The History of the Computer

Then

&

Now

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Computer Evolution

1642 Blaise Pascal mechanical adding machine

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Computer Evolution

Early 1800s Jacquard uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom. 1832 Charles Babbage invents the Difference Engine

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The Punch Card

1890 Herman Hollerith invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

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Evolution (continued)
1946 Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

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ENIAC Computer

Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tons Filled a 30x50 foot room Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted For more materials of Bank Exams visit us at up www.Guide4BankExams.blogspot.in/

1943

Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project. She invented the phrase bug an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.

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1950s

Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness wasnt
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1960s

Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes) Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled operations

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Late 60s Early 70s

Integrated circuit boards New input methods such as plotters, scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

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1970s Integrated circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller microprocessors

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Late 80s to Current

Improved circuitry several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. Pentium chip named by Intel Modems communication along telephone wires Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the decision maker.
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The Information Processing Cycle

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT

PROCESSING

OUTPUT

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INPUT

INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition Auxiliary Storage Device

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen Image scanner

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PROCESSING
HARDWARE

PROCESSING

Central Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the computer. Controls input and output The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions.

Silicon chip: integrated circuit board Pentium: name give to a particular chip

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What two numbers are used in Binary Code?

0 and 1 They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE 1 BYTE makes a letter or number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

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MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM
RAM

MEMORY

READ ONLY MEMORY

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

Small Instructions are installed permanently at the factory Cannot be changed These instructions check the computers resources and looks for Operating System

Main Memory Temporary Temporary it is erased when turned off. It is where programs and data is stored while being processed

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OUTPUT DEVICES (HARDWARE)

Useful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes: Monitor: soft copy Printers: hard copy Flat Panel displays Voice and music - speakers Synthesizers Plotters
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AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

AUXILIARY STORAGE

Network Drive (H: drive) Hard Disk Drive (C:drive) Floppy Disk Drive with 3 Floppy Disk (A:drive) Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive Digital Audio Tape

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Computer Hardware

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Hardware

Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices

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System Unit

Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer.

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Circuits

The path from one component of a computer to another that data uses to travel. Circuits run between

RAM and the microprocessor RAM and various storage devices

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Silicon Chip

Silicon is melted sand. What the circuits are embedded into to keep them together.

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Peripheral Devices

Devices connected by cable to the CPU. Used to expand the computers input, output and storage capabilities.

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Input Devices

Units that gather information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.

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Keyboard

An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.

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Mouse

An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.

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Sound Card

A circuit board that gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.

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Modem

A device that sends and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines. Means (Modulate Demodulate).

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Output Devices

Devices that display, print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.

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Monitor

Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.

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Resolution

The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution. The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.

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Pixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics. Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

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Printer

Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper.

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Speakers

Output devices that receive signals from the computers sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.

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Storage Devices

Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off. Different forms

Hard disk Floppy or zip disks CDCD -Writer

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Formatted

Arrangement of data for storage or display. All storage devices must be formatted.

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Hard Disk

Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storage

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Floppy Disk

Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelope

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Compact Discs

CDCD -ROM

Compact disk with read only memory Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk. Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

CDCD -R

CDCD -RW

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DVD

DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only. Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only. Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.

DVDDVD -R

DVDDVD -RW

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Flash or Jump Drives

External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive. They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.

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Software Components

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Software

A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular tasks.

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Program

A series of commands and executable files that produce results.

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Operating System

Software that translates a computers commands and allows application programs to interact with the computers hardware Examples:
Windows XP Unix OS 10 (MAC)

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Application Software

Program that performs a specific function. Examples

Microsoft Office Adobe Photoshop WordPerfect

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Multitasking

Ability to do more than one thing at a time. Computers can run several application software programs and the operating system at the same time.

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Software Use

Icon

Image that represent executable files. Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on screen. List or table of executable files

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Menus

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Types of Computers

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Super Computer

Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest or most powerful at one given time. A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed. Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computers

Typical uses
Breaking codes Modeling weather systems

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Super Computer

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Mainframe

Large powerful computer often serving many connected terminals. Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized. Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
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Mainframe

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Server

A computer that processes request for HTML and other documents that are components of Web pages. Purpose is to serve. A computer that has the purpose of supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (Local Area Network).

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Workstation

Desktop computer which is usually more powerful than a Microcomputer. Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks. A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or horizontal case. Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.
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Workstation

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Desktop Microcomputer

Small computer based on a microprocessor. A personal computer designed to meet the needs of an individual; provides a variety of applications. Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, ee-mail, and internet.

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Desktop Microcomputer

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Laptop or Notebook

Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall outlet or battery unit with all components in one unit. All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit. Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop. Sometimes called a notebook.
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Handheld

Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on batteries, and is used while holding in your hand. Typically used as an appointment book, address book, calculator, and notepad. Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer as a backup.
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Networks

File Server

A computer dedicated to running applications and storing data. May be shared with other workstations A unique address assigned to a computer so that it may be located across the web.

IP address

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Network
Two or more computers and other

devices that are connected, for the purpose of sharing data and programs.

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Types of Networks

LAN Intranetwork

Local Area Network A method by which multiple computers are connected. (CJH) Wide Area Network by which large geographical areas can be connected. (Davis District)

WAN InternetworkWide

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Computer Performance and Processing

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Boot Process

Sequence of events that occurs between the time you turn on a computer and the time that it becomes ready to accept commands. Purposes

Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is working. Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry out basic operations.

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6 events of the boot process:

Power

up Start boot program Power Power-on selfself-test Identify peripheral devices Load operation system Check configuration and customization

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Megahertz (mHz)

A measurement used to describe the speed of the system clock. A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or pulses) per second. 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessors clock operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per second.
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Pentium

Name of the CPU. Pentium is the 5th generation of the Intel processor.

Other generations were called:

80-88 80 286 386 486

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RAM vs. ROM

RAM

ROM

Random Access Memory The ability of a storage devices to go directly to a specific storage location without having to search sequentially for a beginning location. Very volatile

Cannot hold data when the power is off. Losses all data when power is lost.

Read only memory Drives can read data from disks, but cannot store new data on them. One or more integrated circuits that contain permanent instructions that the computer uses during the boot process.

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Binary Number System

A method for representing numbers using only two digits 0 and 1. Bit each 0 or 1. Byte 8 bits Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.

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Memory Measurements

Bit

Each 0 or 1 8 bits Approximately 1 thousand bytes Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes) Approximately 1 billion bytes Approximately 1 trillion bytes For more materials of Bank Exams visit us at www.Guide4BankExams.blogspot.in/

Byte

Kilobyte

Megabyte

Gigabyte

Terabyte

Basic Terms

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Basic Terms

Computer

A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.

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Basic Terms

Input

Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created and fed into the computer. Useful information that leaves the system. Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects or ideas.
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Output

Data

Basic Terms

Processing

Manipulation of the data in many ways Area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Area of the computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.
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Memory

Storage

Basic Terms

File management

A method of organizing files and folders to make data more easily accessible. Location of physical media where data is stored Individual document created and saved by the user.

Folders

File

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We are at Facebook

Meet us at

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