British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery

Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03



MENG05H03 Module Specifications


by
Prof. Osama Ezzat Abdellatif
British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

The most common practical engineering application for fluid mechanics is the
design of fluid machinery. Hence, the purpose of this module is to provide you
as mechanical engineers with further in-depth knowledge on applying energy
transfer considerations in design of



pumps,


compressors,


turbines.


British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

knowledge and understanding



On completion of this module YOU should be able to

demonstrate knowledge and understanding of


1. application of scientific principles of fluid dynamics,
engineering thermodynamics and heat transfer;



Subject-specific cognitive skills


On completion of this module the YOU should be able to:




2. apply basic scientific principles of fluid dynamics, engineering thermodynamics and
heat transfer in design functions;
British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03
Subject-specific practical skills


On completion of this module YOU should be able to

Demonstrate ability in:


3. use vector triangles to determine and evaluate
engine component performance;



4. use standard laboratory aerodynamic
equipment to generate fluid machinery
performance data;
British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

Key/transferable skills


On completion of this module YOU should be able to

demonstrate ability in:




5. use available data and search necessary data
and apply it to conduct calculations and present
innovative solutions
British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

Module Code: MENG05H03, Modular Weight: 10


Lecture: 24, 1 hr lectures, Sunday 09-11, Room: 309

Tutorials: 24, 1 hr tutorials, Sunday, 11:13, Room: 309



Assessment: -


- A 120 minute written & unseen final exam. This method
carries 70% of the total mark and assesses learning outcomes
1, 2, 3, 5.


- Two-classwork, two-homework assignments, and
term/group projects to be submitted on the 4th, 8th, and 11th
weeks. This method carries 30% of the total mark and
assesses learning outcomes 2, 3,4.
British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

- Energy transfer considerations.


- Fluid dynamics of fluid machinery.


- Classification of fluid machinery.



- Theory and design of pumps, turbines,
and compressors.



- Performance characteristics and scaling/similarity
laws-a practical application of dimensional analysis.


- Selection criteria and operating systems.

British University in Egypt (BUE) Fluid Machinery
Faculty of Engineering 4
th
year, 2012/2013
Mechanical Engineering Department MENG05H03

1. S. M. Yahya, Turbines, Compressors and Fans, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2005.


2. T. Wright, Fluid Machinery: performance, analysis, and design,
CRC Press LLC, 1999.


3. B. K. Hodge, Alternative Energy Systems, John Wiley & Sons;
2009.


4. Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, NY
McGraw-Hill, 2007.


5. R.K. TURTON Principles of Turbomachinery Springer 1994.

6. J. E. Logan, & R. Ramendra, Handbook of Turbomachinery, Roy.
CRC Press 2003























No. Date Title


01


10.02.13

Introduction to fluid machinery

02

17.02.13

Flow similarity and dimensional analysis




03




24.02.13

Pumps :
Part I: Definitions and classifications, basic equations
applied to centerigual pumps, velocity triangles,
and characterist curves.



04 03.03.13 Part II: Basic equations applied to axial flow pumps or
propeller pumps, velocity triangles and analysis,
system characteristics.



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No. Date Title



05 10.03.13 Part III: Pumps in series and in parallel, affinty laws(head
relation, discharge relation, power relation and
specific speed), losses and cavitation in pumps.

Turbines :

06 17.03.13 Part I: Basic definitions, hydraulic analysis, dimensionless
parameters and turbines classifications.

07 24.03.13 Part II: Implus (Pelton wheel) versus reaction (Francis and
Kaplan) turbines; analysis of forces and power
generation.

08 31.03.13 Part III: Turbines performance and hydro-electric plants.



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No. Date Title




Compressors :

09 07.04.13 Part I: Axial flow compressors; velocity diagrams, power
input factor, compressor characteristics

10 14.04.13 Part II: Radial flow compressors; velocity diagrams, degree

of reaction, compressor characteristics



Part III: Fans and Blowers.


11

21.04.13


Working principle, velocity triangles and

parametric

calculations: work, efficiency, nubmer of
Impeller size.
blades and


12 28.04.13 Revision week
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Outline
Course layout and time shedule
Summary of basic equations of motion
Classification of fluid machinery
Terminologies
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Energy transfer considerations
Summarizing the basic equations of motion;
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy.
Identifying the various types of fluid machinery;
pumps, turbines, and compressors.
Terminologies
Literature
Lecture # 1
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What do we expect to have?
Mechanical devices, engineering systems and flow physics.
What are the rquirements?
Good knowledge of fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and
heat transfer.
Equations are to be used, however, simplifications are to be
made in order to arrive at simple and understandable relations
that well describe fluid machinery operation and performance.
Applications:
- Ground and space vehicles, - Turbomachinery industry,
- Marien applications, - Petrolum industry,
- Environmental and domestic engineering.
Energy Transfer Considerations
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When dealing with engineering problems, it is desirable to obtain fast
and accurate solutions at minimal cost. Most engineering problems,
including those associated with fluid flow, can be analyzed using one
of three basic approaches:
- Differential,
- Experimental,
- Control volume/Integeral.
The finite control volume approach is remarkably fast, simple
and usually gives answers that are sufficiently accurate for most
engineering purposes. Therefore, despite the approximations
involved, the basic finite control volume analysis performed with a
paper and pencil has always been an indispensable tool for
engineers.
Basic Flow Analysis Techniques
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Integral versus Differential Analysis
The control volume technique, or integral forms of equations
are usually useful for determining overall features of flow.
However, we cannot obtain detailed knowledge about the flow
field inside the CV motivation for differential analysis.
Integral Differential
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The mass of a differential fluid element dV within
the control volume (CV) is dm = dV. The total
mass within the CV at any instant in time t is
determined by integration.
Conservation of Mass/Continuity Equation
Tensor Form :
Cylindrical Form :
0
) (
) (
) (
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
C
y
C
x
C
t
Z
y
x

}
=
c
c
out in
m m

dV
t
CV

Rate of change of mass

within the CV :
C
0 ) ( = V +
c
c
C
t

Vector Form :
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0 0 ) ( = +
c
c
= V +
c
c
} } } }
A
N
V V V
dA C dV
t
dV C dV
t

Conservation of Mass/Continuity Equation

Rate of Change of Mass within the CV :
For Steady Flow :
2
2
2 1
1
1
2 2
0
A C A C
dA C dA C dA C
N N
A
N
A
N
A
N


=
= =
} } }
Vector Form :
0 ) ( = V +
c
c
C
t

} }
= V
A V
dA n C dV C ) ( ) (
Gausss Divergence Theorem :
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Conservation of Momentum

= = = F
Dt
V D
dz dy dx a m
Dt
V D
m

Where:

+ =
surface body
F F F

+ =
= =
Force Viscous Force Pressure
3 , 2 , 1 ,
surface
i body
F
i dz dy dx g F
Momentumis a conserved quantity, and is defined as the product
of the mass and velocity of an object (L = mv). Momentum is either
linear or angular. Both the linear and the angular momentums are
vector quantities, since they have directions as well as magnitudes.
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Consevation of Linear Momentum
Neglecting body forces, C
2
& C
1
are uniform, and for steady flow :
1
) (
1 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
C C m F m d C m d C F
A A
s
= =
}

Considering pressure forces as not part of the surface/external forces :

) ( ) (
1
1 1
2
2 2
C m A P C m A P F F
ext


+ + = =

Navier-Stokes Equation

} } }
+ = +
c
c
s
V
n
A V
F dV F dA C C dV C
t

F = external/body force/kg
F
s
= surface force
P. Force, B. Force, V. Force
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Conservation of Angular Momentum
Angular momentum: The angular momentum, L, is a vector
conserved quantity. If r and v are then the magnitude of the
angular momentum with respect to point Q is given by L = m v r.
The SI unit for angular momentum
is the kgm
2
/ s. A spinning object
has angular has an angular
momentum, L. The more it has, the
harder is to stop it from spinning.
Q
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In many situations, steady flow and uniform velocities might be
considered, hence the theorem of angular momentum can be written as:
) (
1
1
2
2
r C r C m F r T
u u
= =

) ( ) (
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
U C U C m r C r C m T P
u u u u
= = =

e e e
where r is the radius vector from the fixed point to the point of application
of F. The mechanical power:
) (
1
1
2
2
U C U C w
u u
= The specific work/the Euler turbine equation:
Conservation of Angular Momentum

momentum angular of rate net
A
u
momentum angular of change of rate time
V
u
torques external all of Sum
dA C C r dV C r
t
T ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
} }

+
c
c
=
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The Head Form (Energy/unit weight)
Elevation
Head
Velocity
Head
.
2
2
const z
g
V p
= + +

Press.
Head
The Bernoulli equation can be written with terms in
head dimension [m]
The Bernoulli Equation
The sum of the flow, kinetic, and potential, energies of a
fluid particle is constant along a streamline during steady
flow when the compressibility and frictional effects are
negligible
The Conservation of Energy
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CV the on done work of rate CV the to transfer heat energy total of Change
W Q E d o o + =
Steady State Work/Flow Applications :
The First Law of Thermodynamics
A change of the total energy (internal, and kinetic, potential) is
equal to the rate of work done on the control mass plus the heat
transfer to the control mass.
Between Two States 1 & 2:
2 1 2 1 1 2
W Q E E =
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
1
2
2
2
2 1 2 1 1 2
2
1
2
1
W Q mgz mV U mgz mV U
W Q E P KE U E P KE U
=
(

+ +
(

+ +
= + + + +
CV CV in in out out
W Q m z V h m z V h

=
(

+ +
(

+ +
2 2
2
1
2
1
pv u h + =
where
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As shown in figure below, a fixed vane turns a water jet of area A
through an angle without changing its velocity magnitude. The flow is
steady, frictionless, and pressure is atmospheric everywhere.
(a) Find the components F
x
and F
y
of the applied vane force.
(b) Find expressions for the force magnitude F and the angle
between F and the horizontal; plot them versus u.
Example I
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The control volume has only one dimensional inlets and outlets,
then

=
in i i out i i
V m V m F ) ( ) (
The force magnitude is
Example I
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Energy added to fluid
Energy extracted from fluid
Pumps, fans, compressors
Cased (Radial, Mixed flow, Axial)
Uncased (Screws, Propellers)
Positive displacement machines
Reciprocating
- Direct driven, Crank driven, Swashplate.
Rotary
- Screw, Gear, Vane.
Turbines
Reaction
Windmills
Pelton wheel
Radial: Pelton
Mixed: Francis
Axial :Kaplan
Rotodynamic
Impulse
Classification of Fluid Machines
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Fluid Statics: It is the branch of science that is mainly concerned with
fluids at rest (hydro/aero statics).
Fluid Kinematics: It is the branch of fluid science describing the motion of
fluids without considering the forces and moments that cause the motion.
Fluid Dynamics: It is the branch of science that is mainly concerned with
fluids in motion (hydro or gas/air dynamics) studying forces and the
resulting motion of objects through liquids/non-liquids.
Thermodynamics: It is the science of energy conversion involving heat
and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. It studies and
interrelates the macroscopic variables, such as temperature, volume, and
pressure, which describe any physical thermodynamic system.
Heat Transfer: It is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the
transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another.
Terminolgies
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Velocity profile: The spatial variation in a velocity component or vector
through a region of a fluid flow. For example, blades inlet and exit velocity
profiles generally defines the variation in axial/radial velocity with radius along
flow passage. The velocity profile is part of a velocity field.
No-slip condition: The requirement that at the interface between a fluid and
a solid surface, the fluid velocity and surface velocity are equal. Thus if the
surface is fixed, the fluid must obey the boundary condition that fluid velocity = 0
at the surface.
Incompressible flow: A fluid flow where variations in density are sufficiently
small to be negligible. Flows are generally incompressible either because the
fluid is incompressible (liquids) or because the Mach number is low (roughly <
0.3).
Specific weight: The weight of a fluid per unit mass, i.e., fluid density times
acceleration due to gravity (specific weight, = g).
Terminolgies
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Laminar flow: A stable well-ordered state of fluid flow in which all pairs of
adjacent fluid particles move along-side one another forming laminates. A flow that
is not laminar is either turbulent or transitional to turbulence, which occurs above a
critical Reynolds number.
Turbulent flow: An unstable disordered state of vortical fluid flow that is
inherently unsteady and that contains eddying motions over a wide range of sizes
(or scales). Turbulent flows are at most high Reynolds numbers flows. Mixing is
hugely enhanced, surface shear stresses are much higher, and head loss is
greatly increased in turbulent flows as compared to corresponding laminar flows.
Reynolds number: An order-of-magnitude estimate of the ratio of the following
two terms in Newtons second law of motion over a region of the flow: the inertial
(or acceleration) term over the viscous force term. Most but not all Reynolds
numbers can be written as an appropriate characteristic velocity V times a
characteristic length scale L consistent with the velocity V, divided by the
kinematic viscosity v of the fluid: Re = VL/v. The Reynolds number is arguably the
most important nondimensional similarity parameter in fluid flow analysis since it
gives a rough estimate of the importance of frictional force in the overall flow.
Terminolgies
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Steady flow: A flow in which all fluid variables (velocity, pressure, density,
temperature, etc.) at all fixed points in the flow are constant in time (but
generally vary from place to place). Thus, in steady flows all partial derivatives
in time are zeros. Flows that are not precisely steady but that change sufficiently
slowly in time to neglect time derivative terms with relatively little error are called
quasi-steady.
Flow separation: A phenomenon where a boundary layer adjacent to a
surface is forced to leave, or separate from, the surface due to adverse
pressure forces (i.e., increasing pressure) in the flow direction. Flow separation
occurs in regions of high surface curvature, for example, at the rear of an
automobile and other bluff bodies.
Stall: The phenomenon of massive flow separation from the surface of a wing
when angle of attack exceeds a critical value, and consequent dramatic loss of
lift and increase in drag. A plane in stall drops rapidly and must have its nose
brought down to reestablish attached boundary layer flow and regenerate lift
and reduce drag.
Terminolgies
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Scaling parameter: A single variable, or a combination of variables, that is
chosen to nondimensionalize a variable of interest.
Similarity: The principle that allows one to quantitatively relate one flow to
another when certain conditions are met. Geometric similarity, for example,
must be true before one can hope for kinematic or dynamic similarity. The
quantitative relationship that relates one flow to another is developed using a
combination of dimensional analysis and data (generally, experimental, but also
numerical or theoretical).
Gage pressure: Pressure (P) relative to atmospheric pressure (Patm). That
is, Pgage = P Patm. See also stress, pressure stress. Thus Pgage > 0 or
Pgage < 0 is simply the pressure above or below atmospheric pressure.
Manometer: A device that measures pressure based on hydrostatic pressure
principles in liquids.
Terminolgies
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Friction drag: The part of the drag on an object resulting from integrated
surface shear stress in the direction of flow relative to the object.
Pressure (or form) drag: The part of the drag on an object resulting from
integrated surface pressure in the direction of flow relative to the object. Larger
pressure on the front of a moving bluff body (such as a car) relative to the rear
results from massive flow separation and wake formation at the rear.
Induced drag: The component of the drag force on a finite-span wing that is
induced by lift and associated with the tip vortices that form at the tips of the
wing and downwash behind the wing.
Wake: The friction-dominated region behind a body formed by surface
boundary layers that are swept to the rear by the free-stream velocity. Wakes
are characterized by high shear with the lowest velocities in the center of the
wake and highest velocities at the edges. Frictional force, viscous stress, and
vorticity are significant in wakes.
Terminolgies
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Literature
1. S. M. Yahya, Turbines, Compressors and Fans, Tata McGraw-Hill,
3
rd
Edition, 2005.
2. T. Wright, Fluid Machinery: performance, analysis, and design,
CRC Press LLC, 1999.
3. B. K. Hodge, Alternative Energy Systems, John Wiley & Sons;
April 2009.
4. Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamentals and Applications, NY McGraw-Hill, 2007.
5. R. K. Turton, Principles of Turbomachinery, Second Edition
Springer 1994, ISBN: 0412602105
6. J. E. Logan, & R. Ramendra, Handbook of Turbomachinery, Roy.
CRC Press 2003, ISBN: 978-0-8247-0995-2.