess 5;G for summer conditions. 0lternative definitions of basic daily flow (e.g. Omedian flow in dry weatherH, have been proposed but the I;A& definition quoted above remains the norm adopted by the water industry in the :P. It should be appreciated that virtually all sewerage systems in wet weather will experience a marked increase in flow, even those which are nominally separate. Glow can be assessed in two ways7 from measured data, where is exists, and from synthesised data where flow data does not exist or where proKections into the future are required. (' F ow Assess0ent fro0 Measured F ows

$. /n most works serving a population in excess of *,*** flow measuring facilities will be provided. !ommonly the flow to full treatment will be measured together with flow to the storm tanks. Sometimes only the total flow into the works is measured. <ood quality continuous flow records over a period of at least one year are required to enable a reasonably accurate assessment of 5;G to be made. Significantly shorter period records can give misleading results. There are usually two types of measured data available7 (a, chart records (graphs, of the continuous variation of the rate of flow of sewage. In the past the charts for the smaller works were of a OcondensedH style and were changed weekly whilst on the larger works the charts were often longer and were cut off and filed on a daily basis. ;ith modern electronic systems the data is stored initially and is available for subsequent retrieval and graphical display

(b,

records of daily flows which have been integrated by the flow recording mechanism (OintegratorH data,. /n older systems the integrator is read, in theory, at exactly the same time each day. In practice this does not always happen and caution should be exercised in interpretation of individual data. /n modern electronic systems the data is recorded automatically so that truly accurate information on $. hour flows is produced. Inter"retation of -hart Data 5etermination of the ratios of daily peak=daily average flow.

$.$ $.$.

The daily variation will be less for larger works because of the attenuating effect on flow of the sewerage systems due to its longer time of concentration. The information is of value in assessing daily maximum and minimum flows for hydraulic design. $.$.$ The effect of pumped surges. The need for flow balancing may be indicated if sewage delivered in pulses from a sewage pumping station causes the storm separation weir (-5;G, to overflow in dry weather. $.$.- 0 high base flow after long wet periods, or due to snowmelt may cause continuous overflow to the storm tanks and this phenomenon will be apparent from the charts. $.$.. Quantification of the wet weather regime " the duration, volume, and frequency of wet weather flows received at the works. Such an assessment can be used to evaluate the operation of the sewerage system, the effect of storm overflows, and determination of the need or otherwise for storm tank capacity at the treatment plant. $.$.3 5etermination of peak flows to works resulting from very intense storms. The charts will show the maximum instantaneous flow that can arrive at the works under extreme conditions. $.$.@ 5etermination of the minimum night flow and from it the rate of infiltration, I. Ideally this determination is made when a very dry period, conforming to the 5;G definition, coincides with a holiday period. :nder these conditions there will be no seasonal infiltration and the effects of commerce and industry will be at a minimum thus causing less uncertainty. The basic components of flow are shown diagrammatically below.

T3$I-A1 F1OW -HART SHOWING -OM$ONENTS OF F1OW In order to assess infiltration it is necessary to estimate the minimum night flow of domestic sewage. /ne water company uses a figure of *.$3%< which is equivalent to about -* l=hd=d. Some indication is given from surveys carried out on household water usage where it has been found that night usage is of the order of 3# * l=hd=d. Thus minimum night domestic flow is likely to lie in the range *#-* l=hd=d and is likely to be highest for very large catchments with a long time of concentration or where there is $. hour shift working. $.Inter"retation of Integrator Data

$.-. 0n annual graphical plot of daily flows. >efer to the two examples appended to this handout. These graphs give an immediate and valuable appreciation of the characteristics of seasonal variation in flow received at the works. They show important characteristics of the operation of the sewerage system, e.g. the effects of low set overflows, seasonal infiltration, blockages, etc. $.-.$ 5etermination of 5;G

a, Grom the I;A& definition. The daily data is taken for the selected 3 day or ) day period and averaged to give 5;G. b, Grom a graphical plot. It is quite possible for the sewage flow to fall to its 5;G level during periods which, because of the occurrence of small amounts of rainfall in the preceding week, do not conform to the I;A& definition. The graphical plot will identify such periods. $.-.5etermination of 0verage Glow

The average flow of sewage is defined as the total annual flow of sewage received at the sewage treatment works divided by -@3. It is an important parameter because, unlike 5;G, it includes the effects of rainfall. In the design process it is used, for example, in the assessment of biological loadings derived from analysis of operational data. 0t works receiving a significant proportion of trade effluent during the working week the average flow should be calculated from weekday flows. The ratio of average flow7 5;G describes the degree to which the quantity of sewage is affected by rainfall. This ratio depends upon annual rainfall, impermeable area, storm overflow settings and the amount of seasonal infiltration. 0 typical ratio is .-* with an approximate range of .$* to .@*. $.. Esti0ation of F ow -o0"onents fro0 Measured Data 5;G # Grom the integrator data described in $.-.$ above. %# <# 0s outlined in -. in the next section. 0s outlined in detail in -.- in the next section.

Take the current water company domestic water consumption figure (approx .*# 3* =hd=d, for purely domestic catchments. 0dd up to $3 =hd=d (for the total catchment population, where there is significant commercial=industrial activity.

A# This is the average daily flow of trade effluent discharged by consented traders to the sewerage systems. The existing value of A should be established by reference to the records kept for charging purposes by the water company. The annual flow data will need to be factored to allow for the length of the working week (e.g. a 3R day working week is equivalent to $)3 working days per annum,. I# 4aving established 5;G, %< L A, calculate by deduction7 I B 5;G " (%< C A, Then check against minimum night flow as described in $.$.@. If there is poor correlation between the two methods, check the accuracy of the flow recorder, and recheck the assumptions made regarding %, < and A. +' +'& F ow Assess0ent fro0 S%nthesised Data $o"u ation $

5ata on current population and future population trends should normally be obtained from the planning sections of the water companies. 5esign population figures used for sewerage design should not be used for sewage treatment design due to the longer design used for sewers. %opulation nationally is at an almost static level. 4owever in some areas there are significant shifts of population from urban to rural areas. -. . !ensus 5ata. 0 national census is held by the /ffice of %opulation !ensuses L Surveys (/%!S, once every * years. The most recent census was conducted in $** and the data is now generally available. The census statistics give detailed information on population and households. Note that actual OdwellingsH or OhousesH are not enumerated and there will be a slight difference between OhouseholdH units and OdwellingH units. -. .$ !oastal and 4oliday >esorts. >esorts can experience wide seasonal variations in population resulting from holiday#making. /ne definition that is used for establishing the total design population is7 % B resident population plus number of bed spaces available for visitors plus four times the number of caravans and camping site spaces for those properties=sites connected to the works. +'( Infi tration4 I

;here no flow records exist, the quantity of infiltration water must be estimated. 0bnormal levels of infiltration may be indicated if the sewage is significantly weaker or stronger than normal. Gor new sewers it is recommended that the infiltration rate should be taken as .* litres=head=day. i.e. even new sewers are assumed to leakS Gor an average situation, for example, .* year old sewers and no particular evidence of any abnormality in the composition of sewage, and allowance of @* litres=head=day is appropriate. ;ith older @

sewerage systems, particularly in low lying flat areas where the maKority of the sewers are below the water table, it is possible for very high rates of infiltration to occur, eg. $* litres=head=day. ;here mining subsidence has caused cracking of sewers laid above the water table exfiltration of sewage may occur. +'+ Water -onsu0"tion4 G

In the late ?)*s a number of detailed studies were undertaken in the :P and it was found that the average national domestic (household, water consumption was about $* litres=head=day. Since then consumption has increased to about 3* litres=head=day in $** . There is considerable variation from region to region The following is a typical breakdown of domestic consumption7 Toilet Glushing Dathing and Showering !lothes washing machine 8uxury appliances /utside use &iscellaneous &iscellaneous statistics7 0 shower uses about 3 litres=minute and a sprinkler can use use is for drinking, that is about * litres=day per household. m-=hour. -+ of household -$+ )+ $+ + -+ -3+ **+ ( 3* l=hd=d,

5ata on existing water consumption and forecasts of future increases should always be obtained from water undertakingsH planning sections. In forecasting future water consumption the water industry has a history of over estimating trends of growth in water use. %rogressively, over the last twenty years or so estimates of future growth rates have been reduced. !urrently ($**@, consumption is forecast to increase at about 6+ per decade although this figure is likely to vary from region to region. ;idescale adoption of domestic water metering would probably result in a small reduction in consumption. In sewerage and sewage treatment design it is assumed that the per capita discharge of domestic sewage is the same as the per capita water consumption. In a purely residential catchment water consumption, <, will be the appropriate value of domestic consumption adopted by the water undertaking. In towns and cities where the sewerage systems serves a mixture of residential and commercial areas (shops, offices, industry, an additional allowance must be made to cater for the domestic sewage discharged from commercial premises. 0n appropriate allowance for large catchments is an additional $*#$3 litres=head=day based upon the total residential population of the catchment. 0lternatively, provided the number of employees is known, the discharge from shops and offices may be estimated on the basis of @* litres=employee=day. In sewerage design very high values of ultimate water consumption are often used. e.g. $$3 or $3* litres=head=day. These figures relate to the design life of sewers. e.g. 6* years. Such figures must not be used for sewage treatment design where the design hori'on is much shorter " usually between * and $* years.

+',

Trade Eff uent4 E

/ften there is a considerable disparity between actual and consented flows and its should not be assumed, necessarily, that the design flow is the same as the consented flow. ;hen estimating future flows the water undertaking should be consulted, including the Trade Affluent !ontrol and Ginance sections, in order to establish and agree the appropriate design flow. /ne of the greatest difficulties lies in estimating quantities of trade effluent when the nature of future industrial development is unknown. In the past, guideline figures for the average daily flow of *.$? " *.3$ litres per second=hectare have been used for proposed industrial areas where high water usage was anticipated. 4owever modern industry, for economic reasons, is concerned with water conservation, and the average daily flow for typical HlightH industrial development is more likely to be in the range *.*) " *. $ litres per second=hectare. Assess0ent of F ow and 1oads# &' $o"u ation Statisti!s 5% House -ount 4ouse occupancy rate " $.- to $.@ take $.3 persons per house. 8ocal 0uthority old persons housing " . to .- take .$ persons per house. 5% Stru!ture $ an Take figures if given or obtain house occupancy rate for the district and apply drainage area house count in preference to above figures. (' a' Esti0ation of F ow Do0esti! sewage f ow 0verage B 3* litres per head day %redictions suggested this may be increasing at an approximate rate of 6+ per decade. 5' -o00er!ia Gor large catchments with significant commercial activity take up to $3 litres per head of total resident population per day. !' S!hoo s 3 to $* litres per head per day for pupils outside catchment with swimming bath B $* to $3 litres per head per day. d' Industria eff uent f ows E' 8ight water users 0verage future 4eavy water users &etered supplies B B B B *. l=s=ha. *.$ l=s=ha. *.3 l=s=ha. allow ?*+ of metered water use. 6 to

e'

Infi tration I' Northumbrian ;ater New sewers /ld sewers 0verage B B B $*+ %< or *.*3 l=sec=ha -* " **+ %< 3*+ %<. Torkshire ;ater .* l=h=d up to $*l=h=d @* l=h=d

+'

Measured F ows Dr% Weather F ow :se I.;.%.!. definition i.e. average daily flow over seven days following seven days when rainfall does not exceed *.$3mm in any one day. (N.D. Industrial sewages " over 3 working days,. 0verage 5.;.G. Mini0u0 night f ow B U %< C I (No more than a useful rule of thumb when better information is unavailable,. night water usage in range 3 to * l=h=d based on water consumption studies. B %< C A C I

Infi tration Dase on night flow measurements. Gor maximum values measure in winter months. Annua a/erage dai % f ow to wor6s 0nnual integrator reading B ( .$* to .@*, x 5.;.G. Ma7i0u0 f ow entering treat0ent wor6s fro0 a !o05ined sewerage s%ste0 )8For0u a A9* B B 5;G C .-@% C $A .-@ % C %< C -A C I m-=d

Ma7i0u0 f ow to fu treat0ent )FTF* B N.D. ,' - %< C -A C I &-=d

0n allowance for returned works liquors may be necessary. 1oading

Do0esti! Dy calculation from measured flow and strength data for D/5, S.S. and ammoniacal nitrogen. >emember to deduct known trade effluent contributions. 0lternatively the following per capita daily contributions are typical. D/5 " 33 to @* g S.S. " @*g N4- " @ to ) g as N ?

Trade Grom trade effluent consents. !onvert !./.5. data to D./.5. estimate by using a factor derived from !./.5.=D./.5. relationships for similar wastes. ;astes which have similar biological treatment characteristics to those for domestic sewage will probably have a !./.5=D./.5. ratio of between .3 and $.*. 4igher ratios indicate increasing difficulties for biological treatment. Guture developments If processes known, estimate by analogy with similar operations elsewhere. If unknown, treat as if average strength sewage. WORKS DESIGN $ARAMETERS &' In et Wor6s a' -on/entiona Bar S!reens 4and raked " submerged area B *. .m$= ***pop=day between raking. 5imensions of chamber for mechanically raked bar screens. !alculate from W = where7# ; D S G 9 5 flow (m, 9elocity in approach channel 9elocity through screen Dar spacing (works screens, Dar thickness (works screens, Dar spacing (coarse screens, Dar thickness (coarse screens, Screenings quantity " range pop. Screenings quantity " average ;eight of screenings " range 5' $ro"rietar% S!reen Designs !onsult manufacturers catalogues. B B *.*$*m-=day= *** pop. )$* " 63* kg=mminimum maximum B B B B B B B *.-m=s *.?m=s B B B B B B channel width (m, width of each bar (mm, width of each bar space (mm, maximum rate of flow (m-=s, maximum velocity through screen (m=s, depth of flow in approach channel at maximum rate of B+S F x S VD

) to $3mm ? to $mm )3 to 3*mm $3 to -*mm *.**3 to *.*-m-=day= ***

$*

!'

Grit Re0o/a &aximum surface loading (!rossflow, &aximum velocity through unit 5etention period (%ista, 5iameter (%ista, <rit production (combined sewerage, <rit production (separate sewerage, B B B B B B B .*3m=min (*.$mm grit, .3-m=min (*.-mm grit, *.-m=s -* sec at maximum flow .6 to 3.)m *.* to *. 3m-= ***msewage *.** to *.* m-= ***msewage

d'

Stor0 Tan6s per head or $ hrs retention

Gollow Technical !ommittee >ecommendations " )* (whichever the smaller,. (' $ri0ar% Sedi0entation

&ain design criterion " $ hours retention at maximum flow C returned liquors. a' Hori:onta F ow Tan6s

at maximum treatment flow Surface loading ;eir overflow rate (norm, 5' ;"ward F ow Tan6s B not to exceed .3m-=m$=day (allow for tanks out of service, B B 3* to -**m-=m=day $$*m-=m=day

at maximum treatment flow Surface loading rate (i.e. :pward flow velocity !' Radia F ow Tan6s at maximum treatment flow Surface loading rate ;eir overflow rate If 9 " notch weirs maximum discharge per notch B -* to .* m-=d. d' S udge Ho""ers to hold not less than dayHs estimated sludge make. $ B B not to exceed .3m-=m$=day (allow for tanks out of service, 3* to -** m-=m=day B B -*m-=m$=day .$3 m=h,.

+'

Bio ogi!a Fi tration Gor temperature variation of settled sewage7 ;inter 3V! " Summer $*V!. a' Sing e Rate Fi tration &edia " 3*m.m. slag (.* " @- mm range,. &edia depth " .6 to $.*m /rganic loadings7 (0verage conditions " settled sewage, >ange *.*) " *. $ kg D./.5. =m- media=day !onventional norm *. kg D./.5.=m- media=day (non#nitrifying, *.*6 kg D./.5.=m- media=day (nitrifying, 4ydraulic loading7 (0verage flow rates, &inimum wetting rate *..3 m-=m- media=day (non#nitrifying, *.-3m-=m- media=day (nitrifying, &aximum 4ydraulic load at average flow *.)3 to .3 m-=m- media=day 5' Re!ir!u ation

%rinciple use to cure ponding due to excessive film growth at the expense of loss of nitrification. and 0lso used to maintain irrigation rates on smaller schemes where infiltration is low on plastic filter media which require high irrigation rates. /rganic loading7 !onventional norm 4ydraulic loading7 (0verage conditions " settled sewage, *. 3 kg D./.5.=m- media=day (non#nitrifying, *. * kg D./.5.=m- media=day (nitrifying, (0verage flow rates with minimum of 7 recirculation rate,

&inimum wetting rate *.@* m-=m- media=day (non#nitrifying, *..* m-=m- media=day (nitrifying, c' Hu0us Tan6s

>etention time B .3 to - hours at maximum treatment rate. 0ctual value chosen increases as effluent consent standard becomes more rigorous. Surface loading rates not to exceed .3 m-=m$=day (with tanks out of service,. (&ay be F -* m-=m$=day for high quality effluents and to give increased security of consent compliance,. Sludge production B *.. to *.3 kg dry solids=kg D./.5. removed during filtration.

$$