OSHA

Chapter10
Fleet Driver Training
& Safety Equipment
OSHA Highway Trucking Requirements
OSHA regulations aimed at hazards in the trucking in-
dustry involve section 1910.177, Servicing Multipiece and
Single-Piece Rim Wheels, and several requirements per-
taining to vehicle operation summarized under Specific
Requirements.
Most aspects of the trucking industry are regulated by the
Department of Transportation (DOT). The Materials Trans-
portation Bureau regulates the shipment of hazardous ma-
terials in 49 CFR, Chapter I, Part 177 Carriage by Public
Highway; Part 173 Shippers General Requirements
for Shipments & Packaging; and Part 178 Shipping Con-
tainer Specifications. The listing of materials considered
hazardous is in Part 172.
The trucking industry also comes under the jurisdiction of
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, also
part of the DOT. This administration sets the Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards (49 CFR, Chapter V, Part 571)
covering such equipment as lights, tires, brakes, seat belts,
warning devices and mirrors.
A study done by the Federal Highway Administration (FHA)
found that accidents are significantly related to maintenance
practices. After considering numerous complaints fromdriv-
ers and unions, as well as the high number of vehicle defects
found in unannounced roadside inspections, the FHA
amended the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (49
CFR, Part 396) to require maintenance inspections. Bus and
truck drivers must nowinspect their vehicles daily and make
a written report of any defects. Carriers must certify that cor-
rections have been made or are unnecessary.
Requirements from the General Industry
Standards
Servicing Multipiece Rim Wheels (1910.177)
(a) Scope. These rules apply to the servicing of multipiece
and single-piece rim wheels on large vehicles such as
trucks, tractors, trailers, buses and off-road machines.
(b) Definitions. See the full text of the standard for appli-
cable definitions.
(c) Employee training. (1) All employees who service rim
wheels must be instructed in the hazards involved and the
safety procedures to be followed.
(c.1.i) No employee can be allowed to service rim wheels
unless trained and instructed in the correct procedures.
(c.1.ii) The training program must include at least the
charts and information in this standard.
(c.1.iii) An employee who cannot read or understand the
charts or rim manual must be instructed about their con-
tents in a manner that he or she can understand.
(c.2) Each employee must demonstrate and maintain his
or her ability to service rim wheels safely, including the fol-
lowing tasks: (i) demounting of tires; (ii) inspection and
identification of rim wheel components; (iii) mounting of
tires (including inflation within a restraining device); (iv) use
of the restraining device; (v) handling of rim wheels; (vi) in-
flation of tires when a single-piece rim wheel is mounted
on a vehicle; (vii) an understanding of the necessity of
standing outside the trajectory during tire inflation and in-
spection of the tire following inflation; and (viii) installation
and removal of rim wheels.
(c.3) The employer must evaluate each employees ability
to perform these tasks and service rim wheels safely and
provide whatever additional training is necessary to main-
tain proficiency.
(d) Tire servicing equipment. (1) The employer must pro-
vide a restraining device for inflating tires on multipiece
wheels.
(d.2) The employer must provide a restraining device or
barrier for inflating tires on single-piece wheels unless the
rim wheel will be bolted on the vehicle during inflation.
(d.3) Restraining devices or barriers must meet the follow-
ing requirements: (i) each restraining device/barrier must be
able to withstand the force of an explosive wheel separa-
tion occurring at 150 percent of maximum tire specification
pressure for the type of rim wheel being serviced; (ii) the re-
straining device/barrier must prevent rim components from
being thrown outside or beyond the frame of the device,
however the wheel is positioned inside; (iii) restraining de-
vices/barriers must be inspected before each days use and
after any explosive separation of wheel components or
sudden release of contained air. A restraining device/barrier
must be removed from service if any of the following de-
fects are found: (A) cracks at welds; (B) cracked or broken
components; (C) bent or sprung components caused by
mishandling, abuse or wheel separation; (D) pitting of com-
ponents due to corrosion; or (E) other structural damage
that would decrease its effectiveness; and (iv) restraining
devices/barriers removed from service must not be re-
turned to service until repaired or reinspected. Those re-
quiring structural repair must be certified by the
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manufacturer or a Registered Professional Engineer before
being returned to service.
(d.4) For tire inflation, employers must provide and em-
ployees must use a clip-on chuck with a hose long enough
to permit the employee to stand clear of the potential tra-
jectory of the wheel components. This chuck must also
have an in-line valve with a gauge or pressure regulator pre-
set to the desired value.
(d.5) Current charts and rim manuals containing instruc-
tions for the types of wheels being serviced must be avail-
able in the service area.
(d.6) Only tools recommended in the rim manual for the
type of wheel being serviced must be used.
(e) Wheel component acceptability. (1) Multipiece
wheel components must not be interchanged except as al-
lowed in the charts/rim manuals.
(e.2) Multipiece wheel components and single-piece
wheels must be inspected prior to assembly, and any wheel
or wheel component bent out of shape, pitted from corro-
sion, broken or cracked must not be used and must be
marked or tagged unserviceable and removed fromthe ser-
vice area. Damaged or leaky valves must be replaced.
(e.3) Rim flanges, rim gutters, rings, bead seating sur-
faces and the bead areas of tires must be free of dirt, rust,
scale or loose or flaked rubber build-up before mounting
and inflation.
(e.4) The size and type of both the tire and wheel must be
checked for compatibility before assembly.
(f) Safe operating procedure multipiece rimwheels.
A safe operating procedure for servicing multi-piece rim
wheels must be established and employees instructed in
the following steps.
(f.1) Before demounting, tires must be completely de-
flated by removal of the valve core.
(f.2) Before a wheel is removed from the axle, tires must
be completely deflated by removing the valve core if: (i) the
tire has been driven underinflated at 80 percent or less of its
recommended pressure; or (ii) there is obvious or sus-
pected damage to the tire or wheel components.
(f.3) Rubber lubricant must be applied to bead and rim
mating surfaces during wheel assembly and tire inflation
unless the manufacturer recommends against it.
(f.4) Underinflated tires having more than 80 percent rec-
ommended pressure may be inflated while the rimwheel is
on the vehicle, provided remote control inflation equip-
ment is used and no employees are in the trajectory during
inflation.
(f.5) Tires may only be inflated outside the restraining de-
vice to a pressure sufficient to force the tire bead onto the
rimledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead.
(f.6) Employees must not rest or lean any part of the body
against a restraining device with a tire in it.
(f.7) After inflation, the tire, rim and rings must be in-
spected while still in the restraining device to make sure
they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment
to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire must
be deflated by removal of the valve core before the adjust-
ment is made.
(f.8) The seating of side and lock rings must not be ad-
justed by hammering, striking or forcing the components
while the tire is pressurized.
(f.9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged wheel
components must not be reworked, welded, brazed or oth-
erwise heated.
(f.10) Whenever multipiece rim wheels are being handled,
employees must stay out of the trajectory. If an employee is
present in the trajectory, the employer must be able to dem-
onstrate that the job required it.
(f.11) Heat must not be applied to a multipiece wheel or
wheel component.
(g) Safe operating procedure single-piece rim
wheels. A safe operating procedure for servicing sin-
gle-piece rimwheels must be established. Employees must
be instructed in and follow that procedure, which must in-
clude at least the following elements.
(g.1) Before demounting, tires must be completely de-
flated by removal of the valve core.
(g.2) Tire mounting and demounting only may be done
from the narrow ledge side of the wheel. Avoid damaging
the tire beads while mounting tires on wheels. Tires must
only be mounted on compatible wheels (bead diameter and
width).
(g.3) Before assembly of the rim wheel, nonflammable
rubber lubricant must be applied to bead and wheel sur-
faces, unless the manufacturer recommends against it.
(g.4) Tires must only be inflated to the minimum pressure
necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge if a tire
changing machine is used.
(g.5) If a bead expander is used, it must be removed be-
fore the valve core is installed and as soon as the rim wheel
becomes airtight.
(g.6) Tires must be inflated only when contained within a
restraining device, positioned behind a barrier or bolted on
the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened.
(g.7) Tires must not be inflated when any flat, solid surface
is in the trajectory and within 1 foot of the sidewall.
(g.8) Employees must stay out of the trajectory when a tire
is being inflated.
(g.9) Tires must not be inflated to more than the inflation
pressure stamped in the sidewall unless the manufacturer
recommends it.
(g.10) Tires must not be inflated above the maximum
pressure recommended by the manufacturer to seat the tire
bead firmly against the rim flange.
(g.11) Heat must not be applied to a single-piece wheel.
(g.12) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged
wheels must not be reworked, welded, brazed or otherwise
heated.
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia
(1910.111)
(b.10.iv) Each vehicle transporting ammonia in bulk (ex-
cept farm applicator vehicles) must carry at least five gal-
lons of water and a full face mask.
(f) Tank motor vehicles for the transportation of am-
monia. (1) This paragraph applies to containers and perti-
nent equipment mounted on tank motor vehicles including
semitrailers and full trailers used for the transportation of
ammonia. This paragraph does not apply to farmvehicles.
(f.6.i) The content of tank motor vehicle containers must
be determined by weight, by a suitable liquid-level gaging
device or other approved methods. If the content of a con-
tainer is to be determined by liquid-level measurement, the
container shall have a thermometer well so that the internal
liquid temperature can be easily determined. This volume
when converted to weight must not exceed the filling den-
sity specified by the DOT.
(f.9) Chock blocks. At least two chock blocks must be
provided. These blocks must be placed to prevent rolling of
the vehicle whenever it is parked during loading and un-
loading operations.
(f.10) Portable tank containers (skid tanks). Where por-
table tank containers are used for farm storage, they must
comply with (c.1). When portable tank containers are used
in lieu of cargo tanks and are permanently mounted on tank
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motor vehicles for the transportation of ammonia, they
must comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and
Tags (1910.145)
(d.10) Slow-moving vehicle emblem. This emblemmust
be used only on vehicles designed to move slowly (25 mph
or less) on public roads. It consists of a fluorescent yel-
low-orange triangle with a dark red reflective border and
must meet the specifications of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, ASAE R276, 1967 or ASAE S276.2
(ANSI B114.1-1971).
OSHA Instruction (issued 11-7-77) STD 1-7.2
The use of slow moving vehicle emblems that meet the
requirements of ASAE S276.3, the revised version of ASAE
S276.2, is considered a de minimis violation. Under the
newer standard, emblems must have improved durability
and fluorescence and a permanent marking that shows the
manufacturers name and address.
Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Mills (1910.261)
(c.5) Handling pulpwood from trucks. (i) Cutting of
stakes and binder wires must be done in accordance with
(c.4.iii).
(c.5.ii) Where binder chain and steel stakes are used, the
binder chains must be released and the stakes tripped from
the opposite side of the load spillage.
(c.5.iii) Where binder chains and crane slings are used, the
crane slings must be attached and taut before the binder
chains are released. The hooker must see that the helper is
clear before signaling for the movement of the load.
(c.7) Handling pulp chips from trucks and trailers. All
trucks and trailers must be securely fastened in place and
all employees in the clear before dumping is started.
Sawmills (1910.265)
(c.30) Vehicles. (i) Scope. Vehicles must include all mo-
bile equipment normally used in sawmill, planing mill, stor-
age, shipping and yard operations.
(c.30.ii) Warning signals and spark arrestors. All vehi-
cles must be equipped with audible warning signals and,
where practicable, must have spark arrestors.
(c.30.iii) Lights. All vehicles operated in the dark or in
poorly lighted areas must be equipped with head and tail
lights.
(c.30.iv) Overhead guard. All vehicles operated in areas
where overhead hazards exist must be equipped with an
approved overhead guard. See American National Stan-
dard Safety Code for Powered Industrial Trucks,
B56.1-1969, which is incorporated by reference as speci-
fied in 1910.6.
(c.30.v) Platform guard. Where the operator is exposed
to hazards from backing the vehicle into objects, an ap-
proved platform guard must be provided and so arranged
as to not impede the exit of the driver from the vehicle.
(c.30.vii) Operation in buildings. Vehicles powered by in-
ternal combustion engines must not operate in buildings
unless the buildings are adequately ventilated.
(c.30.viii) Load limits. No vehicle can be operated with
loads exceeding its safe load capacity.
(c.30.ix) Brakes. All vehicles must be equipped with
brakes capable of holding and controlling the vehicle and
capacity load upon any incline or grade over which they
may be operated.
(c.30.xi) Carriers. (A) Carriers must be so designed and
constructed that the operators field of vision is not unnec-
essarily restricted.
(c.30.xi.B) Carriers must be provided with an access lad-
der or the equivalent.
(c.30.xii) Lumber hauling trucks. (A) On trucks where
movement of load on stopping would endanger the opera-
tor, a substantial bulkhead must be installed behind the op-
erators seat. This must extend to the top of the operators
compartment.
(c.30.xii.B) Stakes, stake pockets, racks, tighteners and
binders must provide adequate means to secure the load
against any movement during transit.
(c.30.xii.C) Where rollers are used, at least two must be
equipped with locks that must be locked when supporting
loads during transit.
Requirements from the Construction Standards
The Construction standards Subpart O regulates the
hazards of the different types of vehicles used in construc-
tion work. An additional requirement for fire protection in
1926.152 pertains to vehicles used to carry flammable or
combustible liquids.
Equipment (motor vehicles, mechanized
equipment and marine operations) (1926.600)
(a) General requirements. (1) All equipment must have
appropriate lights or reflectors, or barricades with lights or
reflectors, when left unattended at night near active high-
ways or construction areas.
(a.2) A safety tire rack, cage or equivalent must be pro-
vided and used when inflating, mounting or dismounting
tires installed on split rims, or rims with locking rings or sim-
ilar devices.
(a.3) Heavy machinery, equipment or parts thereof sup-
ported by slings, hoists or jacks must be substantially
blocked or cribbed to prevent falling or shifting before em-
ployees are allowed to work under or between them. During
repair or when not in use, bulldozer and scraper blades,
end-loader buckets, dump bodies, etc., must be fully low-
ered or blocked. All controls must be in neutral, motors
stopped and brakes set, unless the work being done re-
quires otherwise.
(a.4) The use, care and charging of batteries must con-
form to requirements of Subpart K (1926.403 Battery
Rooms and Battery Charging).
(a.5) All cab glass must be safety glass or equivalent with
no visible distortion to affect operations.
(a.6) All equipment being operated near power lines or en-
ergized transmitters must comply with 1926.550(a.15).
Motor Vehicles (1926.601)
(a) This section applies to vehicles operating in an
off-highway jobsite, not open to public traffic, but does not
include equipment covered in 1926.602.
(b) General requirements. (1) All vehicles must have a
service brake system, emergency brakes and parking
brakes. They may use common components and must be
kept operable.
(b.2) When visibility requires it, vehicles must have at least
two headlights and two taillights, all operable. Vehicles
must also have working brake lights.
(b.3) All vehicles must have an adequate, operable warn-
ing horn.
(b.4) Any motor vehicle that has an obstructed viewto the
rear must have a reverse signal alarm audible above the
surrounding noise level, or else have an observer to signal
that backing operations are safe.
(b.5) Vehicle cabs must have unbroken and uncracked
windshields with powered wipers and defogging and de-
frosting devices when required.
(b.6) All haulage vehicles loaded by other equipment must
have a cab shield and/or canopy to protect the operator.
(b.7) Tools and equipment must be secured when in the
same compartment with employees.
(b.8) Vehicles for carrying employees must have enough
firmly secured seats for the passengers.
(b.9) Seat belts and anchorages meeting DOT require-
ments must be installed on all motor vehicles.
(b.10) Dump trucks must have a positive support that can
be locked in position to prevent lowering during repairs or
inspection.
(b.11) Operating levers for hoisting or dumping must have
a latch or other device to prevent accidental starting.
(b.12) Trip handles for dump truck tailgates must be lo-
cated so operators will be in the clear during dumping.
(b.13) All rubber-tired vehicles must have fenders. Mud
flaps may be substituted.
(b.14) All vehicles to be used must be checked before
each shift for safe operating condition of service brakes (in-
cluding trailer connections), hand brakes, emergency
brakes, tires, horn, steering, coupling devices, seat belts,
operating controls and safety devices. Lights, reflectors,
windshield wipers, defrosters, fire extinguishers, etc., are
also required when needed.
Material Handling Equipment (1926.602)
(a) Earthmoving equipment general. (1) This section
applies to scrapers, loaders, crawler or wheel tractors, bull-
dozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agricultural and indus-
trial tractors, etc.
(a.2) Seat belts. Earth moving equipment must have seat
belts that meet Society of Automotive Engineers require-
ments, J386-1969, Seat Belts for Construction Equip-
ment. Seat belts for agricultural and light industrial tractors
must meet SAE requirements, J333a-1970, Operator Pro-
tection for Agricultural & Light Industrial Tractors. Seat
belts are not required on equipment designed only for
standup operation, or on equipment that does not have roll-
over protective structure or adequate canopy.
(a.3) Access roadways and grades. (i) Access roadways
and grades must be constructed and maintained to safely
accommodate the movement of the construction equip-
ment and vehicles involved.
(a.3.ii) All emergency access ramps and berms must be
constructed to restrain and control runaway vehicles.
(a.4) Brakes. Earthmoving equipment covered by this
section must have brakes capable of stopping and holding
the equipment fully loaded as specified in Society of Auto-
motive Engineers standards.
(a.5) Fenders. This requirement is suspended pending re-
consideration.
(a.6) Rollover protective structures and overhead protec-
tion are covered in Subpart W.
(a.8) All equipment must meet these requirements or the
employer must seek a variance.
(a.9) Audible alarms. (i) All bidirectional machines must
have an operating horn, distinguishable from the surround-
ing noise, to be used as needed in either direction.
(a.9.ii) Earthmoving or compacting equipment with an ob-
structed view to the rear must have either a reverse signal
alarm or an employees signal that it is safe to back up.
(a.10) Scissor points on front-end loaders must be
guarded if hazardous to the operator.
(b) Excavating and other equipment. (1) Tractors, even
with backhoe, breakers and other attachments, must have
seat belts for the operators.
(b.2) Description and nomenclature of machinery as used
in this Subpart is taken from SAE 1970 Handbook pages
1088-1103.
(b.3) The requirements of the Power Crane & Shovel As-
sociationss Standards No. 1 & 2 of 1968 and No. 3 of 1969
must be followed.
(c) See the In-Plant Trucks section of this chapter.
OSHA Instruction (issued 9-30-76) STD 3-19.1
The requirements of construction standard 1926.902 spe-
cifically prohibit transportation of blasting caps in the same
vehicle with other explosives. The Department of Transpor-
tation, however, allows this practice under certain controlled
conditions as required in 49 CFR, 177.835 (g). OSHA has
agreed to consider practices that comply with this DOT reg-
ulation as de minimis violations of its own standard.
Requirements from the Maritime Standards
The Marine Terminals standard (1917) regulates vehicles
in Subpart C, Cargo Handling Gear and Equipment.
Powered Industrial Trucks (1917.43)
(b.7) Drivers must ascend and descend grades slowly.
(b.8) Drivers must slow down and sound the horn at
crossaisles and wherever visibility is obstructed.
(b.9) Drivers must travel with the load trailing if forward
view is obstructed.
(b.11) The operator must be able to determine that the
cargo has been engaged even if the cargo lifting device has
a means of engagement hidden from the operator.
(b.12) Drivers must be protected from sliding loads when
towing cargo on pipe trucks or similar equipment.
General Rules Applicable to Vehicles (1917.44)
(d) Motor vehicle operators must comply with posted
speed limits and other traffic control signs and signals and
written traffic instructions.
(e) Stop signs must be posted at main entrances and exits
where visibility is impaired, and at blind intersections, un-
less other equivalent systems of safety are employed.
(f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules and parking areas must be
established, identified and used.
(g) Vehicle drivers must warn employees in traffic lanes of
the vehicles approach.
(h) Pedestrian traffic signs must be clearly posted in loca-
tions where employees may be working, such as vehicular
check-in and check-out lines.
(i) In a check-in, check-out roadability or vessel load-
ing/discharging line, a distance of 20 feet or more must be
maintained between the first two vehicles, and between any
subsequent vehicles behind which employees must work.
Fuel Handling and Storage (1917.156)
(a) Liquid fuel. (2) In case of spillage, filler caps must be
replaced and spillage disposed of before engines are
started.
(a.3) Engines must be stopped, and operators must not
be on the equipment during refueling operations.
(a.7) Flammable liquids may be dispensed in the open
from a tank or from other vehicles equipped for delivering
fuel to another vehicle only if: (i) dispensing hoses do not
exceed 50 feet (15.2m) in length; and (ii) any powered dis-
pensing nozzles used are of the automatic-closing type.
(b) Liquefied gas fuels. (2) Fuel containers. (i) When re-
movable fuel containers are used, the escape of fuel when
containers are exchanged must be minimized by: (B) clos-
ing fuel container valves and allowing engines to run until
residual fuel is exhausted.
(b.2.iv) Containers must be located to prevent damage to
the container. If located within a compartment, that compart-
ment must be vented. Containers near the engine or exhaust
system must be shielded against direct heat radiation.
(b.2.v) Container installation must provide the container
with at least the vehicles road clearance under maximum
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spring deflection, which must be to the bottom of the con-
tainer or to the lowest fitting on the container or housing,
whichever is lower.
(b.5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i) Liquefied gas fu-
eled vehicles may be stored or serviced inside garages or
shops only if there are no fuel system leaks.
(b.5.ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles under repair must
have container shut-off valves closed unless engine opera-
tion is necessary for repairs.
(b.5.iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles must not be
parked near open flames, sources of ignition or unventi-
lated open pits.