Experiment -8: Study the tensile properties of cold rolled by 20%, 40%, & 60% reduction in thic ness

of mild steel sheet

!b"ecti#e: To study the effect of cold rolling on the tensile properties of steel. Theory
Engineering stress and engineering strain s = P/A0 e = (L-L0)/L0 = (A0 A)/A [Note: Constancy of volume A0L0 = AL] True stress and true strain

A L L0 P P A0 L = =s 0 =s = s( + 1) = s (e + 1) A A0 A A L0 L0

L L0 dL L = ln = ln( + 1) = ln(e + 1) L L0 L0 L0

Effect of $old %r&'in( on )ensile *roperties of S+E -,0,6 Steel: Reduction of area by drawing , % 0 10 &0 )0 (0 Y. (!"a) &'( )+( $($ $+* (0' T . (!"a) )$$ $1' $'+ ($$ '0* #longation in $0 %% ,% *) &0 1' 1( 1) Reduction of area ,% '0 ($ (* (0 $)

-e.uirements for the experiment

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Tensile speci%en ,ni-ersal Testing !achine (,T!) .o%puter aided software to be coupled with ,T! /ernier caliper "unching stand, puncher and ha%%er .old rolled teel sa%ples (&0%,)0%,0 (0% reduction appro1.)

/mport&nt *&r&meters &nd E.u&tions a) Original Gauge Length (2o): 3auge length before application of force. b) Final Gauge Length (2u): 3auge length after rupture, the two pieces ha-ing been carefully fitted bac4 together so that their a1es lie in a straight line. c) Engineering Stress (s) and Engineering Strain (e) : s 5 "670, e 5 (2u 8 20)620 , d) True Stress (?) and True Strain(?) : ? = s(19e), ? 5 ln(19e) e) Tensile Strength or Ultimate Tensile Strength: tress corresponding to the %a1i%u% force f) ield Stress: :hen the %etallic %aterial e1hibits a yield pheno%enon, a point is reached during the test at which plastic defor%ation occurs without any increase in the force. Yield strength : 5 ;Y670 , :here ;Y 5 2oad at the yielding point< 70 : =nitial area of the speci%en ;or %ost ductile %etals, yield strength is usually obtained fro% 0.&% offset yield strength6proof stress %ethod by drawing a parallel line with elastic region fro% 0.00& strain in >8a1is. L!"er #ield stress is ta$en t! be #ield strength "hen #ield %!int el!ngati!n is !bser&ed.
g) U%%er #ield stress: /alue of stress at the %o%ent when first decrease in force is obser-ed (see ;ig. & ). h) L!"er #ield stress

2owest -alue of stress during plastic yielding i) ield P!int El!ngati!n : The e1tension associated with discontinuous yield which occurs at appro1i%ately constant load following the onset of plastic flow. =t is associated with the propagation of 2uder lines or bands? ( ee ;ig. &)

') Percentage !f T!tal El!ngati!n at Fracture = (Lu ( L! )6L) $) Percentage *educti!n !f Area = ( S! 8 , )6S) !a1i%u% change in cross8sectional area which has occurred during the test ( S!8 ,) e1pressed as a percentage of the original cross8sectional area ( o). :here u is the final cross8sectional area. l) Strain hardening c!(efficient (n): ?t 5 @?tn , :here ?t 5 true stress, ?t5 true strain, n 5 strain hardening co8efficient
Experimental Procedure 1. easu!e L0" A0. #. $%&tc' on Lloy( tens&le test&n) mac'&ne an( follo% t'e &nst!uct&on on &ts *anel. +. ,&!st set t'e mac'&ne &n manual mo(e an( acce*t all ot'e! o*t&ons as (efault values.

-. Ca!efully use (ou.le a!!o% .utton &n u*%a!( an( (o%n%a!( (&!ect&on to a(/ust t'e *os&t&on an( f&0 t'e sam*le &n )!&*. P!ecaut&ons s'oul( .e ta1en to avo&( any '&tt&n) .et%een )!&* an( sam*le fo! loa( cell safety. 2. 3ou.le cl&c1 &con 4567 on t'e com*ute!. 8. $et test&n) mac'&ne un(e! !emote cont!ol mo(e t'!ou)' &ts *anel. 9. 6n com*ute!" select menu 4Ne% test setu*7 t'!ou)' a!!o% 1eys an( *!ess ente!. :. Leave all t'e o*t&ons (efault e0ce*t fo! t'e follo%&n) ;est ty*e = ;<N$=6N > a0&s = 10"000 Ne%tons ? a0&s = +0 mm $*ee( = 2 10 mm/m&nute L&m&t = +0 mm @. P!ess <sc. 10. $elect menu 4Pe!fo!m test7. 11. Acce*t all t'e (efault o*t&ons. 1#. <m*ty )!a*' %&ll .e (&s*laye(. 1+. ,ollo% t'e &nst!uct&ons &n t'e menu )&ven at t'e .ottom. 1-. ,&!st &n&t&al&Ae loa( an( st!a&n to Ae!o. 12. $ta!t you! e0*e!&ment an( o.se!ve t'e sam*le t&ll &t fa&ls. 18. Note t'e )!a*' (&s*laye( on t'e sc!een. 19. $elect 4Cu!so!7. ove &t f!om left to !&)'t an( note (o%n all t'e coo!(&nates. 1:. $ave you! test !esults. 1@. P!ess 4<sc7 #0. 6n ma&n menu" select 4Leave mac'&ne cont!ol *!o)!am7 #1. $%&tc' off test&n) mac'&ne. ##. Bemove sam*le f!om t'e )!&* #+. easu!e Lf an( Af of t'e fa&le( sam*le an( *lace &t &n t'e sc!a* conta&ne!.

Experiment&l d&t& collection &nd present&tion a) .on-ert collected data, load in Aewton and e1tension in %% to engineering strain and engineering stress and then to true stress and true strain in e1cel. b) Report lower yield stress (yield strength), upper yield stress, ulti%ate tensile strength, fracture stress fro% engineering stress strain cur-e. c) Report % of elongation at fracture, % of reduction in area at fracture and strain rate. d) ub%it true stress true strain cur-e along with the report by considering points upto ,T in engineering stress strain cur-e. e) Report strength co8efficient and strain hardening co8efficient fro% the plastic region of true stress strain cur-e by regression analysis %ethod in e1cel.(if possible) $onclusions a) Yield point elongation is obser-ed (write if you ha-e obser-ed) b) !echanical properties ha-e been deter%ined. 0uestions a) .o%pare the e1peri%ental data for the three sa%ples B b) !ention the reason for the de-iation in the three plots ( i.e -alues) you ha-e seen. c) o%e ti%es plastic defor%ation occurs without slip. uggests %echanis%s of plastic defor%ation without slip in the following two cases. 1) 7t ele-ated te%peratures with a -ery low strain rate . &) =n an C..." polycrystalline sa%ple with only * independent slip syste%s.