COURSE NAME:

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN AGRICULTURAL WASTE RECYCLING

Name : Home Address : Office Address : Mobile Number: E-mail Address: Office Phone :

Ms. MUNYAO PENINAH NTHANZE P.O Box 21395 !!1!!" N#$%o&$ K'()# P.O. Box 3!!2*" N#$%o&$ K'()# +25, -!1--1!**" +25, -3*,!*-,* munyaopeninah@yahoo.com +25, 2! 5-25!-93,

Country : REPUBLIC O. KENYA Or anisation : MINISTRY O. AGRICULTURE Post : DISTRICT HOME ECONOMICS O..ICER" KA/IADO NORTH DISTRICT" RI.T 0ALLEY PRO0INCE

!"#H MARCH !$%!

#he Ministry of A riculture Mandate To promote and facilitate production of food and agricultural raw materials for food security and incomes; advance agro-based industries and agricultural exports; and enhance sustainable use of land resources as a basis for agricultural enterprises. Core &unctions a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Formulation implementation and monitoring of agricultural legislations regulations and policies. !rovision of agricultural extension services. "upporting agricultural research and promoting technology delivery. Facilitating and representing agricultural state corporations in the #overnment. $evelopment implementation and coordination of programmes in the agriculture sector. %egulating and &uality control of inputs produce and products from the agriculture sector. 'anagement and control of pests and diseases in crops. !romoting management and conservation of natural resource base for agriculture. (ollecting maintaining and managing information on the agriculture sector. 'ision To be the leading agent towards the achievement of food security for all employment creation income generation and poverty reduction in )enya. Mission To improve the livelihoods of )enyans by promotion of competitive agriculture through creation of enabling environment provision of support services and ensuring sustainable natural resource management Strate ic Ob(ecti)es (reating an enabling environment for agricultural development through review of the current legal and policy framewor*. !romote mar*et and product development by adopting a value chain approach Facilitate increased productivity and agricultural outputs through improved extension advisory support services and technology application. !romote conservation of the environment and natural resources through sustainable land use practices; %estructure and privatise the non-core functions of the 'inistry and its institutions and strengthen private-public partnerships. +mprove access to agricultural information through an +(T-based information management systems; Facilitate accessibility of affordable credit and &uality inputs to farmers and "trengthen human resources development including monitoring and evaluation ,'-.) and coordination of staff functions within the 'inistry.

OR*AN+SA#+ONA, S#RUC#URE

Roles and Res-onsibilities of .istrict Home Economics Officer /.HEO0 %eporting to the $istrict 1gricultural 2fficer the $istrict 3ome .conomics 2fficer ,$3.2) is responsible for4 a) (oordinating implementation of programmes and pro5ects on 6outh in 1griculture 3ome .conomics 3uman %ights 3+781+$" $rug and "ubstances 1buse. b) !roviding technical guidance and bac*stopping. c) !articipating in monitoring and evaluation of programmes in the $istrict.. d) (ollection analysis storage and dissemination of information. e) !articipating in pro5ect identification proposals formulation write-ups and appraisal in the $istrict. f) 1ssessing training needs for staff. g) (oordinating mainstreaming on 6outh in 1griculture 3ome .conomics 3uman %ights 3+781+$" $rug and "ubstances 1buse in the $istrict activities 9iaising with the principals of 1T(s in the development of training pac*ages. !articipating in food surveys sta*eholder for agricultural shows field days and committees.

h) !romoting appropriate technology ,energy saving technologies health and sanitation etc) i) 5)

*) (ompiling sectional progress reports wor* plans and budgets.

*ENERA, +N&ORMA#+ON ON 1EN2A 9ocated on the eastern part of the 1frican continent )enya is bordered by Tan;ania in the southwest +ndian 2cean in the southeast "udan and .thiopia to the north and <ganda to the west while "omalia lies to the east of the geographical location of )enya. The country stretches from the snow-capped mountains in the north to the sea in the east. Mount 1enya is the highest point of the country and is = 1>> meters high. The *reat Rift 'alley located in the western and central part of the country is one of the stri*ing features of the geography of )enya. The valley divides the )enyan highlands into east and west. The highlands are an important agricultural region of the country as they have a cool climate and a highly fertile soil. "everal la*es and rivers form part of the geography of )enya e.g. 9a*e Tur*ana and 9a*e 7ictoria. There are also numerous rivers e.g ?;oia 6ala Tana and 1thi-%iver. )enya has a land area of =@A BBB *m/ and a population of :B @C0 BBB ,/B1B estimate). . The last population census in /BB> released in /B1B recorded )enyaDs population 0@.C1 million an increase of 0= percent over the last decade. !opulation increases by an estimated one million a year. 2fficial languages in )enya are )iswahili which is the national language and .nglish. The capital (ity ?airobi situated at the heart of the country is the business and communication hub for .ast and (entral 1frica. )enyaEs historic coastal city of 'ombasa has a natural harbor )ilindini and serves as the regional gateway.

1EN2A3S ECONOM2 AN. SOC+A, ASPEC#S /#HE ECONOM+C SUR'E2 O& !$%$04

.omestic Economy 1griculture contributes /:.:F to #$!. )enyaEs *ross .omestic Product - *.P has been growing slowly year by year with the current #$! being <"G 0=.A@A billion ,/B1B estimate). +n /BB> the economy posted a real #$! growth of /.CF while in /B11 the estimated #$! growth rate was =.AF ,see below a table of the Real *.P ro5th ,"ource4 (entral Han* of )enya). !$$6 %49: !$$7 !4": !$%$ ;: !$%%8 ;4<:

The latest value of 1'% 2# 1$3# #ross ?ational +ncome ,#?+) using 1tlas method ,current <"G) in )enya was A>B.BB as of /B1B.

1gricultural productivity is central to )enyaDs export industry. 'ore than A=F of the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities which contribute almost /=F to the national production. 3orticultural produce and tea are the ma5or items of export for )enya. 2thers include coffee pyrethrum wheat sugarcane fish and cement.

The effect of the global economic recession coupled with drought has resulted in continued contraction of the 1gricultural sector. 1s a conse&uence prices of most agricultural commodities recorded an upward trend in response to the decline in production. (urrently the country relies CBF on domestic production. The deficit is imported. These imports include rice 'ai;e fruits. 1enya A+.S +ndicator sur)ey !$$< The /BBA )1+" estimate of national 3+781+$" prevalence for adults aged 1=-:> years was A.:F. 2ut of these @.@F were women and =.=F men. 2verall A.1F of adults ,aged 1=-C:yrs) were infected with 3+781+$".

NA#URA, RESOURCES 'ineral resources in )enya include #old limestone soda ash salt barites rubies fluorspar and garnets. 2ther natural resource endowments of the country include water resources 9and and wildlife. 1E2 EN'+RONMAN#A, CONCERNS: The ?ational .nvironmental 'anagement 1uthority ,?.'1) is the parastatal that deals with issues of waste management in the country. )enyaEs *ey environmental concerns include rapidly accelerating deforestation soil erosion and depletion of mineral resources water pollution from urban and industrial waste; degradation of water &uality from increased use of pesticides and fertili;ers and desertification among others 4 2ver-exploitation during the past 0B years has reduced the countryEs timber resources by half while in the past five years the output of forestry fishing and mining industries has declined significantly. Forests are being lost not only to provide wood fuel but also because of clearing for agriculture construction tourism and industrial activities. The countryEs wide natural biodiversity is being rapidly reduced 4 H+S#OR+CA, =AC1*ROUN. O& A*R+CU,#URA, >AS#E REC2C,+N* +N 1EN2A 1gricultural waste has been one of )enyaEs problems since time in memorial. (ommonly found Solid 5astes include: domestic and mar*et wastes food waste including vegetable and fruit peelings and charcoal ash. This also includes waste from institutions and commercial centres. Horticultural and a ricultural 5aste includes: garden refuse leaf litter cut grass tree pruning weeds animal dung crop residues waste from public par*s etc. 'anure4 poultry pig cow. A ro-industrial 5aste includes: waste generated by abattoirs breweries processing and agrobased industries.

Slud e and bio-solid includes: human faecal matter from septic tan*s and treatment plants. #enerally solid waste is managed through landfills incineration and recycling or re-use. 3owever in )enya up to the year /B1B no )enyan city had a sanitary landfill . Incinerations are too full hence solid waste piles in inner city streets are a common site in most towns in )enya. From the piles @BF is food and other organic wastes 1BF is plastics /F metal and glass and 0F mixed refuse. 'ost farmers in )enya have been using fertili;ers in planting and top dressing their crops. 'ost of the fertili;ers are washed into la*es and other water catchment areas by rain water. "olid wastes from homes and industries too end up in these habitats hence affecting marine life e.g. mass death of flamingoes in 9a*e ?a*uru. The fundamental target of solid waste management is to protect the health of the population promote environmental quality, develop sustainability and provide support to economic productivity through utilization of waste as a resource. This essential service however is not efficiently and properly performed by many centers in )enya who are grappling with increasing piles of waste disposal technologies and methodologies and overflowing dumping sites. 1 combination of all of these factors including lac* of resources - financial and personnel institutional wea*ness inappropriate technologies transportation systems and disposal options public apathy towards environmental cleanliness and protection have made this service unsatisfactory in Kenya. +t is therefore evident that waste management can and must be transformed from a disposal-based linear system to a recovery-based closed-loop system that promotes the conservation of water and nutrient resources and contributes to public health. )enyans have for a long time used fresh waste from vegetable mar*ets restaurants and hotels as well as food processing industries as feed for livestoc* direct application into the soil manure application and unorgani;ed compositing. There is a gap however between the current availability of innovative technologies in waste management and the development of complementary socioeconomic methodologies to facilitate their implementation. E?+S#+N* ,A>S AN. RE*U,A#+ONS O& >AS#E MANA*EMEN# The management of solid waste is dealt with under several laws Hy-laws regulations and 1cts of !arliament as well as policy documents. The ma5or ones include; ,ocal *o)ernment Act CAP !"; The 9ocal #overnment 1ct is the framewor* law governing 9ocal 1uthorities in )enya and places the responsibility of waste management on the respective 9ocal 1uthority. "ection 1CB states that 4every municipal council and every town and urban council shall have power to establish and maintain sanitary services for the removal and destruction of, or otherwise dealing with, all kinds of refuse and effluent and, where any such service is established, to compel the use of such service by persons to whom the service is available. Public Health Act CAP !@! The !ublic 3ealth 1ct concurs with the 9ocal #overnment 1ct that it is the responsibility of the particular 9ocal 1uthority to ensure proper sanitation and housing within its area of 5urisdiction.

"ection 11C of the 1ct imposes a duty on every 9ocal 1uthority to maintain its district in a clean and sanitary condition to prevent nuisances and prosecute those responsible for nuisances. ?uisances include among others as listed in section 11@,h) any accumulation or deposit or refuse or other matter which is offensive or which is in5urious or dangerous to health. The 1ct provides for the regulation of 9ocal 1uthority actions by a medical officer of health issuing a notice to remove such nuisance ,section 11>). The government has in the past used the !ublic 3ealth 1ct to compel 9ocal 1uthorities to improve sanitary conditions. En)ironmental Mana ement and Co-ordination Act /EMCA0 No4 6 of %777 The .'(1 is the framewor* law on environmental management in the country. +t ma*es provisions for waste management and the following sections of the .'(1 are worth citing. "ection @A ,1) states that no person shall discharge or dispose of any wastes whether generated within or outside )enya in such a manner as to cause pollution to the environment or ill heal any person. "ection @A ,/) states that (o 1'%so( s5#66 3%#(s1o%3 #() 7#s3' o35'% 35#(8 9#: $( #22o%;#(2' 7$35 # <#6$; 6$2'(s' 3o 3%#(s1o%3 7#s3's $ss='; &) 35' A=35o%$3)> #(; 9&: 3o # 7#s3' ;$s1os#6 s$3' 's3#&6$s5'; $( #22o%;#(2' 7$35 # 6$2'(s' $ss='; &) 35' A=35o%$3). "ection @A ,:) of the 1ct bestows the responsibility of waste management on generators of waste. +t states that '<'%) 1'%so( 75os' #23$<$3$'s ?'('%#3' 7#s3's s5#66 '@16o) @'#s=%'s 'ss'(3$#6 3o @$($@$A' 7#s3's 35%o=?5 3%'#3@'(3" %'26#@#3$o( #(; %'2)26$(?. "ection @@ ,1) re&uires those involved in the transportation of waste to possess a valid permit issued by the environmental authority. +t states that #() 1'%so( $(3'(;$(? 3o 3%#(s1o%3 7#s3's 7$35$( K'()#" o1'%#3' # 7#s3' ;$s1os#6 s$3' o% 16#(3 o% 3o ?'('%#3' 5#A#%;o=s 7#s3'" s5#66 1%$o% 3o 3%#(s1o%3$(? 35' 7#s3's" 2o@@'(2$(? 7$35 35' o1'%#3$o( oB # 7#s3' ;$s1os#6 s$3' o% 16#(3 o% ?'('%#3$(? 5#A#%;o=s 7#s3'" #s 35' 2#s' @#) &'" #116) 3o 35' A=35o%$3) $( 7%$3$(? Bo% 35' ?%#(3 oB #11%o1%$#3' 6$2'(s'. 04: T3. .?7+%2?'.?T19 '1?1#.'.?T 1?$ (2-2%$+?1T+2? 1(T ,I1"T. '1?1#.'.?T) %.#<91T+2?" /BBC The act has the following sections4 !1%T ++ - #.?.%19 !%27+"+2?" !rovisions in this section focus on the responsibility of waste generator transporters waste treatment by operators of disposal sites re&uirement of .nvironmental audit and re use and recycling plants.

!1%T +++ - +?$<"T%+19 I1"T." This part states general obligation to mitigate pollution and treatment of industrial waste !1%T +7 J 31K1%$2<" 1?$ T2L+( I1"T."

This part outlines 3a;ardous waste specifications %e&uirement for .nvironmental +mpact 1ssessment 3andling storing and transporting of ha;ardous waste Treatment of ha;ardous waste .xport !ermit Transit of ha;ardous waste +nsurance and %egister of !ermits !1%T 7 - !."T+(+$." 1?$ T2L+( "<H"T1?(." 1pplication of (ap. 0:C states $isposal of pesticides !1%T 7+++ J '+"(.991?.2<" This part outline transitional provision for transporting waste transitional provision for disposal facilities 2ffences and penalties and 2peration of regulations E?+S#+N* PRO=,EMS +N HOME ECONOM+CS .EPAR#MEN#4 (urrently the 3ome .conomics department faces the following *ey challenges4 The nature of appropriate technologies we flag are not widely adopted due to limited resources to the side of our clients hence simple poc*et and gender friendly technologies are *ey to adoption. The level of funding to carry out most of our 5ob re&uirements is very low hence most of the time we end up not achieving a lot thus a lot of creativity is re&uired. There has been paramount need for staff capacity building on various appropriate technologies ma5orly on the practical aspects. This has for many times not been possible due to low funding in our department. The department re&uires tools and e&uipment for demonstrations in appropriate technologies e.g. in value addition energy saving devices health and sanitation etc but due to inade&uate funding we have not been able to purchase some of them hence ineffective service delivery. The climatic patterns have really changed and this has hampered agricultural productivity thus calling for alternative ways of production and attainment of food security.

O=S#AC,ES +N SO,'+N* #HE PRO=,EMS 9ac* of exposure to gain more experience and learn new technonologies. 9imited capacity building. 9ow funding levels. !romotion of almost the same technologies repeatedly some of which are becoming obsolete.

POSS+=,E SO,U#+ONS #HROU*H #HE COURSE4 ?ew simple and improved appropriate technologies to enhance sustainable agriculture.

>

The exposure will lead to gaining of more experiences which will lead to effective service delivery.

&U#URE PRO*RAMMESAPROBEC#S ON A*R+CU#URA, >AS#E REC2C,+N* )enya aims to be a nation that has a clean secure and sustainable .nvironment by /B0B ,7ision /B0B). This will be achieved through4 ,i) ,ii) ,iii) ,iv) !romoting environmental conservation to better support the economic pillarEs aspirations; +mproving pollution and waste management through the application of the right strategies. (ommissioning of public-private partnerships ,!!!s) for improved efficiency in water and sanitation delivery; .nhancing disaster preparedness in all disaster-prone areas and improving the capacity for adaptation to global climatic change.

RE,E'ANCE O& COURSE #O &U#URE PRO*RAMMES 1ppropriate technology and waste recycling is ideal for sustainable agriculture.

E?PEC#A#+ONS &ROM #HE #RA+N+N* MA+N +N#ERES#+N* #OP+CS 1. "ustainable 1griculture /. 2rganic Iaste 'anagement 0. "olid Iaste 'anagement :. Hiogas !roduction. This is because 1griculture is the bac*bone of our country hence need for *nowledge in energy conservation waste management which will lead to sustainable agriculture. Ho5 to a--ly the Cno5led e recei)ed from the trainin 1. + will hold staff training so that + can pass the same training to my fellow staff thus ensuring we will reach many farmers with the technologies. /. + will set a demo unit in our 1gricultural training centre to show case organic farming and household food waste compositing. O#HER E?PEC#A#+ONS 1. "hare experiences with other learners from other countries /. "ecure a certificate as per the course outline.

1B