General & Physical Chemistry for 1st year pharmacy students

Presented by: Dr. rer. nat. Shereen Hassib

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Textbook

General Chemistry The Essential Concepts

Chang / Goldsby 7th edition

Why do we study chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, the changes it undergoes

and the energy changes that

accompany those processes.

Matter is

defined as any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Energy is the capacity to do work or to transfer heat.

Physical property is one that a sample of matter displays without changing its composition e.g. reddish brown solid (copper) & yellow solid (sulfur)physical property of color

It can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.

magnet

iron filings in sand

distillation
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Chemical property is the ability (or inability) of a sample of matter to undergo a change in composition under stated conditions e.g. the ability of paper to burn.

Types of Changes

Physical change, some of the physical properties of the sample may change, but its composition remains unchanged e.g. melting of ice or sugar dissolved in water

Chemical change or chemical reaction, one or more kinds of matter are converted to new kinds of matter with different compositions e.g. burning of paper (C, H, O)..main combustion products are CO2 & H2O as steam.

Classifications of Matter

Pure substances Elements

can not be chemically separated.

Compounds
separated chemically (two or more components). components differ in identity from the compound and from each other.

All known elements are listed, by symbol, in the periodic table.

Elements that are chemically combined create compounds.

e.g. water can be chemically divided into hydrogen&oxygen.

A Comparison: The Three States of Matter

International System of Units (SI)

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Atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains its chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes.

Atoms are made of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons are positively charged particles with a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit (amu). The number of protons in the nucleus is called an element's atomic number (Z) and is listed with the element in the periodic table.

Atoms are electrically neutral, so there is also a negatively charged particle called an electron. To maintain the zero charge, the number of electrons and protons must be the same.

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If protons and electrons are not equal, the atom will have a charge and be called an ion.

Electrons are very lightweight, even compared with a proton. In fact, their mass is approximately 0 amu.

Like the proton, the neutron has a mass of 1 amu. However, it does not have a charge.

Therefore the sum of the protons and neutrons is called the mass number (A) Or atomic weight

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons

= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number Atomic Number

A ZX 2 1H

Element Symbol

1 1H

(D)
238 92

3 1H

(T)
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235 92

The Isotopes of Hydrogen

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Alkali Metals

The Periodic table

Halogens

Noble Gases

Alkaline Earths

Main Group

Transition Metals

Main Group
Slide 15 of 27

Lanthanides and Actinides

General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Example: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following elements? 112Cd 48 35Cl 17 16O 8 63Cu 2+ 29

Solution: p = 48, e = 48, and n = 112 48 = 64.

p = 17, e = 17, and n = 35 17 = 18. p = 8, e = 8, and n = 16 8 = 8. p = 29, e = 27, and n = 63 - 29 = 34 Z = no. of protons or electrons A Z = no. of neutrons

An atom that has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and 10 electrons is anion or cation ??

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Daltons Atomic Theory

1. Each element is composed of small particles called atoms. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

2. All atoms of a given element are identical and differ from all other elements
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine in simple numerical ratios.
Slide 17 of 27
General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2

H2O

NH3

CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO diatomic elements A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms O3, H2O, NH3, CH4 18

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na

11 protons 11 electrons

Na+

11 protons 10 electrons

anion ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.

Cl

17 protons 17 electrons

Cl

17 protons 18 electrons 19

A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance molecular empirical H2O CH2O O NH2 20

H2O
C6H12O6 O3 N2H4

Ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each formula unit must equal zero The ionic compound NaCl

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Stoichiometry
It describes the quantitative relationships among elements in compounds among substances undergo chemical changes (reaction stoichiometry) e.g. chemical equations

(composition stoichiometry) e.g. chemical formulas

The chemical formula is the expression that shows the number and kind of each atom in a molecule. The formula of single atom is the same as the symbol of the element. The diatomic molecules have the formulas of: O2, H2, Br2, Cl2

Example: The chemical formula of sodium acetate is CH3COONa The name of Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide

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The standard international (SI) unit for amount of substance, is a mole. It is just a specific number of either molecules or atoms. The number of molecules or atoms or particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles.

e.g. one mole of Helium (He) consists of 6.022 x 1023 He atoms. one mole of hydrogen (H2) consists of 6.022 x 1023 H2 molecules and 2 x(6.022 x 1023) H atoms. Example: How many moles of atoms does 136.9 g of iron metal contain?
Solution: The atomic weight of iron is 55.85 amu 1 mole iron 55.85 g Fe ? 136.9 g Fe ? mole Fe = 136.9 g Fe X 1 mole 55.85 g iron = 2.451 mole iron atoms
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Figure 2-17

One mole of an element

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Slide 25 of 27

Example: How many atoms are contained in 2.451 mol of iron? Solution: 1 mole Fe 2.451 mole

6.022 x 1023 atoms ?

? Fe atoms = 2.451 x 6.022 x 1023 1 mole = 1.476 x 1024 Fe atoms

Example: Calculate the average mass of one iron atom in grams. Solution: 55.85g (1 mole) Fe ?g ?g Fe = 55.85g Fe 6.022 x 1023
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6.022 x 1023 atoms 1 atom of iron

= 9.274 x 10-23 g Fe atom

Eggs 1 dozen eggs 12 eggs 24 ounces of eggs

Iron 1 mole of Fe atoms 6.022 x 1023 Fe atoms 55.85 g Fe

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