Araceli Hernandez Period 10/18/13

Thesis Dating back around the 1990s, several African states experienced civil wars; In response to civil conflicts, government-supported armed forces were responsible for leaving traumatic impacts on young recruited children and abusing their human rights. Project type: Website Primary Source Documents "BBC NEWS | Africa | Angolan child soldier tells his story." BBC News - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2022915.stm>. Document URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2022915.stm According to a report from Justin Pearce, he talks to a 15-year-old soldier. He first assumed he played in his father military outfit. As Pearce talked, he realized the 15-yearold boy fought in one of Angolas battle. Still, he explains his desire to learn in the second grade. This interview will be used to give evidence of children in Angola and are uncertain they could do anything because the government controls them. BBC WORLDSERVICE. "Global Crime Report | INVESTIGATION | The child soldiers of .Sierra Leone part 1 | BBC World Service." BBC - Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. .2013. .<http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/sol. ............diers1.shtml>. Document URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/soldie rs1.shtml According to a story of Al-hahi Sawaneh, Al-hahi was recruited as Sierras Leone child soldiers. He includes his insights of what happened when he was recruited. This will be used in the website as an example of Al-hahi as child soldier and how he was able to escape the Revolutionary United Front. "BBC NEWS | Africa | Angolan child soldier tells his story." BBC News - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2022915.stm>. Document URL: http://www.worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/his-head-swimming-inhash-a-former-child-soldier-in-burundi-recalls-his-many-kills/c1s4653/#.Ul9ZOlCkrl8 According the story from a Burundi child soldier, Sylvere Ndayshimiye, he recounts his horrible experience as a Hutu and memories of killing. Because he was forced to join the rebel group, he fought, and he was given drugs to get rid of fear. This interview will serve as evidence that child soldiers, such as Sylvere, are involuntarily part of armed forces and, consequently, suffer rejection from their loved ones after being liberated or are simply traumatized by what happened. In addition, the military used indoctrination to persuade Sylvere that he was not doing anything malicious.

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"BBC NEWS | Photo journal: Child soldier." BBC News - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_child_soldier/html/5.stm ............>. Document URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_child_soldier/html/1.stm According the photo journals and stories of Ugandan children survivors, stories included discuss about the abductions, health conditions, families killed, horrible memories, deaths, and the wounds child soldiers got from Ugandas wars. BBC News. "BBC NEWS | Europe | AK-47: the Sierra Leone child soldier." BBC News Home. BBC News, 6 Dec. 2005. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4500358.stm>. Document URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4500358.stm According this article with testimonies of Sierra Leones child soldiers and their great usage of the AK-47, many children involved in armed conflicts in Africa used the AK-47 weapon because the government and rebels themselves gave the light and easy weapon to them. This source will be used in the website the harsh commands leaders gave when it came to handle a gun. Beah, Ishmael. "Diary of A Child-Soldier Ishmael Beah Culled From New York Times | OSUN DEFENDER." OSUN DEFENDER | People First: The Most Optimized Political News Platform From Nigeria, Set Up To Wrest Political Power From Vote-robbers. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.osundefender.org/?p=35918#>. Document URL: http://www.osundefender.org/?p=35918# According to this diary written from Ishmael Beah, his experience as a child soldiers in Uganda was horrific. He fought in Africas most brutal war at young age. He was, like others, manipulated to join because the Rebels would protect them. As time goes, he describes how child soldiers create a strong attachment to the armed force. Ismael remembers of drugs his commander told him to consume. He describes how some other men took time to recover the experiences in the military. He argues that this action should not be done to children and the armed forces should be accountable of the violence. Charles, Ojok. "Innocence lost: The child soldiers forced to murder - Africa - World - The Independent." The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper. N.p., 7 Dec. 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/innocence-lost-the-child-soldiers............forced-to-murder-1052026.html>.
Document URL: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/innocence-lost-the-

child-soldiers-forced-to-murder-1052026.html According to this interview about Ojok Charles, a Ugandan veteran of the Lords Resistance Army, Ojok comments what it felt to be abducted by the LRA. He described

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the way he was treated. This source will be used in the website as an example of traumatic experience. Child Soldiers Global Report. "CONGO, Democratic Republic of the." Child Soldiers Global Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:AkBp8CIyJz4J:www.child...........soldiers.org/user_uploads/pdf/congodemocraticrepublicof7740484.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct ...........=clnk&gl=us>. Document URL: www.child-soldiers.org user... congodemocraticre ublicof This website provides 2008 statistics on the number of child soldiers in Democratic Republic of Congo. After the constitution of DRC passed in 2006, the use of child soldiers is a lot and recruitments is still in the process of recruiting many children. Chid's Rights. "Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola." Child's Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2007. <http://www.childsrights.org/html/site_en/law_download.php?id=347>. Document URL: http://www.childsrights.org/html/site_en/law_download.php?id=347 This source depicts the actual constitution of Angola. This source will be utilized to show the article where children are obligated to become part of an armed force. "Congo's Child Soldiers - Photo Essays - TIME." Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1673770_1469081,00.html>. Document URL: http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1673770_1469081,00.html This website provides photos of what Congo leaders do to their armed forces. There is a leader who is about to cut a child soldier as a loss of status. Constitution Net. "The Constitution of the Democratic of the Congo, 2005." Constitution . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2007. <http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20...........%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf>. Document URL: http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/DRC%20%20Congo%20Constitution.pdf According to the constitution from 2005, the Democratic Republic of the Congo should protect their children. This source will be used to contradict what actually happened in Democratic Republic of the Congo where the recruitment of children continued despite of the law. Cross, the International Red, Red Crescent Movement, and UNHCR. "Impact of Armed Conflict on Children." Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.un.org/rights/concerns.htm>. . df

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Document URL: http://www.un.org/rights/concerns.htm This website explains the programs given to promote better conditions to the child soldiers of Africa. During armed conflicts, thousands of children were abused of their human rights. In addition, it includes information about ways to prevent future use of child soldiers, protection of rights, and other special needs to the children combatants. Farmar, Sam . "Joseph Kony Interview (2012 EXCLUSIVE) - YouTube." YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn6QsyZmyX0>. Document URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn6QsyZmyX0 According to this interview, Joseph Kony, the leader of the Lords Resistance Army was by Sam. Joseph Kony talks about his objectives and admits that he is a military leader who fights for freedom. Although many accuse his LRA group in mutilation, Kony says that the images were propaganda. He adds that he every accusations is false, including the abduction of children as soldiers. Goodwin, Jan. "Sierra Leone Is No Place To Be Young - New York Times." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., 14 Feb. 1999. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/14/magazine/sierra-leone-is-no-place-to-be............young.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm>. Document URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/14/magazine/sierra-leone-is-no-placeto-be-young.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm This website contains an article about the re ort of Sierra Leones use of child soldiers. According to Goodwin, the government supports the idea that the use of child soldiering is necessary and not bad. The article provides data of the number of child soldiers and their stories about the armed forces of the government and the CDF. Gray-Block, Aaron. " Congo warlord stands trial in child soldier case| Reuters." Business & ...Financial News, Breaking US & International News | Reuters.com. N.p., 25 Jan. 2009. ...Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/25/us-warcrimes-congo...........idUSLP47145620090125>. Document URL: http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/25/us-warcrimes-congoidUSLP47145620090125 According to this article, a trial takes place against a government-supported rebel group. The court accuses the militia leader, Thomas Lubanga, for recruiting hundreds of children and filling them with numerous drugs. This will be used in the website for more background information on Thomas Lubangas court case. International Criminal Court. "Pre-Trial Chamber 1." Internation Criminal Court. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2007. <http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc349648.PDF>. Document URL: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc349648.PDF

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This criminal case from International Criminal Court depicts a trial against German Katanga and Thomas Lubango Dyilo, and this source will be used show the violence of recruiting children that actually occurred. International Criminal Court. "Pre-Trial Chamber II." International Criminal Court. N.p., 27 Sept. 2005. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc97185.pdf>. Document URL: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc97185.pdf This criminal case from International Criminal Court shows the persecutions against the famous Joseph Kony. This source will be used in the website to show that child recruitment was a real struggle for many children who were violated by this man.

"IRIN Africa | BURUNDI: Interview with Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye | Burundi | Conflict | Governance." IRIN humanitarian news and analysis from Africa, Asia and the Middle East - updated daily. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://www.irinnews.org/report/23414/burundi-interview-with-jean-bosco...........ndayikengurukiye>. Document URL: http://www.irinnews.org/report/23414/burundi-interview-with-jean............bosco-ndayikengurukiye According to this interview, a rebel leader in Burundi, Jean-Bosco N, spoke about the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement 2001. Jean-Bosco N. explains that there is no concern with Burundian people about the peace agreement, but he argues of wanting to negotiate with the peace creator, Nelson Mandela. This source will be used to show what role this rebel leader in all the atrocities happening. He supports the idea that the crisis since 1991 will not impede a transition into a democratic state. However, Jean-Bosco continues to fight because he is concerned about soldiers who are resisting and are showing no sign in favor of peace. Meanwhile, many civilians are dying, but Jean argues it is good resistance. IRIN. "humanitarian news and analysis." IRINnews. N.p., 9 June 2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://www.irinnews.org/report/78646/burundi-fnl-rebels-still-recruiting-children>. Document URL: http://www.irinnews.org/report/78646/burundi-fnl-rebels-stillrecruiting-children This image depicts an armed force of Burundi known as FNL, and this will be used to support the fact that Burundi has armed groups supported by the government; therefore, the violence against child soldiers continues. Jaffr, Franoise, and Communication Officer of the Coalition. The Coalition actively. "The Use .of Children as Soldiers in Africa report." ReliefWeb. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. .<http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/C157333FCA91F573C1256C130. .............033E448-chilsold.htm>.

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Document URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/C157333FCA91F573C1256C13003 3E448-chilsold.htm According this data and analysis of military recruitment of children, there is information whether government supported or non-government groups recruited children, and of information of the use of child soldiering in countries of Africa. This report also contains organizations such as the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers that have or are still attempting to stop military recruitment of children in armed conflicts. Leridon, M., "Avec leurs grigris, les enfants Kamajors sont toujours prts au combat", AFP, 2 October.1998.<http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/C157333FCA91F57. ............3C1256.C130033E448-chilsold.htm>. Document URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/C157333FCA91F57.............3C1256 .C130033E448-chilsold.htm This website provides an insight from Patrick Zangalaywah, from the Civil Defense Forces. In Sierra Leone, the recruitment of child soldiers is a good strategy to fight. He explains the reason child soldiering should continue. News from WRI."Child Soldiers: Angola report | War Resisters' International." News from WRI | War Resisters' International. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://www.wri............irg.org/es/node/2284>.
..Document URL: http://www.wri-irg.org/es/node/2284

This source includes the Constitution of Angola on Article 152. According to Article 52, it is the duty of every citizen to defend his or her country. Because there were low rates of birth registration, the recruitment ages reduced to the age of 18. This source will be used to outline the limited rights people had upon avoiding recruitment at a young age. "Reluctant Recruits: Children and Adults Forcibly Recruited into Military Service in North Kivu." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/rwanda0403/rwanda0403.pdf>. Document URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/rwanda0403/rwanda0403.pdf This website provides a response from Roger M, who experienced the genocide in Rwanda and was a recruited soldier. He describes the way his family and he were treated by the military. With no option, he admits that he had to kill his sisters, which he told his family later on. He further describes the many emotions he felt when he murdered people. Republic Government of Uganda. "THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA: IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA." Ulii Files. N.p., 8 Oct. 1994. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ulii.org/files/ug/judgment/constitutional............court/2004/2/2.pdf>.

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Document URL: http://www.ulii.org/files/ug/judgment/constitutional-court/2004/2/2.pdf This website provides a document of the Constitution of Uganda. In Article 17, it states every Ugandan citizen has the duty to defend and provide service when necessary. This source will be used to show one reason for child soldier recruitment. Shah, Anup. "Children, Conflicts and the Military Global Issues." Global Issues : social, political, economic and environmental issues that affect us all Global Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.globalissues.org/article/82/children-conflicts-and-the............military>. Document URL: http://www.globalissues.org/article/82/children-conflicts-and-themilitary According to this report, it contains aspects of the military usage of child soldiers throughout Africa. UNICEF mentions evidence that help has been given but the violence continues. The article provides information for the website about the use of weapons and the reintegration of child soldiers into society. SULLIVAN, RONALD. "Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years - New York Times." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal............habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html>. Document URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html According to this newspaper, there is the obituary of Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu. While returning from a conference of African leaders, the plane where the President Habyarimana was in crashed. The army officer, Juvenal Habyarimana, plays an important role in the armed force during the civil war in Rwanda since 1959. In an effort to control and find peaceful settlements, he also started genocide against the Tutsi minority. This source will be used to prove the role he had as a government when he recruited young soldiers to form an armed force against the Tutsi. The Epoch Times. "Congo Warlord Stands Trial in Child Soldier Case." The Epoch Times. N.p., 26 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2007. <http://epoch-archive.com/a1/en/us/nyc/2009/01...........Jan/26/A4_World.pdf>. Document URL: http://epoch-archive.com/a1/en/us/nyc/2009/01-Jan/26/A4_World.pdf According to this newspaper, the Congolese leader, Thomas Lubanga, went to court for trial on committing violence. This source will support my website to add how this armed force leader was one of many groups in Democratic Republic of Congo to continue recruiting children despite the law. UNICEF. "Child Soldiers." UNICEF. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf>.

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Document URL: http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf According the statistics and insights from the organization, UNICEF, this organization has been part of the many human rights supporters. UNICEFS provides what child soldiering means and how they are able to monitor violations of the laws in the states of Africa. In addition, they explain ways they helped in stopping child soldiers since the 1990s. Unites States Holocaust Memorial Museam. "Rwanda." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ushmm.org/research/research-in............collections/search-the-collections/bibliography/rwanda#h149>. Document URL: http://www.ushmm.org/research/research-in-collections/search-thecollections/bibliography/rwanda#h149 This image shows a source from Rwanda on a Tutsis man picture on a passport-like book. This source will be used to show more background information along with the image on the Rwandan genocide that brought about child soldier. Wessells, Mike. "Sierra Leone: Child Soldiers." Pangaea Publishing and Design for Nature & Peoples of the Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://pangaea.org/street_children/africa/armies.htm>. Document URL: http://pangaea.org/street_children/africa/armies.htm According to this long story by Mike Wessels, Sierra Leones child soldier, Mike writes about his experiences he had as a child soldier. He includes how the situation started in Sierra Leone. This source will primarily give more background information on the struggles of child soldiers. Secondary Source Documents Child Soldiers International. "Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Angola." Refworld. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4988061728.html>. Document URL: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4988061728.html A re ort on Angolas historical context will be used as background information on the cause for recruiting child soldiers. Human Rights Watch. "Lasting Wounds Consequences of Genocide and War Rwanda;s ....Children." Human Rights Watch. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/rwanda0403/rwanda0403.pdf>. Document URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/rwanda0403/rwanda0403.pdf

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According to this report conducted around 1995-2002, there was a mass number of children with their rights abused. This source will be used in the website to show the cause of the genocide that took Rwanda, which brought the recruitment of children. In addition, this source will be used give interviews on child struggles and the reintegration of children in society. Invisible Children. "History of the War." Invisible Children ConflictOverview Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://invisiblechildren.com/about/history/>. Document URL: http://invisiblechildren.com/about/history/ This website will primarily be used to give background on information of child soldiers of Uganda. Jean-Herv Jzquel. "Child Soldiers in Africa: A Singular Phenomenon." On the necessity of .historical Perspective. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. .<http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/0605-JEZEQUEL-UK-2.pdf>. Document URL: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/0605-JEZEQUEL-UK-2.pdf This website provides a historical perspective concerning the child soldiers in Africa. It provides and explains the conflicts that occurred because of civil wars since the 1990s. This source will be used for background on the focuses on the outcome of impact of the use of child soldiers. Keenan, Jonathan. "The Forgotten War: The Sierra Leone Civil War." YouTube. YouTube, 16 Aug. 2007. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiqHKFMPhHw>. Document URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiqHKFMPhHw A video on Sierra Leones situation on child soldier will show the history behind the cause and the struggles of intense violence. Refworld. "Child Soldiers Global Report 2004 - Burundi." Refworld. N p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2013.. <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4988066f2.html>. Document URL: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4988066f2.html A re ort on Burundis historical context will be used as background information on the cause for recruiting child soldiers.