THE VERB General information about verbs and tenses Definition A verb is a word (run) or a phrase (run out)

which expresses the existence of a state ( hate, smell) or the doing of an action (swim, write). There are two important facts: 1) Verbs are used to express distinctions in time (past, present, future) through tense. We saw them at the concert yesterday. (Past) They are doing their homework at the moment. (Present) Tom will be grateful to his parents all his life. (Future) ) !uxi"iar# verbs are used with fu"" verbs to give other information about actions and states. For examp"e, be is used with the present particip"e of a fu"" verb to sa# that an action is going on or in progress, at a particu"ar time or with the past particip"e to form the passive voice. He was reading a novel when I came in. (progressive aspect) He was sent the confirmation by post. (passive voice) Have is used with the past particip"e of a fu"" verb to form perfect tenses and means the comp"etion of an action. Youll watch T after you have finished doing your homework. $ Verb tenses

The

on"# two cases where the form of the basic verb varies are present and past: hate (hates), write

(writes) % present & hated, wrote % past. For the other tenses a"" combinations of be ' present particip"e and have ' past particip"e as tenses are used. The same is true for will ' bare infinitive to refer to the future. (e must remember that tense in )ng"ish is often not entire"# re"ated to time. Could you lend me your eraser for a moment! (Present not past) I will come on time, dont worry (more of a promise than a future action). Tenses have two forms, simp"e and progressive (or continuous). The formu"a for the progressive aspect is * ' +e ' V%ing (or present particip"e):
simp"e present: past: present perfect: past perfect: future in the past: future: future perfect: , wou"d wa", wi"" wa", wi"" have wa"-ed , would be wa"-ing , wi"" be wa"-ing , will have been wa"-ing. , wa", wa"-ed , have wa"-ed , had wa"-ed progressive , am wa"-ing , was wa"-ing , have been wa"-ing , had been wa"-ing

*imp"e forms and progressive combinations can a"so occur with conditiona"s and moda"s:
present conditiona": , wou"d wa", would be

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wa"-ing past conditiona": moda": , wou"d have wa"-ed , ma# wa", would have been wa"-ing , may be wa"-ing.

$ State and dynamic verbs

Some verbs are not genera""# used in progressive forms. The# are ca""ed state verbs because the# refer
to states (e.g., experiences, conditions etc.) rather than to actions. ,n a sentence "i-e, He loves"loved tennis more than any other game, ."oves/"oved0 describe a state over which he has no contro": it is an invo"untar# fee"ing. #ynamic verbs usua""# refer to actions which are de"iberate or vo"untar#, Hes building a hen house , or the# refer to changing situations, $hes becoming prettier and prettier, that is to activities which have a beginning or an end. (e have three situations: 1) 1#namic verbs with progressive and simp"e forms& Im cleaning up my room. I always clean my room at the weekend. ) Verbs which are near"# a"wa#s state verbs (simp"e forms on"#): I hear every noise from my neighbours through this thin wall. 2) Verbs that have d#namic or state uses: a) de"iberate actions: b) states: Im weighing this sack of potatoes. He weighs %&' pounds.

!ccording to 3. 4. !"exander, state verbs usua""# occur in the simp"e form in a"" tenses, meaning that the# do not have progressive aspect. $tates can be categorised "i-e this: 1. Fee"ings, emotions: (admire%, adore, (appreciate, (attract, believe in, care about, (dare, dislike, doubt, fear, (hate, (hope, (interest, (like, (love, (mean, (regret, )cant* stand, trust. . Thin-ing, be"ieving: agree, believe, )cant* comprehend, (consider, (e+pect, (feel, (find, get it, (guess ),m-.*, (hear )be told*, hear about )get to know*, hear of )know about*, (imagine )think*, know, )suppose*, (recognise, (see )understand*, ()cant* tell, (think )believe*, understand,. 2. (ants and preferences/ desire, fancy, need, prefer, want, wish. 5. Perception and the senses: (catch )understand*, )can* (distinguish, )can* (hear, notice, )can* (see, )can* (smell, (taste. 6. +eing, seeming, having, owning: afford, (appear )seem*, belong )to*, come from )your place of origin*, concern, consist of, contain, (cost, (count, (depend, differ from, (feel, (fit, happen to, have"have got, (include, (involve, know by, (look )appear*, matter, mean, merit, own, possess, (prove, (read, (represent, seem, (sound )seem*, (stand for, suit )be suitable*, (tend, (weigh. (!"exander 1775: 251) $ Time reference with adverbs

Some adverbs "i-e yesterday and tomorrow refer to past or future,

1

8 9 these verbs have a"so d#namic meanings/uses !m) 9 !merican )ng"ish

I skated three hours yesterday. 0other will tell you a few things tomorrow. :ther adverbs such as already, always, ever, often, never, now, still can be used with a variet# of tenses, though the# ma# often be associated with particu"ar ones. For examp"e, always is often associated with the simp"e present or past for habitua" actions: $he always took an umbrella when she went shopping. +ut it can be used with other tenses as we"": He will always love his wife. 1ather has always bought us useful things. 2eter $ used to tell us that he had always admired 0ary. Sequence of tenses comp"ex sentence has more predicates whose tenses are inf"uenced b# one another. (e

usua""# have a ma;or tense that can be inf"uenced b#: 1) $tability in the use of tenses: ,f we start a narrative or description from the present ( now), we usua""# see the other tenses from a present perspective. (e can have the fo""owing combinations: present present ' present perfect future He You is sitting in the garden while she is washing up. havent finished your homework although it is almost night.

Helen boasts that she will earn a lot of money at her new 3ob. ,f we start a narrative or description with a past action ( then) we usua""# maintain a past perspective. past past ' past perfect future in the past The moment he got into the house he noticed something was missing. They found out that their friends had already gone home. $usan hoped that her little boy would soon be cured. ) The vicinity rule: ! present tense in the main c"ause (e.g., a reporting verb in the passive voice) is usua""# fo""owed b# a present tense in the subordinate c"ause. He tells me his father is a famous scientist. ! past tense norma""# attracts another past. $he told me she was looking forward to her summer holiday. ! spea-er or writer can ignore the vicinit# ru"e and use a present tense after a past or a past after a present in order to be more precise: He told me his father is a famous scientist. (i.e., he sti"" is)

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2) $pecial tense se4uences: These specia" se<uences of tenses are met in reported speech, in conditiona" sentences, time c"auses, after verbs and phrases "i-e wish, Id rather, in c"auses of purpose.2 He complained he hadnt been promoted for a long time. I would have come over if they had invited me. He will let you know as soon as he has some news. I wish I had a new car. $ Types of verbs

We can c"assif# verbs in different wa#s. :ne c"assification re"ates to the function of items in the verb
phrase. This distinguishes "exica" verbs ( read, look, go etc.), and verbs from the c"osed s#stem of auxi"iaries which are subdivided into: a) primar# auxi"iaries (do, have, be)& b) moda" auxi"iaries (according to 3. 4. !"exander: can%could, may%might, shall%should, will%would, must, ought to, need, dare. =uirinc"udes used to here)& c) semi%auxi"iaries (subc"ass ,: be to, be bound to, be apt to, be going to, be liable to, be sure to, had"d better"best, have to, have got to, come to 5 happen to, fail to, get to, tend to, etc. & subc"ass ,,: be certain to, be )un*likely to, appear to, happen to, seem to, turn out to). (=uir- et a". 17> : > ) Verbal forms and the verbal phrase

Man#

)ng"ish verbs have five forms: the base, V, ( play, ring), the ?s form (plays, rings), the past

(played, rang), the present particip"e or the ?ing form (playing, ringing) and the past particip"e or the ?ed particip"e (played, rung). The regu"ar "exica" verbs have the same ? ed inf"ection for both the past tense (V%ed 1) and the ?ed particip"e (V%ed ). The irregu"ar "exica" verb forms var# from three ( hurt, hurts, hurting) to eight (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been). The moda" auxi"iaries are defective: the# do not have infinitive, % ing particip"e, %ed particip"e and imperative. 1) The base of the verb (eat) is used for: a a) a"" the present tenses except the third person singu"ar: I"you"we"they eat everyday. b) the imperative: Eat at once@ c) the sub;unctive: $he insisted that her daughter eat at once. d) the bare (short) infinitive: He may eat. the to ?infinitive: He wants to eat. ) ?s form of the verb (eats) is used for the third person singu"ar present tense: He"$he"It eats everyday. 2) The past form (ate) is used to express a past action: He ate three times yesterday. 5) The present particip"e (or the ?ing form) (eating) is used for: a) the progressive aspect (be ' V%ing):
2

The# wi"" be c"ose"# studied in *#ntax.

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Hes eating now. b) in ?ing particip"e c"auses: Eating early, he could be at the office on time. 6* The past particip"e (or ?ed particip"e) is used for:
a) the perfect aspect (have ' V%ed ):

He has eaten all the food.

b) the passive voice (be ' V%ed ): ,ll the food was eaten.

c) the ?ed particip"e c"auses: Eaten by the dog, the food was no more available. 3exica" verbs are of two -inds, regu"ar ( end) and irregu"ar (eat). ,n a"" of them the ?s form and ?ing particip"e are predictab"e from the base form. (ith the irregu"ar verbs #ou cannot predict the second and the third forms. Time, aspect, mood and voice

Time is a universa", non%"inguistic concept with three divisions: past, present and future. +#

tense we

understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time. ,spect concerns the manner in which the verba" action is experienced or regarded, whi"e mood re"ates the verba" action to such conditions as certaint# (,ndicative), ob"igation (,mperative), necessit# (*ub;unctive), possibi"it# and probabi"it# (Aonditiona"). To a great extent these three categories inf"uence each other: the expression of time present and past cannot be considered separate"# from aspect, and the expression of the future is c"ose"# connected with mood. oice is the re"ation between the sub;ect of the sentence, the predicate and the direct ob;ect. ,n the ,ctive oice the sub;ect is the doer of the action and the direct ob;ect the affected (*BPB1:). ,n the 7efle+ive oice the sub;ect is a"so the affected (*CP). ,n the 2assive oice the sub;ect is the affected of the action done b# the b#%agent (*DPDb#!). English verb tenses

Present tense simple is the base form of the verb for a"" persons except the third in the I"You"We"They swim in the morning. He"$he"It swims in the morning.

singu"ar which ta-es an ?s or ?es.

*pe""ing ru"es. Verbs ending in, %s, ?ss, %sh, %ch, %+, %o ta-e ?es: , focus ? he focuses& , cross ? he crosses& , fish ? he fishes& , stretch ? he stretches& , box ? he boxes& , do ? he does. Verbs ending in a consonant ' y, change the y into i and add ?es. , cr# ? she cries& , den# ? he denies. This does not app"# for verbs ending in a vowel ' y. , p"a# ? he p"a#s& , pre# ? he pre#s.

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=uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the present simp"e with the he"p of do. Do I"you"we"they play the guitar! Does he"she"it play the guitar! (e form negative sentences in the present simp"e with the he"p of do, too. I"You"We"They do not )dont* play the guitar. He"$he"It does not )doesnt* play the guitar. Eses of the present simp"e. To express permanent states. 7omania lies in the $outh -ast of -urope. To express habitua" and repeated actions (with fre<uenc# adverbs, such as usually, always, often, sometimes, ever, never, daily, every 8 time, in the afternoon, at the weekend, etc.) He usually goes to the office in his car. To express genera" truths and "aws of nature. The sun rises in the -ast. To ta"- about schedu"es and timetab"es. The last train to 9ondon leaves at midnight. ,n sports commentaries, reviews and narration. Hoggs passes to 1igs and then collapses on the pitch. :ulia 7oberts plays the part of the good woman. Then they take the key of the secret room and unlock it. For instructions and directions. You play the game with another three people. To express future actions which are part of a ca"endar, or cannot be changed. Tomorrow is Tuesday. 0y aunt retires in three weeks.

Present tense continuous

or progressive! is formed with the verb to be (am, is,

are) in the present tense and the present particip"e of the verb (V% ing). I am writing a letter. You"We"They are writing letters. He"$he is writing a letter. *pe""ing ru"es. Verbs ending in ?e drop it when ?ing is added. Ta-e ? ta-ing& save ? saving. Verbs ending in a stressed s#""ab"e, which contains a short vowe", doub"e the fina" consonant.

1F

Fit ? fitting& rob ? robbing& forget ? forgetting. Verbs ending in ?l, doub"e it when ?ing is added. Travel ? travelling. Verbs ending in ?ie change them to ?y and add ?ing. 3ie ? "ying& die ? dying. =uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the present progressive with the he"p of the verb to be. Am I looking for the right address! Are you"we"they looking for the right address! Is he"she looking for the right address! (e ma-e negative statements a"so using the verb to be and the negative partic"e not. I am not4 waiting in vain. You"We"They are not )arent* waiting in vain. He"$he is not )isnt* waiting in vain. Eses of the present progressive. To express actions which are ta-ing p"ace now, at the moment of spea-ing. ,t is considered the rea" present tense. I am reading a good book (Gow, that #ouHve as-ed.) To express temporar# actions, but not happening at the moment of spea-ing. Helen is taking driving lessons for two months. To express change and deve"opment. It is getting colder and colder. To express irritation or anno#ance, usua""# with the fo""owing adverbs: always, forever, constantly, and continually. You are always forgetting to do your homework. To express a future action that has a"read# been arranged (time and p"ace). We are having dinner out tonight. Time expressions usua""# used with present progressive are now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, these days etc. @@ *tate verbs ta-e a progressive form when the# have a changed meaning. I see well from that distance. (*tate meaning ? .perceive, notice0) Im seeing all my family at the party tonight. (1#namic meaning ? .meet0) This soup tastes so good; (*tate meaning) You are always tasting whats in the pots. (1#namic meaning)

There is not a short form for am not a"though in !m) use there is the incorrect"# grammatica" aint.

1>

)I)JA,*)* 1. Underline the correct tense. 1. The bus (leaves"is leaving) at noon so we0d better hurr# up. . Ke (grows/is growing) o"der and o"der ever# da# after his son0s departure. 2. Kave #ou seen LohnM , ("oo-/am "oo-ing) for him to te"" him the news. 5. , and m# father (-now/are -nowing) the answers to a"" the <uestions #ou cou"d as-. 6. First, #ou (boi"/are boi"ing) six eggs and then #ou (mix, are mixing) them with ha"f a pound of sugar. F. Nar- had an accident the other da# and he (uses/is using) his mother0s car these da#s. >. ,t rare"# (rains/is raining) in the *ahara 1esert. O. , (see/am seeing) Nichae" at the meeting tomorrow night. 7. The# (go/are going) to the seaside next month. 1P. Ke a"wa#s (gets/is getting) into the house with dirt# shoes. 2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct present form. 1. )"ephants ..have.. (have) a great memor#. . !re #ou bus#M Q Res, , S(wash) the dirt# c"othes in the house. 2. Nore and more chi"dren S ("earn) how to wor- on the computer nowada#s. 5. Tom S (throw) his birthda# part# tonight. Kave #ou been invitedM 6. The# S (p"a#) tennis from 5 p.m. ti"" dus- ever# afternoon. F. (hat , S (do) nextM Q Rou S (add) f"our and cream to the mixture and S (mix) it for ten minutes. >. (here #ou S (come) fromM Q , S (come) from Lapan. O. Peter S (p"a#) the piano too "oud and , can0t here #ou. 7. (hat are #our p"ans for *aturda# nightM Q (e"", , S (go) to the theatre with m# fiancT. 1P. Ki, Lane@ Q :h, we a"wa#s S (meet) each other in this car par-. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the right present tense. ! hunter ..is.. 1. (be) on his wa# bac- to the camp when a big "ion sudden"# S . (appear) not thirt# steps awa#. The hunter S 2. (wait) unti" the "ion S 5. (be) read# to ;ump, S6. (fire) and SF. (miss). Ke S>. (thin-) that he SO. (be) "ost ? but then a mirac"e S7. (happen). The "ion S1P. (;ump) too far, and S11. ("and) behind the hunter, who <uic-"# S1 . (run) into the camp. The next afternoon the hunter S12. (go) into the #ard to practise shooting. *udden"# he S15. (hear) a strange noise outside the fence. Ke S16. ("oo-) over and S1F. (see) the "ion, who S1>. (practise) short ;umps. 4. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning sta s the same. 1. Rou don0t have to worr# about the news, ;ust spea- to him@ The news ..doesnt matter, 3ust speak to him;.. . There are a "ot of students who ta-e up courses at two co""eges at the same time. Nore and more students SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

1O

2. (hat is inside the truc- of this carM (hat doesSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS... 5. (hat is the price of this dressM Kow much SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. 6. , thin- these ca-es have a strange taste. These ca-es SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS... F. Nar# -eeps meeting that bad"# behaved #oung man. Nar# is SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.. >. 1on0t mind )dgar0s sarcastic ;o-es. Ke is not serious. )dgar is SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. O. (hat about going to a picnic on *unda#M Kow do SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.. 7. (hat is the sense of his remar-sM (hat do SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. 1P. *arah gives me a "ot of usefu" advice in m# new ;ob. N# new ;ob SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS...

Present perfect simple is formed with the he"p of the verb to have in the present and the past I"You"We"They have answered all the 4uestions. He"$he has answered all the 4uestions.

particip"e of the verb.

=uestions and negatives. =uestions are formed b# the inversion of the auxi"iar# and the sub;ect. Have I"you"we"they answered all the 4uestions! Has he"she answered all the 4uestions! Gegative sentences are formed b# adding not after the auxi"iar#. I"You"We"They have not )havent* answered all the 4uestions. He"$he has not )hasnt* answered all the 4uestions. Eses of the present perfect simp"e. To express an action which began in the past and sti"" continues up to the present. *tate verbs such as be, have, like, know are usua""# used together with since (showing the beginning of the action) and for (showing the duration of the action). $he has known him since :anuary. Tom has lived here for the past five years. To express the resu"t of an action that has recent"# finished. Ive 3ust bought this hat. #o you like it!

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 (hen there is no time reference and the accent is p"aced on the action itse"f. The $miths have sold their old house. To express an action done in a period of time that is not over #et. Ive written two letters this morning. )Its only %% a.m.* To express a comp"eted future action in a time c"ause. You wont get out until you have finished your homework. Time expressions usua""# used with the present perfect are already, always, ever, never, 3ust, so far, never, today, lately, recently, up to now, still, this week"month, since, for etc.

Present perfect continuous is formed with the verb to be in the present perfect simp"e I"You"We"They have been running for two hours now. He"$he has been running for two hours now.

(has"have been) and the present particip"e of the verb (V% ing).

=uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the present perfect continuous p"acing have"has in front of the sub;ect. Have I"you"we"they been running for two hours! Has he"she been running for two hours! Gegative sentences are formed adding not after have"has. I"You"We"They have not )havent* been running for two hours. He"$he has not )hasnt* been running for two hours. Eses of the present perfect continuous. To express an action that began in the past and is sti"" ta-ing p"ace. *ome time expressions that strengthen this continuation are: for, since, all morning"day etc. $ue has been studying all day. To express an action that ma# have finished but whose resu"ts are sti"" visib"e. Hes all wet< hes been running all morning. To express an irritating or anno#ing action. $omebody has been using my computer. @@ Present perfect simp"e is used to show the number of the actions or the resu"t whi"e present perfect continuous shows the duration of the action. $he has called you three times since you left. $he has been calling for more than an hour. )I)JA,*)*

!. Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect simple or continuous. 1. Ke ..has been trying.. (tr#) to find a so"ution to the prob"em for more than an hour without an# success. . Nar# S(fai") her exam two times and she0s ver# upset. 2. , S(as-) him man# times about his future career. 5. (hat0s this noiseM Q :ur neighbours S(fight) for hours. 6. Rour secretar# S("oo- for) #ou a"" morning. (here S(be)M F. (ho S(write) with m# penM >. Lohn S(read) Fow"es0s "atest nove" and is ver# impressed. O. *ince #ou came, a"" the peop"e S(<uarre") over #our new pro;ect. 7. Nargaret S(p"a#) the piano a"" morning and now she S(stop). 1P. Ke S(grow) roses for #ears but he never S(have) such wonderfu" f"owers. ". #ill in for or since. 1. , have never "eft this town a) ..since.. , was born& b) ..for.. ten #ears. . ,t has been getting co"d a) S#esterda#& b) Smore than a wee-. 2. The# have been p"a#ing footba"" a) Stwo hours& b) Stwo o0c"oc-. 5. :ur bab# has been cr#ing a) Sthe "ast ha"f%hour& b) She wo-e up. 6. (e haven0t seen a good fi"m a) S"ast wee-& b) Sages. F. The# haven0t written to their parents a)Sthe# "eft for Aanada& b)Sthe beginning of the #ear. >. *he hasn0t spo-en to her husband a) She came home after midnight& b) Sa who"e wee-. O. This "aU# painter has been painting m# daughter0s portrait a) Sone #ear& b) S, hired him. 7. *he has been seeing Ahar"es a) Shis divorce& b) Sa "ong time. 1P. ,t hasn0t been such a famine in the region a) Sancient times& b) S"onger than , can remember. $. %hoose the correct answer. 1. ..=.. a good p"a# "ate"#M Q Res, , saw 0acbeth #esterda#. !. Kave #ou been seeing +. have #ou seen A. Rou have seen . ,t was a surprise !nge"a cou"d spea- )ng"ish so we"". Q :h, she S.for a #ear now. !. has been stud#ing +. has studied A. is stud#ing 2. (hat0s #our Num doingM Q *he S"unch in the -itchen a"" morning. !. is coo-ing +. has coo-ed A. has been coo-ing 5. *he Swashing up #et. *he0s sti"" wor-ing. !. doesn0t finish +. hasn0t been finishing A. hasn0t finished 6. The# SneverSthe +ran Aast"e before. !. visit +. did visit A. have visited F. (hat S.a"" morningM !. are #ou "oo-ing for +. have #ou "oo-ed for A. have #ou been "oo-ing for >. Ke Son"# three <uestions a"" afternoon.

!. has answered +. has been answering A. is answering O. S#our trave" tic-et or are #ou sti"" <ueuingM !. 1id #ou bu# +. have #ou bought A. have #ou been bu#ingM 7. The# Sthe house for a wee- and sti"" haven0t finished. !. are decorating +. have decorated A. have been decorating 1P. , Shim for a ver# "ong time. !. -now +. have -nown A. have been -nowing &. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning sta s the same. 1. This is his third visit to this museum. This is the third time he has visited this museum. . ,t0s over ten #ears since we met. (e have SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. 2. There is <uite a change in #our behaviour. Rour SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 5. The "ast time the# had a "ong ho"ida# was three #ears ago. The# haven0t SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 6. *uU# started ta-ing driving "essons a wee- ago. *uU# has SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS F. The "and"ord "ast got mone# from his tenants five months ago. The tenants haven0t SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS >. , don0t -now where m# g"asses are. , have SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. O. Ke bought his TV set ten #ears ago and he0s sti"" using it. Ke has SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 7. !fter she started ;ogging, she fe"t much better. *he has SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS... 1P. This is the first time ,0m eating Thai food. , have never SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS...

Past tense simple is formed in two wa#s in )ng"ish: 1. Jegu"ar verbs add ?ed at the end: p"a# > p"a#ed< mend ? mended< They played in the garden. . ,rregu"ar verbs change their base form and have to be "earned b# heart: run > ran< do > did< make > made. He ran to the bus stop.

*pe""ing ru"es. Verbs that end in %e add on"# ?d: dance > danced< race > raced. Verbs that end in a consonant ' y change the y into i and add %ed: cry > cried, fry > fried. Verbs that end in a stressed vowe" fo""owed b# a consonant, doub"e the consonant and add ? ed: plan > planned& drop > dropped. Verbs that end in ?l, doub"e it and add ?ed: travel > travelled< 4uarrel > 4uarrelled.6 =uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the past with the he"p of did. The main verb is used in its base form. Did you play in the garden! (e form the negative of the past tense with did ' not. I did not )didnt* play in the garden. Eses of the simp"e past tense. To express an action that too- p"ace in the past, at a definite time, a"read# -nown or imp"ied. They told him the news yesterday morning. To express a se<uence of actions that too- p"ace one after the other. He opened the door and welcomed the guests. To express habits or states in the past which are not done in the present. This can a"so be expressed with used to (in contrast with the present) and would (a t#pica" action and used onl with activit# verbs). 0y grandfather used to go to market every $aturday morning (but he doesnHt do it now). He would drive his car at a high speed. Time expressions used with the past tense are yesterday, then, when, last )night, month, etc.*, )a month, a week, a year, etc.* ago, in .''' etc.

Past tense continuous is formed with to be in the past (was"were) and the present particip"e I was eating bread and butter. We were travelling by car.

of the verb.

=uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the past tense continuous p"acing was"were before the sub;ect. ere you eating bread and butter! as she cleaning the house! Gegative sentences are formed with was"were ' not in front of the verb. I was not )wasnt* eating bread and butter. We were not )werent* travelling by car.

,n !m) the ?l is not doub"ed: travel > traveled< 4uarrel > 4uarreled.

Eses of the past tense continuous. To express an action that was in progress at a certain time in the past. He was writing his paper at %' oclock yesterday morning. To express an action that was in progress when another one happened sudden"#, expressed b# the simp"e past. He was writing his paper when the telephone rang, To express more actions in progress at the same time. 0ary was washing the clothes while her husband was looking after their baby. To describe the setting where a stor# deve"oped. Tom was walking slowly on the forest path. The birds were singing in the trees, the sun was shining brightly, butterflies were fluttering through the branches. Time expressions used with the past tense continuous are when, while, as, all morning"day"evening etc.

Past perfect simple is formed with had and the past particip"e of the verb. He had already made the complaint.

=uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the past perfect simp"e p"acing had before the sub;ect of the sentence. Had he made the complaint! Gegative sentences are formed with had not before the verb. He had not )hadnt* made a complaint. Eses of the past perfect simp"e. To express a past action that too- p"ace before another past action or a certain time in the past. They invited us to the theatre but we had already seen the play. $he had done the washing before 6 oclock yesterday afternoon. To express an action finished in the past and with visib"e resu"ts. He had painted his wife portrait beautifully.? Time expressions used with the past perfect are before, already, after, 3ust, for, since, till"until, by, when, never, by the time etc.

Past perfect continuous is formed with had been before the present particip"e of the verb. He had been playing the piano all afternoon.

=uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the past perfect continuous p"acing had before the sub;ect. Had he been playing the piano all afternoon! (e form negative sentences with had not before the verb.
F

(hen the se<uence of events is c"ear"# shown b# the context, we can use past tense instead of past perfect, using after or before: He told me the news after he heard it on the radio.

He had not )hadnt* been playing the piano all afternoon. Eses of the past perfect continuous. To emphasise the duration of a past action that too- p"ace before another past action. $he had been practising for years before she got the trophy. To express a past action that began before another past action and was sti"" going on at that time or had visib"e resu"ts. $he had been reading for her e+am when I arrived there. Time expressions used with past perfect continuous are for, since, before, after, until, how long etc. )I)JA,*)* '. Put the verbs in brackets into past simple or past continuous form. 1. Lim ..was talking.. (ta"-) to Ke"en when , S.(see) them in the crowd. . Trees S(shed) their "eaves on the forest paths, birds S(sing) and the sun S(spread) its warmth over the #oung coup"e who S.(wa"-) s"ow"# and S(ta"-) about their future. 2. , S(not remember) where m# unc"e S.("ive), so , S(phone) mother to as- for his address. 5. (hen the ;ob S(be finished) he S(sigh) with re"ief. 6. , S(te"ephone) Nar# when she S(ring) the doorbe"". F. The guide S(te"") the part# of visitors the stor# of the painting when that S(fa"") off the wa"". >. The bo#s S(ma-e) such a noise that nobod# S.(hear) the te"ephone ringing. O. The ship S(hit) a roc- and S(sin-) in "ess than an hour. 7. Jobert S.(receive) a "etter #esterda# that S.(sa#) his aunt S.(come) in two wee-s. 1P. Father S.(read) the morning newspaper and mother S.(ta-e) a shower when our neighbour S.(rush) in. 1(. Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense or past perfect. 1. +# the time the# ..got.. (get) to the museum the exhibits S.a"read# (be removed). . , S(not watch) the fi"m "ast night because , S(see) it at the cinema. 2. Ke S(ma-e) the same mista-e before an#bod# S(can) warn him not to. 5. , S(not -now) Nr. *mith S(wor-) for #ou for such a "ong time. 6. Ke S.(pic- up) the newspapers the postman S.(throw) ear"ier in the morning. F. *he S.(-now) so man# interesting things about wor- in hospita" because she S(attend) a training course for nurses two #ears before. >. *he S.(-now) a"" the peop"e in the room as she S.(be) there man# times before. O. (hen Peter S.(phone) *ue, she S.(stud#) for three hours for her next exam. 7. The# S.(not bu#) tic-ets for the show and when the# S.(arrive) at the theatre the# (cannot) find an#. 1P. Tom S.(hire) a car as his own S(brea- down). 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms. )Use passive where necessar *.

! man who ..had been.. (1) (be) a ventri"o<uist S( ) (wa"-) into a town one da# with one nic-e", the c"othes on his bac-, and a #e""ow dog. That S(2) (be) a"" he S.(5) (have). Kungr# and tired, he S(6) (enter) a restaurant. V4ive me a fu"" dinner, V he S(F) (sa#) to the waiter. Then turning to the dog he S(>) (sa#), V(hat wi"" #ou haveMV The dog S(O) ("oo-) up and S(7) (sa#), V,H"" have a ham sandwich.V The waiter S(1P) (cannot) be"ieve his ears. The owner of the restaurant, who S.(11) (watch) the dog, S.(1 ) (exc"aim), VKe#, what S.that dog S.(12) (sa#)MV !nd the dog S.(15) (repeat): V,H"" have a ham sandwich.V V:h@V S..(16) (sa#) the owner. V(hat -ind of a dog is thatMV VThat,V S.(1F) (sa#) the ventri"o<uist, Vis the on"# ta"-ing dog in the wor"d.V (hi"e the man and his dog S.(1>) (serve), the owner S.(1O) (sa#) to himse"f, V(hat a wonderfu" dog@ ,f , S.(17) (have) that dog, , shou"d be the happiest man in the wor"d.V (hen the dog S.( P) (finish), the man said to him, VKave another oneMV !nd the dog S.( 1) (answer), VGo, than-s, ,Hve had enough.V V*a#, Nister,V exc"aimed the owner, V, shou"d "i-e to bu# that dog@ (i"" #ou se"" himM Kow much mone# wi"" #ou ta-e for the dogMV VThat dog,V said the man, Vis not for sa"e& not at an# price. +ut ,H"" te"" #ou what ,H"" do. , need some mone# right now, and if #ou "end me fift# do""ars, ,H"" "eave the dog with #ou for securit#.V The owner S( ) (give) him the mone# immediate"#. VNa#be,V he said to himse"f, Vthe fe""ow wi"" not come bac- with the mone#, and then , sha"" have the on"# ta"-ing dog in the wor"d@V The owner S.( 2) (not notice) that the man S.( 5) (ta-e) the mone# and S.( 6) (wa"-) out without pa#ing for his dinner. +ut as he S.( F) (go) to open the door, he S.( >) (turn) to ta-e a "ast "oo- at the dog. The anima" S.( O) ("oo-) up and said, VKow ungratefu" #ou are@ !fter a"" , have done for #ou, #ou se"" me for fift# do""ars. ,H"" show #ou % ,H"" never sa# another word as "ong as , "ive@V !nd he never S.( 7) (do). 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct past forms. The da# after the# ..came..(1) (come) home from the sea%side the# S...( ) (set out) on a tour of inspection to ma-e sure ever#thing S.(2) (be) as the# S..(5) ("eave) it. *oon the# S..(6) (discover) that o"d Kobden S.(F) (b"oc-) their best hedge%gaps with sta-es and thorn%bund"es, and S(>) (trim up) the hedges where the b"ac-berries S..(O) (set). H,t canHt be time for the g#psies to come a"ong,H said Ena. H(h#, it S(7) (be) summer on"# the other da#@H HThereHs smo-e in 3ow *haw@H said 1an, sniffing. H3etHs ma-e sure@H The# S.(1P) (cross) the fie"ds towards the thin "ine of b"ue smo-e that "eaned above the ho""ow of 3ow *haw which "ies beside the WingHs Ki"" road. ,t S.(11) (be) an o"d <uarr# ti"" somebod# S.(1 ) (p"ant) it, and #ou can "oo- straight down into it from the edge of +an-# Neadow. (Jud#ard Wip"ing % , 2riest in $pite of Himself)

"uture tense is expressed in severa" wa#s.

 (ith the he"p of the moda"s shall (for the 1st person singu"ar and p"ura" in +ritish )ng"ish and will for the rest of the persons, and will for a"" persons in !merican )ng"ish, a tendenc# adopted b# the +ritish, too, "ate"#). I shall come as soon as I can. He will be your true friend. =uestions and negatives. (e as- <uestions in the future p"acing sha"" or wi"" in front of the sub;ect. !hall we go there together! (e ma-e negative sentences adding not after shall"will. 2eter will not )won"t* recognise his fault. Eses of the future tense simp"e. This form of the future is used to express: Geutra" future of prediction, when the spea-er is not imp"ied in an# wa# in the future event: It will rain tomorrow afternoon< (hen the decision for the future event is ta-en on the spot, without previous consideration: @A, Ill bring the wine and you the cakes. ,n the main c"ause of a conditiona" sentence: If they ask me nicely, I will give them the money they need. !nother wa# of expressing the future is with be going to, which usua""# imp"ies a near future (soon). ,t is used to show: The intention of the spea-er: Im going to study hard this year to get a scholarship< $he s going to be a teacher when she grows up< Future resu"ts of present conditions: Its so cloudy and cold< I think its going to rain. ! remote future action: When I have grown up I am going to visit the $outh 2ole.

Future is a"so expressed with the he"p of present simple when the action is part of a ca"endar, timetab"e or cannot be changed: Tomorrow is 0onday. @ur train leaves at 6.B' from ictoria $tation. 0y uncle retires in a month. Present simp"e is used instead of will or shall in time and conditiona" c"auses: Ill give you a ring as soon as I get home. Ill go with you if I have enough money. 2resent progressive is used to express a future action, which wi"" ta-e p"ace as a resu"t of a present p"an, programme, or arrangement: We are spending our holiday in ,ustralia this summer. !nother wa# of expressing the future is with the he"p of the semi%moda"s be )about* to, be on the point"verge of, be bound to, be due at"to etc.

>

He is to visit $pain with the 1rench delegation. (=e to usua""# expresses an officia" arrangement) $he is on the point of crying. (,t usua""# expresses ver# near future.) 2eter is bound to be here on time. (,t shows an a"most certain future action.) The flight is due at si+ oclock in the morning. (#ue to"at is usua""# used in timetab"es) 1uture simple progressive is used to express: !n action in progress at some time in the future: #ont go there at five< they will be having a meeting< !ctions a"read# p"anned or actions, which wi"" happen an#wa#: Ill be having a party tonight. Youll be seeing Tom at the office< please, tell him the news< ! po"ite invitation or re<uest (to see if our wishes fit in somebod# e"seHs p"ans): When will you be visiting us again! $ecretary to her boss/ C ill you be answering the phone, $irM0 1uture perfect expresses a future action that wi"" happen before another future action or future moment. ,f that previous action is sti"" going on, future perfect progressive is used. =y three oclock tomorrow I will have learned the results of the contest. $he will have been washing for three hours by the time they get there. 1uture in the past is expressed b# would instead of will, and the past tense of the a"read# mentioned semi%moda"s and be going to. This -ind of future expresses an action that was supposed to fo""ow a past action, not the present moment. For examp"e, , met Pau" "ast !pri" and he to"d me about his intention of going to the seaside during the summer ("ast summer, not next, of this #ear): 2aul told me he would go to the seaside )was to go to the seaside*. :n"# was"were to and would refer to a fu"fi""ed future in the past. The other constructions do not imp"# a finished future action: They were going to tell him the truth but he didnt show up. )I)JA,*)* 13. Rewrite the sentences, using the present simple tense of the verbs in italics. +mit an words that ma be unnecessar . 1. The art ga""er# is due to open on Nonda# next month. The art gallery opens on 0onday ne+t month. . Jehearsa"s for the new p"a# are schedu"ed to begin in a wee-. 2. , canHt ta"- to #ou an# "onger. N# bus is due to leave in ha"f an hour. 5. ,t has been suggested that the new timetab"e shou"d come into use from the beginning of Na#. 6. (hen is #our unc"e supposed to comeM F. The meeting is sett"ed to begin at 6 p.m. >. The# are due to leave the f"at before noon. O. (hen are #ou to start the new course on LapaneseM 7. )ver#thing has been arranged for them to get married on *aturda# morning next wee-. 1P. The new department store is due to have a sa"e at the wee-end.

14. Use future simple or progressive in the following sentences. 1. Will S#ouSwill be coming (come) to the s-ating rin- this afternoonM Then we (meet) there. . ,tHs no use dropping in on him tomorrow. Ke ("eave) for 3ondon and (not have) time to ta"- to guests. 2. (hat do #ou thin- #our son (do) next #ear toda#M 5. The teacher te""s his pupi"s what the# ("earn) the next three wee-s. 6. Nar# doesnHt expect her husband to come ear"# from the office as he (wor-) there a"" afternoon. F. 1onHt "et Ke"en in on the secret& she (spread) it "i-e "ightning. >. ,f #ou have promised to go in for the e"ection, the# (be) disappointed if #ou move bac-. O. Ke "oves #ou so much that , am sure he (wait) for #ou a hundred #ears from now. 7. (e are not sure of our arriva" time as, according to the weather forecast, we (drive) in ver# bad weather. 1P. ,Hm so excited about *unda#: , (sing) a new piece at the opera house. 1!. ,uppl the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. 1. +# next summer he will have passed (pass) a"" his exams. . The show (end) before we get there. 2. ,n P1P the# (marr#) for twent# #ears. 5. Enti" he (-now) a"" the detai"s he (not start) wor-ing on the pro;ect. 6. Nother (coo-) dinner before ever#bod# gets home. F. RouHd better te"" him #ourse"f unti" he ("earn) from the others. >. RouH"" be ab"e to spea- in )ng"ish after #ou (attend) a "earning course. O. ,f we donHt get there in time we (be) frowned upon. 7. The teacher (give) them the resu"ts after he (chec-) a"" the papers. 1P. The fi"m (begin) before we even "eave home. 1". Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1. Rour carHs <uite o"d and consumes a "ot of fue". Q , -now. , S Dm going to buyS(bu#) another one as soon as , S(save) enough mone#. . ,Hve won the "otter#@ Q (ow, we S.(bu#) a new house and spend Ahristmas in +ahamas. 2. , must te"" father the good news. Q 1onHt do it now. Ke S(s"eep) and he doesnHt "i-e to be awa-ened. 5. !re #ou going awa# next wee-M Q Res. !nd , hope weS (finish) a"" our tas-s ti"" then. 6. S#ou (do) an#thing tonightM Q , S(meet) Lohn at a cafT and S(have) dinner. F. , must ta"- to Lane. Q Kurr# up. *he S("eave) soon. >. !re #ou going to PatHs part# on *unda#M Q ,Hm afraid , canHt. , S(stud#) for the Nonda#Hs exam. O. The dogHs bar-ing. (ho cou"d it beM Q :h, that S(be) Freddie. Ke phoned me ear"ier. 7. (h# donHt #ou hurr#M Q , donHt need to. N# trainS("eave) at 5.26. 1P. Kave #ou finished #our dinner #etM Q Go, but , S(finish) it in five minutes.