ACE ACL ADO ADSL Line AGP AI ALGOL ALU ANSI Institute AOL API -

Access Control Entry Access Control List Active Data Objects Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

BLOG -Binary Logic Object BMP -Bitmap BPS -Bytes Per Seconds BS -Bulletin Board Service C DAC -Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing CAD -Computer Aided Design

CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRM Customer Relationship Management CROM Control Read Only Memory CRT Cathode Ray Tube CUI Character User Interface

Accelerated Graphics Port Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Language Arithmetic Logic Unit American National Standards

DAC Digital To Analog Converter CADD -Computer Added Drafting And Design DAO Data Access Objects CAI -Computer Aided Instructuion DARPANET CAM -Computer Aided Manufacturing Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency CAR -Control Address Register America Online CASE -Computer Aided Software Engineering Application Program Interface CCIS -Common Channel Interoffice Signaling APIPA Protocol Addressing APT Tooling ARD Automatic Private Internet CCNA -Cisco Certified Network Associate DBMS Data Base Management System Automatically Programmed CD -Compact Disc DCA Defence Communication Agency CD RW -Compact Disc Re-Writable Address Resolution Protocol CD WORM -Compact Disc- Write Once Read Many CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDONTS Collabaration On Data Objects For Windows Nt ASCII -American Standard Code For Information Server Interchange CDROM Compact Disc- Read Only Memory ASF -Advanced Streaming Format CFG Control Flow Graph ASM -Association For Systems Management CGI Common Gateway Interface ASP -Active Server Pages CGM Computer Graphics Metafile ATAPI -Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface ATM -Asynchronous Transfer Mode AUI -Attachment Unit Interface AVI -Audio Video Interleave B2B -Business To Business B2C -Business To Commerce BASIC -Beginner`s Instruction Code All Purpose Symbolic CMS Content Management System CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black) COBOL Common Business Oriented Language COM Component Object Model CORBA Common Architecture Object Request Broker CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIM Computer Integrated Manufacture CISC Complex Instruction Set Computers CIX Commercial Internet Exchange CLR Common Language Runtime CMOS Complementary Semiconductor Metal Oxide DC DBA Data Base Administrator DAT Digital Audio Tape Network

ARP -Address Resolution Protocol ARPA -Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPANET -Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

BCD -Binary Coded Decimal BDPS -Business Data Processing Systems BHTML -Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language BIOS -Basic Input Output System BIU -Bus Interface Unit

CPI Clock Cycle Per Instruction

L Data Control Language DCOM Distributed Component Object Model DCP Data Communication Processor DDL Data Definition Language DDOS Distributed Denial Of Service DDP Distributed Data Processing DFD Data Flow Diagram DFS Distributed File System DHCP Dynamic Host Control Protocol DHTML Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language DLC Data Link Control DLL Dynamic Link Library DMA Direct Memory Access DML Data Manipulation Language DMTF Distributed Management Test Force DNA Distributed Internet Architecture DNS Domain Name System (Server) DOD Department Of Defense DOM Document Object Model DOS Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service DPI Dots Per Inch DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSN Digital Subscriber Network DTD Document Type Definition DVD Digital Versatile Disc E Electronic EAROM Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory EBCDIC Extended Interchange Code Binary Coded Decimal

ENIAC Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EROM Erasable Read Only Memory ERP Enterprise Resource Planning EULA End User License Agreement FAT File Allocation Table FDD Floppy Disk Drive FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FIFO First In First Out FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second FO Fiber Optics FORTRAN Formula Translation FPS Frames Per Second FRAM Ferro Electric Random Access Memory FTP File Transfer Protocol GB Giga Bytes GIF Graphic Interchange Format GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out GML General Markup Language GNU Gnu`s Not Unix GPL General Public License GUI Graphical User Interface

section below. Happy Reading :) HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HW Hardware IO Input Output IBM International Business Machines IC Integrated Circuit ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICS Reduce Instruction Set Computer ICT Information And Communication Technology IDE Integrated Development Environment IE Internet Explorer IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol IIS Internet Information Service IL Intermediate Language IOP Input-Output Processor IP Internet Protocol IPX Internetworked Packet Exchange IRAM Integration Ram IRC Internet Relay Chat IRDA Infrared Data Association IRQ Interrupt Request ISAPI Internet Interface Server Application Program

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network HDD Hard Disk Drive ISO International Standard Organization HFS Hierarchical File System ISP Internet Service Provider HP Hewlett Packard ISR Interrupt Service Routine HPC High Performance Computing IT Information Technology HPFS High Performance File System ITPL Information Technology Park Limited (India) HSR Horizontal Scan Rate EDC Electronic Digital Computer HTML EDCDIC Extended Interchange Code EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only T Memory EFS Encrypted File System EJB Enterprise Java Beans his is the Part 2 of the list of Computer Abbreviations. You can Read the Part 1 Here. Hope you will like this post. If you have any Comments please use the comments KB Kilo Bytes KBPS Kilo Bytes Per Second L2TP Layer Two Tunneling Protocol JSP Java Server Pages Binary Coded Decimal Hyper Text Markup Language JHTML Java Within Hyper Text Markup Language 12/7/13 Computer Gr8AmbitionZ Abbreviations Part 2JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JDBC Java Data Base Connectivity JCL Job Control Language

LAN Local Area Network LCD Liquid Crystal Display LDAP Light Weight Directory Access Control LIFO Last In First Out LIPS Logical Interfaces Per Second LOC Lines Of Code LSI Large Scale Integration LSP Layered Service Provider MAC Media Access Control MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAU Multi-Station Access Unit MB Mega Bytes

MSDN Microsoft Developer Network MSIIS Microsoft Internet Information Server MSIL Microsoft Intermediate Language MSMQ Microsoft Message Queue MSN Microsoft Network MSRAP Microsoft Remote Administration Protocol MSRPC Microsoft Remote Procedure Call MTS Microsoft Transaction Server MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MUDS Multi-User Dungeons NAS Network Attached Storage NASSCOM National Association Of Software & Service Companies NCP Network Control Protocol

PC Personal Computer PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDF Portable Document Format PDL Page Description Language PDU Protocol Data Unit PHP Php Hypertext Processor PIC Programming Interrupt Control PILOT Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching PLA Programmable Logic Array PLC Programmable Logic Controller

MBONE Multicast Backbone NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification MBPS Mega Bytes Per Second NDRO Nondestructive Read Out MBR Master Boot Record NETBEUI Netbios Enhanced User Interface MCP Microsoft Certified Professional NIC National Informatics Centre, MCS Multicast Server NIIT National Institute Of Information Technology MCSA Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol MCSD Microsoft Certified Solution Developer NOW Network Of Workstations MCSE Microsoft Certified System Engineer NSFNET National Science Foundation Network MDE Microsoft Access Database NT (WINDOWS) New Technology MDI Multiple Document Interface NTFS New Technology File System MDS Microcomputer Development System NTP Network Time Protocol MFC Microsoft Foundation Classes OCP Oracle Certified Professional MFT Master File Table OCR Optical Character Readers MG Mega Bytes ODBC Open Data Base Connectivity MICR Magnetic-Ink Characters Recognition OLE Object Linking And Embedding MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface OMR Optical Mark Reader MIMD Multiple Instruction Multiple Data ONE Open Network Architecture MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions OOA Object Orient Analysis MIPS Millions Of Instructions Per Second OOAD Object Oriented Analysis And Design MISD Multiple Instruction Single Data OOP Object Oriented Programming MODEM Modulator And Demodulator OOPS Object Oriented Programming System MP3 Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3 OPEN GL Open Graphics Library MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group OS Operating System MS Microsoft OSI Open System Interconnection

PNG Portable Network Graphics PNP Plug And Play POP Post Office Protocol POST Power On Self Test PPP Peer To Peer Protocol PPTP Point To Point Tunneling Protocol PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PS Post Script PSI Performance Systems International PSN Processor Serial Number PSW Program Status Word QOS Quality Of Service R DAT Rotating Digital Audio Tape RADSL Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscribes Line RAID Redundant Array Of Independent Disks RAM Random Access Memory RAMDAC Random Access Memory Digital To Analog Converter RAS Remote Access Network RD RAM Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory RDBMS System Relational Data Base Management

RDO Remote Data Objects

RDP Remote Desktop Protocol RFC Request For Comments RGB Red Green Blue RICS Reduced Instruction Set Computer RIP Raster Image Processor RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer ROM Read Only Memory RPC Remote Procedure Call RTC Real Time Clock RTF Rich Text Format RTOS Real Time Operating System S DAT Stationary Digital Audio Tape SACK Selective Acknowledgements SAM Security Access Manager SAP Service Access Point, Systems Applications Products SCMP Software Configuration Management Plan SCSI Small Computers Systems Interface SD RAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory SDD Software Design Description

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic Language SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange SQA Statistical Quality Assurance SQL Structured Query Language SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRS Software Requirements Specification STP Shielded Twisted Pair SVVP Software Verification And Validation Plan SW Software TAPI Telephony Application Program Interface TB Tera Bytes TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP-IP Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol TDI Transport Data Interface

VGA Video Graphics Array VHS Video Home System VLIW Very Long Instruction Words VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits VPN Virtual Private Network VRAM Video Random Access Memory VRML Virtual Reality Modelling Language VS Visual Studio VSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited VVR Software Validation And Validation Report VXD Virtual Device Driver W3C World Wide Web Consortium WAIS Wide Area Information Servers WAN Wide Area Network WAP Wireless Application Protocol WBEM Web-Base Enterprise Management WDM Wave Division Multiplexing WHQL Windows Hardware Quality Lab

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access WINDOWS ME Windows Millennium Edition TPM Transactions Processing Monitor WINDOWS NT Windows New Technology TSR Terminate And Stay Residents WINDOWS XP Windows Experienced UDD User Datagram Protocol WINS Windows Internet Name Service UDP User Datagram Protocol WMI Windows Management Instrumentation UI User Interface WML Wireless Markup Language UML Unified Modelling Language WORM Write Once Read Many UNC Universal Naming Convention WSH Windows Script Host UNIX Uniplexed Systems Information And Computer WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get XHTML Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language Receiver XML Extensible Markup Language XSL

SDK Software Development Kit SDL Storage Definition Language SDN Integrated Service Digital Network SDRAM Static Dynamic Random Access Memory SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscribes Line SG RAM Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language USB Universal Serial Bus SIM Subscriber Identification Module SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data SISD Single Instruction Single Data SIU Serial Interface Unit SMP Symmetric Multi-Process SMS Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA System Network Architecture SNAP Sub Network Access Protocol USRT Universal Transmitted Synchronous

URL Uniform Resource Locator

UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair Extensible Style Sheet Langauge VAN Virtual Area Network Y2K Year 2000 VAST Very Small Aperture Terminal ZIF Zero Insertion Force VB Visual Basic F VC++ Visual C++ parts of computers? Monitor, VCD Video Compact Disc Keyboard, Mouse, Computer Case / VDL View Definition Language

CPU and Power Cord right? But technically speaking computer has only Two parts. These two types of parts are essential to work together to make it run. Those are, 1. Hardware (all the above mentioned parts come under this category) 2. Software (list of instructions)

computer. This data can be test, sound and video. This data will be stored in digital form (1s and 0s) in computer. The organized data is called as a file. User : The person who works with computer. Users are ultimate beneficiaries of a computer system so we cant even imagine a computer without an user. We can classify them into two types. Those are,

same pattern. So 101011 can be read by computer as high voltage, low voltage, high voltage, low voltage, high voltage, high voltage....). These business computers are useful for business as well as scientific and engineering applications. The computer which you are using to read this post is a digital computer. Hybrid Computers : As the name represents, these computers have the qualities of both Analog and Digital computers. These computers are used for some special purposes. 'ROBOT' (not Rajnikanth's, we are talking about the real robot :P) is the best example of Hybrid Computers. The name of the first operational digital computer (the great grand father of our present computers) was ENIAC (Electronic memory Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It was developed in 1946 by John Mauchy and J. Presper Eckert at the university of Pennsylvania. But this computer is just like Gajhni. It couldn't remember anything. Later Professor John Von Newmann gave the idea of stored program concept which is the key concept in the design of today's computers. According to this concept, the program and the data associated to it should be stored in computer's memory during the execution of the program. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was the first stored program computer and it became operational in the year 1951. The architecture of this computer consists of a processor and a memory connected through a single path called communication channel. As there is only a single path, the processor faces problems to get data and instructions. This problem is called Von Newmann Bottleneck.(for non technical students, In simple words, the memory and processor are connected using a single wire. If you ask the processor to calculate a+b, then it should take a value, b value and the

Now lets have a detailed look, Hardware : It Refers to the physical components of a computer system. Examples of hardware are keyboard, monitor, hard disk, floppy disk, mouse, microprocessor etc. Software : The software is the set of instructions (called programs) written for a computer to perform a particular task. Generally, software is written in any one of the computer languages (c, c++, Java etc). The software can be classified as two types. Those are, 1. System Software and 2. Application Software. System Software : It refers to a collection of programs which provides vital services to the users and makes the computer user friendly. In simple words it works as a mediator between the computer and the user. Examples : Operating Systems and Compilers. Application Software : It refers to the programs usually written by programmers for performing their desired tasks. Examples : Email, Games etc Logically computer needs two things to perform / work. Those are Data and User. Computer Networking Data : The data consists raw facts, these facts transform into information after processing by a cant read 0's and 1's. But it can observe voltage fluctuations. In simple words, if you give high voltage it will treat it as 1. If you give low voltage it will treat it as 0. It also gives output in the developed. All of us are end users. We use computer to post on our blog. You use your computer to read those posts. Important Note : The software which is permanently stored in memory (ex ROM) which performs some of the hardware functions is called Firmware. That's all for now friends. In our next post we shall discuss about Hardware and Based on the way the computer performs the computations, computers can be classified into three. Those are 1. Analog Computers 2. Digital Computers and 3. Hybrid Computers Analog Computers : These computers operate by measuring physical units such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed etc. These computers are used for scientific and engineering applications. Digital Computers : These computers operate on numbers consisting 0's and 1's. These two numbers are called binary values. The characters and words are also represented in the binary form. (for those people who don't have any idea on how computer handles these 0's and 1's, it 1. Computer Professionals : Those people who write programs and develop software (Software Engineers). 2. End Users : The end user is the individual who uses the computer after it has been fully

instruction to add them. That means there are three things it should get in a single time. But there Some important points you should know about computers is only one wire. So it could get only one instruction at the time. this is the problem). That's the story of computer classification based on its performance friends. In our next post we shall discuss about the classification based on sizes. You can get more computer knowledge related topics from here. Happy Reading :) Computer Hardware Basics F sponsored links riends, in our last post we have learnt about the basic parts of computer system. In this post we shall discuss about Computer Hardware. As all of us know, the Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. In simple words the hardware is the parts of the computer, which people can see, feel and touch. All computer require the following hardware components to perform. 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Memory 3. Input and Output Devices 4. Storage In addition to the above mentioned components, there are many other inner components which make the basic components work together in an efficient way. Examples of those inner components are Mother board, several electronic boards (cards) and slots, bus, a maze of wires and cables etc. Apart from these devices communication and network devices allow the computer to communicate with other devices. Common common communication devices are modems and Ethernet cards. The computer cannot collect the data on its own. As the users of computer, its our responsibility to supply the data to the computer through an Input Device (keyboard, mouse, voice recorder etc).

The Input Device receives the data in the form of instructions from users. This received data is either processed by CPU (you can also call it as a processor) or stored in memory for further reference. The instructions stored in memory determines the processing operations. The results of processed operations are either stored in the memory / storage devices or sent to connected Output Devices. The data transfers are determined by software instructions which identify the devices involved. The control unit, a part of CPU, controls and coordinates all these activities. You can check the images of these hardware parts below. We shall discuss the functionalities of these components in detail in our next post. Happy Reading :)

Inner Hardware Components of CPU

Inner Parts of Monitor :

Computer Software - Basics F sponsored links riends, in our last post we have

discussed about computer Hardware. In this post we shall discuss about

Programming Language : The language in which the programmer write the instructions to train and work with computers.

Computer Software. The Software is Ex : C, C++, Java, SQL etc very important part of the computer that people cannot touch. Software is a set of programs that makes the computer run, and controlling everything that the computer does. The Keyboard Confused ? lets discuss with a small example. Computers Basics Computers - Computer Assume that you were a new born baby. When you born there was nothing there in brain. It was just like a white paper. Later your parents, relatives, well wishers taught you THINGS. They give you instructions like This is good, This is Bad, you should do this, you shouldn't do that etc. Those instructions helps you to Processors, perform your tasks in an efficient manner. Have you ever heard of Tarzan? He was also a human being, but born and brought up in Forest. He just behaves like an animal, can't talk or think like human beings. You and he both have same type of brains. Then where is the difference? The difference lies in the instructions given by the people. In simple words, your brain programmed to survive in this civilized society but his brain didn't. Got the point? Now back to our topic, Computer is just like the human brain. Its of no use and it can't work if you don't give proper instructions to it. These of instructions are called Computer Program. The computer program helps the computer to perform a specific task. A program is said to be running How does Computer Work? / executing when the computer is using that program. A set of programs is called Software. Softwares are of two types : Input Devices : 1. System Software Keybord : To type the data 2. Application Software Mouse : To point and click the objects The System software consists of low level (binary) programs that interact with the computer at the very basic level. Examples of system softwares are Operating Systems, Compilers and Utilities for managing computer resources software, scanner software etc (printer Important Note : We cant run the application softwares without the help of System Softwares. Synopsis : Set of Instructions -----> Program Set of Programs -------> Software Programmer : The person who write programs / instructions. Scanners : Converts the Hardcopy into Softcopy (Simply scans paper documents and stores them in system) Touchpad : The desktop according to the Touch. which responds Tracker Ball : Works similar to mouse, used by Graphic Designers Input : Data / Information entered into the computer using various input devices. Spread sheets, Games etc Windows Keys Number Keys / Numeric keys Application Keys Cursor Control Key sponsored links There are various types of keys are there in Keyboard. Namely, The Application software consists of programs that are required for a user. The application software is also called End-user programs. Examples of application softwares are Emails, Word Typewriter Keys FunctionKeys Enter Keys Thats all for now friends. In our next post we shall discuss in detail about system and application softwares. You can read computer knowledge related topics from here. Happy Reading :)

Light pens : Used to point the areas on the screen. Joy Sticks : Used for Playing Videogames.

now a days. A Giga Byte is equalent to 1024 Mega Bytes

converting the Soft-copy into Hard-copy (Printing the data on Paper)

(MB) n this post we shall see some basic How does Computer Work? computer terminology which helps computer to work. Output : Data / Information given by the computer. It displays on Monitor (Screen) / Prints via Printer / Generates sounds via Sound boxes and ofcourse stores the information in Disks. Output Devices : VDU : Video Display Unit. Also known as Monitor. Which displays output Printers : There are many types of printers. These are used for converting the Soft-copy into Hard-copy (Printing the data on Paper) n this post we shall see some basic Plotter : It is also similar to printer, but it can draw continuous point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands. So you can expect more clarity than printers. Speakers : Gives the output in the Sound Signal form Processing : The Processor/Central Processing Unit/CPU performs the operations with the help of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit - which performs Mathematical and Logical Operations) Input Devices Storage : The Random Access Memory (RAM) or Memory temporarily stores your date while you are working with that. Storage Devices : Hard Disk : Internal Drive of High capacity which stores larger and important files including your Operating System. The speed of the Hard disk is measured in milliseconds, The capacity of the Hard Disk is measured in Giga Bytes (GB). You can get harddisks of 40-80GB VDU : Video Display Unit. Also known as Monitor. Which displays output Printers : There are many types of printers. These are used for Output : Data / Information given by the computer. It displays on Monitor (Screen) / Prints via Printer / Generates sounds via Sound boxes and ofcourse stores the information in Disks. for Output Devices : IBPS POS III Online Exam from HERE General Knowledge Banking Interview Tips Join this site w ith Google Friend Connect Members (2438) More Already a member? Sign in Download Quick Reference Guide computer terminology which helps computer to work. The speed of the Hard disk is measured in milliseconds, The capacity of the Hard Disk is measured in Giga Bytes (GB). You can get harddisks of 40-80GB now a days. A Giga Byte is equalent to 1024 Mega Bytes (MB) Touchpad : The desktop according to the Touch. which responds Storage : The Random Access Memory (RAM) or Memory temporarily stores your date while you are working with that. Storage Devices : Joy Sticks : Used for Playing Videogames. Hard Disk : Internal Drive of High capacity which stores larger and important files including your Operating System. Scanners : Converts the Hardcopy into Softcopy (Simply scans paper documents and stores them in system) with the help of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit - which performs Mathematical and Logical Operations) Input : Data / Information entered into the computer using various input devices. Input Devices : Keybord : To type the data Mouse : To point and click the objects Tracker Ball : Works similar to mouse, used by Graphic Designers Speakers : Gives the output in the Sound Signal form Processing : The Processor/Central Processing Unit/CPU performs the operations point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands. So you can expect more clarity than printers. Plotter : It is also similar to printer, but it can draw continuous

Light pens : Used to point the areas on the screen.

Previous Papers BSNL TTA Exam Syllabus and Preparation Plan LIC AAO Exam Previous Papers

Disks Capacity 650+MB

Why are the Keys in a computer keyboard not arranged in Alphabetical order?

DVD : F Slower than HardDisks but faster than CDs sponsored links Capacity upto 17Giga Bytes riends, as all of you know the computer keyboard is very useful

and input device with a number of keys in Study Materials it. We use it to enter data into Postal / Sorting Assistants computer. Just stop reading this post and Previous Papers observe your keyboard once. Read those and alphabets. Study Materials First Line : Q W E R T Y U I O P IBPS RRB Second Line : A S D F G H J K L JOB Notifications Third Line : Z X C V B N M for year 2013 Kinda confusing to remember the order right? IBPS Specialist Officers You cant type closing your eyes unless and Interview Experiences until you are mastered in typing or you have United India Insurance some exceptional typing skills. Have you ever AO Exam wondered how nice it would be if these keys are Previous Papers Free Download IBPS Clerks II Common Interview Experiences 201312/7/13 Computer Work?- Gr8AmbitionZ Howdoes order??? Here is the answer : The earliest typewriter keyboard resembled a at 5:43 PM piano and was built with an alphabetical Labels: Basics of Computers , Computers for Bank Exams Compound Interest Time and Work Simple Interest Practice Problems who used the keyboard would know Floppy Disk : Its helps you to store smaller amount of data and take It's speed is Very Very low. Capacity normally 1.44 Mega Bytes (hardly you can store 6 or 7 wallpapers :P) CD/CD ROM : Slower than Hard Disks and Faster than Floppy immediately where to find each letter; B after A, H after G, U after T..... hunting would be reduced, pecking would be increased. Nice no? then why they have switched to Q W E R T Y version ? The inventor of the keyboard version we are presently using is Mr. C. L. Sholes arrangement of 28 keys. The developers of the first type writer assumed it would be the most efficient arrangement after all, anyone arranged in Alphabetical order? I mean something like A B C D .... X Y Z ? Then why don't they put them in that order instead of placing keys in this unusual Q W E R T Y

www.gr8ambitionz.com/2012/02/how-doescomputer-work.html 3/5

(Christopher Latham Sholes). He faced several problems while working with the normal keyboard. The arrangement of letters which the first typewriter had are called "typebars." The typebars hung in a circle. The WhyaretheKeys inacomputer keyboardnot arrangedinAlphabetical order?- Gr8AmbitionZ www.gr8ambitionz.com/2013/08/why-are-keys-incomputer-keyboard-not.html 2/5 at 1:19 PM Labels: computer knowledge , Computers Basics , General Knowledge Online Practice Test for Computers - Set 8 Features of Word Processing Computer Basics

each other, the delicate machinery would get jammed. Due to these mechanical failings, he had to change those rollers and type bars very

Ctrl + K Insert link. Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen. Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.

frequently. It was very irritating and Ctrl + P Open the print window. disappointing task for him. So, with the help of an educator Amos Densmore, he studied letterpair frequency. As we all know, in English there are some frequently used letters (e, i, a, h etc) some less used letters (q, z etc). With a little research he was able to figure out a way around the problem simply by separating the most common letter pairings and redesigned the arrangement. (some versions say that he just interchange the keys to oblige typists to type more slowly). Initially traditional typewriter users opposed this invention because its very confusing to those people who got used to type with regular a to z keyboards. But as years passed, people got accustomed to QWERTY version and they have adopted the same technology for computer keyboards. Of-course, there are some other versions too... But this is the standard one. Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1pts. MS Word - Shortcut Keys H Ctrl + / + c Insert a cent sign (). ere are the important Shortcut keys of Microsoft Word. Which are useful in all competitive exams which are having Computer Knowledge in their section (especially Bank Clerks Exams). Ofcourse this list will help you in the daily usage of Ctrl + ' + Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where is the character you want. For example, if you wanted an accented you would use Ctrl + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark, often on the Tilde Key. Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters. Ctrl + Moves one word to the left. Ctrl + Moves one word to the right. Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page. Ctrl + B Bolds the highlighted selection. Ctrl + Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph. Ctrl + Moves to the end of the paragraph. Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor. Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor. Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. Ctrl + T Create a hanging indent. Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection. Ctrl + V for Pasting the selected text Ctrl + X Cuts the elected text. Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed. Ctrl + Z Undo last action. Ctrl + Shift + L Quickly creates a Bullet Point. Ctrl + Shift + F Change the fon Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts. Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1pts. Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.

Pdf the computer too. If you completely aware of these commands, then you can operate your computer without using your mouse. hope you like this post.. Happy reading :) Name of the Key Description Ctrl + 0 Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.

roller which held the paper sat over this circle, Ctrl + C Copy the selected text. and when a key was pressed, a typebar would swing up to hit the paper from underneath. If two typebars were near each other in the circle, they would tend to clash into each other when typed in succession. If a user quickly typed a succession of letters whose type bars were near Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen. Ctrl + F Open find box. Ctrl + I Makes the font in Italic Ctrl + J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen. Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document. Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font. Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines. Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines. Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing. Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1. Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2. Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3. Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.

that post. Some people asked us to post the shortcut keys of Microsoft Excel too as now a days banks are Now here we are posting the list of shortcut keys for Microsoft Excel too as now a days bank exams are asking more questions from that area. So, in this post we are posting the shortcut keys for MS Excel. Prepare well and please don't be confused among the shortcut keys of MS Word and MS Excel. Happy Reading :)

Ctrl + ' Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected. Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format. Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format. Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format. Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format. Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format. Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format. Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text. Ctrl + Space Selects entire Column. Shift + Space Selects the entire Row. Computers - Generations

Ctrl + F1 Opens the Task Pane. Shortcut Keys Description Ctrl + F2 Displays the Print preview. F2 To Edit the selected cell. Ctrl + Shift + > Increases the highlighted text size by one. Ctrl + Shift + < Decreases the highlighted text size by one. Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document. Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document. F1 Open Help. F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+) F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word. F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document. F12 Save as. Ctrl + K Insert link. Shift + F3 Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection. Change the text in Microsoft Word uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word. Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted. Shift + F12 Save. Shift + Enter Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph. Shift + Insert Paste. Shift + Alt + D Insert the current date. Shift + Alt + T Insert the current time Ctrl + Page down MS Excel Shortcut Keys I n our last post we have shared the shortcut keys for Microsoft Word. We've got really good response for Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document. Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files. Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells that time. They could perform calculations in MilliSeconds but there were many disadvantages in them. They were too big in size, Not portable, AirConditioning was required for their commercial use and production from Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection. Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing Ctrl + Z Undo last action. Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window. Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window. : Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks or windows. Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document. Vacuum tubes is the only electronic components available during those days. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6. F7 Spell check selected text or document. F11 Create chart. Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time. Ctrl + ; Enter the current date. Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet. Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window. Shift + F5 Bring up search box. Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet. Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection. Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.

T First Generation (1942 - 1956) - Vacuum Tubes he development of computer technology is generally divided into the following phases

was also difficult. The UNIVAC Automic

(UNIVersal

A new technology called Integrated Circuit was invented in 1963. This technology made a big change in Computer world.

Microprocessors. They are..... 1. Instruction Set : The set of Instructions

Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) are the examples of First Generation Computers. UNIVAC was the first Commercial Computer to a business client the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951 (till then, all computers were for research purpose). ENIAC was the world's first Operational Electornic Digital COmputer.

Given to it and it can execute. 2. Bandwidth : The number of bits it can process in a single Instruction. 3. Clock Speed : The number of Instructions per second the processor can execute. These can be measured in MHZs (Megahertz)

The third Generation computers were developed by using this IC technology. In this technology Transistors The fifth Generation Computers are based on were miniaturized and placed on Silicon Chips. These Silicon Chips are also called as Semiconductors. These Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors The Transistor, a smaller and more r Computers. eliable source than the vacuum tube was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs. This Transistor is a device made by semiconductor material that amplifies the signal or opens or closes a circuit. However computer that used systems. So, we put them in Fifth Generation. transistors was not produced in quantity. The Compilers Basics for IBPS IT Officers Exam second generation emerged with transistors A being the brain of Computer. It was smaller in size as compared to first generation computers and more reliable. The disadvantages of it were the requirement of air-conditional room, frequent maintenance that it required, commercial production. of Microprocessors, They've got a new life. The Microprocessor controls the logic of almost all Third Generation (1964-1971) - Integrated Circuits (ICs) devices from small clocks to big automobiles. you have 3 solutions. There are 3 basic characteristics for know Chinese and he too don't know your Language (say Hindi). Then what to Do? Now Microprocessors brought the Fourth Generation computers. The Microprocessor is a Single Silicon Chip which contains some thousands of Integrated Circuits. Simply we can say that it is the heart of Personal Computers. Personal computers were started in Third Generation. With the invention sponsored links ssume that you visited china to meet China's Prime minister. The meeting was arranged in a big auditorium. But now the problem is, you don't is no computer in the world which can exibit full artificial intelligence (i mean, to simulate COMPLETE human behavior). Scientists are stilly working on these type of Semiconductors helped to increase the speed and efficiency of works with the help of Neural Networks. The target of this is to make computers which can think like human. Currently there Artificial Intelligence. Simply Machine Brains. These systems

1. To learn Chinese 2. To make him learn your Language 3. Or you both should learn some other language (Like English) so that you can communicate in that language... Now what if HE is not ready to learn your language or English??? and what if you too are Lazy enough to learn Chinese or English??? Isn't there any other solution for this problem??? There is...... If you have enough money, You can hire a person who knows your language as well as Chinese and he will work as a MEDIATOR for both of you people.. :) Now come to our Subjects...... As we know, computer cant understand our Hais and hellos.... And we too cant understand Computer's 0's and 1's... So how to talk to the computer and make it works according to your orders? Can you teach English impossible, because its a to computer? Its

Now say, what if the Mediator translates that POKER FACE stuff as it is in Chinese??? Your relationship with the Chinese man, will collapsed and you will get some injuries if he is expert in those Chinese martial arts... So, before going to translate your words in Chinese, your mediator (or Translator) warns you about the outcomes of your words (may be you will get kicked or killed, depends upon the intensity of your words :P) and confirms whether to translate them as they are or not... Heare also same... Some programmer (like me) writes a program with so many errors. If the compiler translates as it is, the computer may collapse (as it cant hit you for your errors)... So the compiler warns you about your errors so that you can correct them and resubmit your program. So, the main task of the compiler is to TRANSLATE, in-order to translate an Error free program, it warns you about your errors :) The Technical Definition : So, technically you can say that "The compiler is a software program which converts the program written in High level language / Programming Language / User Language into the Machine Language / Binary Language to make an Executable Program. The Phases of Compiler Read the Basics HERE There are several Phases in compilers are there. Those are 1. Lexical Analyser : Performs Lexical Analysis

NOTE : We can group these phases into two parts.. Analysis : In which the compiler ANALYZES the given program. For this, the compiler SCANS and DIVIDES the program into parts. The first THREE phases comes under this category (shortcut : Check the names, if you can find the terms Analysis or Analiser, then that phase comes under the ANALYSIS category Synthesis : In which the compiler JOINS the parts of the divided program and makes the target program. (The last two phases comes under this category) Now lets have a look at the functionalities of all these phases. Lexical Analysis : It is nothing but analyzing the LEXEMs (tokens), in this phase, the compiler scans the entire program and pics the tokens and groups them. Syntax Analysis : Syntax is nothing but the structure. It is nothing but to Analyze the structure of the program (whether it is correct or not) Semantic Analysis : In this the compiler checks the MEANING of the program. (Note : The above two process will execute simultaniously, so in some books they combine these two names and call the process as Syntax and Semantic Analysis) Intermediate Code Generation : After scanning the program, the compiler generates an intermediate code (which is neither High level code nor Low level code, which looks like the Microprocessor Code)

machine. It cant understand anything except LOW VOLTAGE (0) and HIGH VOLTAGE (1)... On and Off in simple words... We too are TALLENTED enough to use CTRL+C and CTRL+V so we are not ready to write big codes which looks like 00011 01001 110100 1001001 01001 11001 11111 0111010 101010 10101011 01111 1101010 11101 1010101 01010 n bla bla........ So what can we do now? we write a Software Code which acts as a TRANSLATOR and converts your instructions into 0's and 1's and gives them to computer and vice versa.. We call this SOFTWARE CODE as COMPILER.. Thats it :)

2. Syntax Analyser : Performs Syntax Analysis 3. Semantic Analyser : Performs Semantic Analysis 4. Intermediate Code Generator : Performs Intermediate Code Generation 5. Code Optimizer : Performs Code Optimization 6. Code Generator : Generates Target Code Note : Most of the compilers generates the TAC (Three Address Code) as the Intermediate Code. It contains, maximum 3 variable, so we call it as the Three Address Code. (note : we can convert any problem into this TAC form). it just look like, Temp1 = Temp2 + Temp3 (temporary variables) or Temp2 = Id + Temp4 etc, Code Optimization : It helps to improve the Intermediate Code. It make assure that the target code will run EFFICIENTLY in LESS TIME ( i mean, it should give the desired output in less amount of time) phase to the ending phase).

What exactly is the Compiler? is it a for Translating or for Debugging? Lets go back to our Chinese Man, assume that you are communicating with him with the help of a Translator. And you have some problem with your TONGUE... (assume)..... So, what will happn if you use some adjectives like "Poker face and ######## (censored :P) " .

The Symbol Table is a Data Structure which is useful to store the identifiers in the program. The Error Handler is useful in Detecting and Reporting the errors. These two are useful from the starting to the ending of the conversion. ( I mean from the starting

Code Generation : It is the final phase. It generates the relocatable machine code or assembly code. It takes care about the target machine and where to store the variables in the target machine. Yea ofcourse, it takes care about the ORDER of the instruction execution too. Data Base Management Systems (Introduction) F sponsored links riends, in this post we shall discuss the basics of DBMS (Data Base Management Systems) which will be helpful for you for IBPS Specialist

describes the properties of other data is known as Metadata. I mean, Meta Data keeps the information of the Other Data, i.e., it keeps the information HOW and WHERE the other data is stored. Data Base : A database is a collection of data (information) of some given Organization (a company for example), that can be processed through one or more programs by multiple users. Some examples are A bank, A hospital, A company etc..... Data Base Management Systems : Now you can define the database management systems easily, A Data Base Management System (simply called as DBMS) is A System that manages the Data Base.....

what is I entered the age of the student as 55 ??? people will laugh at me. So the value should be less than 17. And ofcourse, the Data Integrity also checks whether the referring field is existing or not. I mean, if i want to enter the marks of a person named shivani sharma, first of all it checks whether the name of that person exists in its database or not... Data Security : All of us knows about Security. So no need to discuss. We shall discuss about this in detail later... Less Application Development Time : With the help of some Predefined functions like Concurrency control, Crash Recovery etc, DBMS helps us to develop applications in very less time. Conflict Resolution : It helps us in resolving the conflicts among various users to access the same data file

Officers Exam (IT Officers). Before going into details, lets have a look at the basic terminology of DBMS. Data : Data is the raw material from which Useful Information is derived. The word data is the Plural form of Datum (but nowadays, people commonly using data for both singular and plural). Simply we can say that, data is a collection of unorganized facts, but can be made organized into useful information. Some examples of data are Prices, Weights, Costs, Number of items sold or purchased etc. Information : The data, that have been processed in such a ways so as to increase the knowledge of the person who uses the data is known as information. Of-course, now a days these terms data and information are closely related and now a days people often interchanging their meanings. Data (or) Information Processing : The process of converting the facts into meaningful information is known as Data processing. It is also known as Information processing. Meta Data : Simply we can say it as the Data about the Data. In other words, The Data that Simply our Database is the CONTAINER for a collection of computerized data files. Our DBMS tells us n helps us in how to insert, maintain and delete these files. Now lets have a look at some advantages of Database Management Systems Reduction of Redundancies : Redundancy means duplicating ( I mean, making the same copy of data again and again). Reduction of Redundancy means, avoiding the duplication of data (Remember the warning message "The file named XYZ.JPG is already exist. do you want to replace it???", yea the same thing Data Independence and Efficient Access : The files stored in Database are independent of their storage details.And the change in one file doesnt effect the other (until and unless they related to each other). Data Integrity : Data Integrity means, that the data values entered in the database must be checked to ensure that they fall within the correct format and range. Confused? lets see an example. Suppose I am entering the students details of a School. in STORING and RETRIEVING the Data Base of an enterprise. Our DBMS, Defines Data, Stores Data, Maintains data and ofcourse, Deletes the Data... Thats it :) Not Satisfied? ok " A Software that manages the collection of Data" Need a technical Definition? "A software that provides an efficient environment to help us

Data Administration : DBMS provides maintenance and administration of data by providing a common base for the large collection of data being shared by several users. Concurrent Access : Number of users can access a single file Concurrently (I mean, at the same time). Crash Recovery : The DBMS maintains a continuous record for the changes made to the data, so , if there is any system crash by power failure or something, it can restore the Database... The Transaction Management - IBPS Specialist Officers Study Materials A sponsored links Read the basics of DBMS here sume that you want to transfer some money (Say Rs. 1500) to your friend's account.... You logged in into your bank's site and types your account number. Later you typed your friend's name and his account number

Later types the amount and clicks on TRANSFER button. Later??? Rs. 1500 /- TRANSFERS into your friend's account. Now lets see this process in DBMS's point of view. YOu entered some money (Rs 1500). The DBMS checks whether the mentioned money is available in your account or not.Assume that you have some 3000 in your account. If available then it checks the reciepient's Account (Assume that he has Rs. 200 in his account) Later the DBMS reduces your amount to Rs 1500 and Adds that 1500 to your friend's account. And makes his account balance as Rs 1700 ( 200 + 1500). Then shows you a message, something like "TRANSACTION COMPLETED" yes, this is an example of Transaction. A transaction is an execution of a user program and is seen by the DBMS as a series or list of actions. (or simply we can remember it as " A transaction is nothing but a List of Actions". These actions include the reading and writing of database. ACID Properties (important) : These are the properties that a transaction should possess in order to avoid failures during concurrent access to a database. The ACID is an acronym which stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Now lets have a look at these properties in detail. Ofcourse, for beginers these all may look same and confusing, read them two or three times. then you can get the exact meanings and differences among them... Atomicity : It ensures that the transaction either is executed completely or not at all. Incomplete transaction consequences are not entertained, check an example Assume that Shivani has Rs. 500/- in her account and Palvi has Rs. 200/in her account. Now Shivani transfers an amount of Rs. 50/- to Palvi. A transaction debits the amount from shivani's account, but befrore it could

be credited to palvi, if there is a failure, then transaction would stop. So finally Shivani loses Rs. 5o but palvi cant get the amount. This leaves the data in an inconsistent state. If there is a failure during transaction execution , then measures must be taken to get back the data in a form which was in, before transaction (I mean, the 50 shouldnt be deducted from Shivani's account in our case). This is taken care of by transaction management component. Consistency : The data in the database must always be in a consistent state. A transaction occurred on a Consistent data should end with the data with another Consistent stage after completion of that transaction. Take the above case, the total of the amounts of Shivani and Palvi are (500+200) is Rs 700/- So, after the Transaction completed, the total amount should be same. i.e., (450+250 = 700). Ofcourse, in intermediate stage, where the amount is deducted from Shivani's account but not yet credited to Palvi, the total would not be same. It is the responsibility of DBMS. Durability : Durability ensures that the data remains in a consistent state even after the FAILURE. (This is ensured by keeping copy of the old data in the Disk, till the transaction is COMPLETED). I mean, if shivani is transfering money to Palvi. The money is deducted frm Shivani's account and power gone (before adding the MONEY to palvi's account). Then our DBMS shouldn't save that transaction. This is called Durability. Isolation : All transaction must run in Isolation from one another. I mean, each and every transaction should be kept unaware of other transactions and execute independently. The intermediate results shouldnt be available to other transactions. Data Base Users and Administrator - IBPS IT Officers Special D sponsored links Read Basics HERE epeending on their degree of

expertise or the mode of their interactions with the DBMS, The Data Base users (people who uses database) can be classified into several groups. They are, Naive Users Online Users Application Users Sophisticated Users Specialized Users Naive Users : Naive means Lacking Experience, these are the users who need not be aware of the presence of the Data Base System. Example of these type of users is The user of an ATM machine. Because these users only responds to the instructions displayed on the screen (enter your pin number, click here, enter the required money etc). Obviously operations performed by these users are very limited. Online Users : These are the users who may communicate with the Data Base directly via an online terminal or indirectly via a user interface and application program. These users are aware of the presence of the Data Base System and may have acquired a certain amount of expertise within the limited interaction they are permitted with a Data Base. Application Programmers : Professional Application programmers are those who /

are responsible for developing application programs or user interface. The application programs could be written in programming language available to manipulate a database. Sophisticated Users : Simply we can say that these are the EXPERIENCED users. These people interact with the system without writing programs. Instead they from their requests in a database a or general-purpose the commands

query language. They submit each such query to a query processor, whose function is to break down DML (Data Manipulation Language, the language which is used to MAINTAIN the data. we shall discuss about this later) statements into instructions that the storage manager understands. Analysts who submit queries to explore data in the Data Base fall in this category. Specialized Users : These are the sophisticated users who write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data-processing framework. Among these applications are computer - aided design systems, knowledgebased and expert systems, systems that store data with complex data types (Ex, Graphics Data and Audio Data) and environment-modeling systems. DBA (Data Base Administrator) : The person who controls both Data and the Programs that access that data in the Data Base is called the Data Base Administrator (DBA). Functions of the DBA are,

properly or not (almost similar to a person who checks whether all of his body parts working properly or not when he woke up in the morning). Whenever Power Switch (the button of the CPU you press when you want to switch on the system) is on, then automatically the program Power On Self Test (we can simply call this as POST) activates. This is available with ROM (Read Only Memory). This first checks all the cables and computer resources like Keyboard, Mouse, VDU, Printer etc., are connected in a right manner or not. Then it puts all zero in RAM (Random Access Memory). That is why RAM is called volatile memory (the computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information). Then Operating System. it automatically loads

Features of Word Processing W sponsored links hat are the features of word processing ? This is one of the tricky questions you often encounter in competitive exams. People thinks that this question may related to some programming side and they simply ignore this question without even reading the given options. But friends, you all know about this word processing. You often use this technique too. But the problem is, you are not aware of the technical terms. What will you do if somebody asks you to say something about Microsoft Word ? Pretty easier right? But here the thing is, Microsoft Word is a word

If the operating system is DOS Operating System, then first it loads 3 Files. Those are 1. MS DOS. Sys 2. IO.Sys

processing program in the Office package (MS Office). It has the following features. Word Wrap : As we enter text onto a document, we do not have to press enter at the end of each line in order to move to a new line. The word processing program automatically does this for us. Each document has present margins and when the end of the line is reached, the program calculates whether the word being entered fits on the line. If it won't fit, without crossing the right margin, the program automatically moves the entire word to the beginning of the next line. This function is called word wrap. Editing : When editing a document to correct mistakes, we can move the insertion point where we want to enter new text and then just type it in. To delete

Defining Schemas (arrangement of Data) 3. COMMAND.COM Creating Storage Structure and Access Methods ( I mean how to store data and access that) commands. Modifying the storage Data Granting Authorization Permissions Specifying the CONDITIONS of the data storage Periodically Updating the Data Base etc., Short Notes on Booting Process N sponsored links ow a days in every competitive exam which is having computer knowledge section they are asking a question on Booting. So we felt it will be useful if we give brief description of booting. Friends, in simple words we can say that the operation the computer performs to make itself ready for the usage is called booting. In booting, the system checks whether all the hardware and software devices are working Here .sys indicates system files and .com indicates the internal

Booting process is also know as initialization process. During the process, the Hardware checks for any new hardware attached to the system. If so, it automatically loads the driver program for it

characters, we press backspace or delete, pressing backspace deletes characters to the left of the insertion point and pressing delete deletes those to the right. We can also drag the mouse to highlight

any section of the text and then copy it to another file, move it to some other place in our document, give it in a new format or delete it all at once. Spell Checks : Spelling characters compare all words in a document with a list of words in the program's dictionary. Any words not found in the dictionary are highlighted and we can then decide whether tho change them, leave them as is or add them to the dictionary. If we decide to change them, we can do so by selecting another word from a list of suggestions that is displayed when the word is highlighted. We will find many names and industry specific words highlighted even when spelled correctly. Programs that have an auto correct feature highlights words that are not in the dictionary as we type them. This makes it easy to correct misspellings as we go along. Grammar Checkers : Grammar checkers are programs that check the grammar in our document as we go along. Checking grammar is certainly a good thing to do as we can improve our writing while we write. A grammar checker highlights grammar or usage problems such as double negatives, jargon words and punctuation errors and highlights possible style problems such as wordy expressions, ciches, weak modifiers, split infinitives and consecutive nouns. Thesaurus : When using a thesaurus, we highlight a word and request the thesaurus to display a list of synonyms and antonyms. When the word wicked is highlighted, the thesaurus may display the synonyms sinful, erring , nefarious, wayward, dissolve, vile and vicious or the antonyms godly, innocent, good or honorable. We can select one of them and replace the highlighted word in the document. Find and Replace : To locate words or phrases in a document, we use the find command. If the word or phrase we specify is found, the program highlights it. To substitute one word or phrase for another, we use the Replace command specifying what word or phrase we want to find and what we want to replace it with. If it is

found, the program highlights it and offers us the opportunity to replace it or leave it unchanged and looks for the next occurrence. As all the above mentioned features cannot be achieved with an ordinary typewriter, we can simply say that the word processing software is superior to the type writer. Bandwidth - A brief Introduction T sponsored links he term Bandwith is one among those words which you frequently encounter in Computer Knowledge

and so on. Copper cable, fibre optic cable and wireless communication systems all have different transmission characteristics different bandwidths. and thus have

Encoding and compression techniques have improved data rates. The higher the bandwidth of a data channel, the higher the transmission rate. Increasing the bandwidth may not provide data rates that support realtime voice and video transfers. A single user transferring a large file can quickly consume all the bandwidth, holding up voice and video packets and causing delay distortions

section competitive exams. In this Introduction to DOS post we will have a brief introduction of T Bandwith. sponsored links The bandwith is the range of frequencies within he DOS is an acronym of Disc a given band. In simple words we can say that Operating System. It was the first the Bandwidth is the amount of data that can widely-installed operating system for be carried from one point to another in a given personal computers which existed time period (usually a second). Technically before Windows operating system (which you speaking, Bandwidth is the information carrying capacity of a communication channel. The channel may be analog or digital. Analog transmissions are measured in cycles per second (hertz or Hz) and digital transmissions are measured in bits per second. A bit propagates through a medium close to latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, the speed of light. The number of bits that released in 1994. People are lazy enough to call can be transferred per second depends on the these PC-DOS and MS-DOS with the name rate at which the transmitter can send the DOS. So we can say that the DOS is an data. In general, Fast Ethernet is rated at 100 M bits / sec. But due to latency caused by congestion or other factors, a system may never operate at its optimal rate. Throughput is the measured performance of a system as opposed to its performance. The throughput changes with the environmental factors like noise, data errors, attenuation due to cable distance acronym which describes about MS-DOS / PCDOS. We call it as Disk Operating System, because the operation is loaded into system with the help of floppy disk. DOS is a non-graphical and lineoriented command- or menu-driven operating system (no pictures, only commands). Few DOS versions provide menu-driven operating system with a simple interface. Unlike GUII, it does not provide very user-friendly user interface. The DOS prompt to enter a command looks like C:> are using in your computer at present). PCDOS (Personal Computer DOS) is the first personal computer version of DOS. It was developed by Microsoft Corporatin for IBM Computers. Later, Microsoft released another version called MS-DOS (Microsoft Dos). The

Dos is a single-user operating system and it can execute only one application at a time. One of the limitations of DOS is its file naming. DOS's File system restricts file-names to contain 8 characters with an 'extension' containing three characters.This limitation on naming files is also referred to as "8.3". Today's operating systems (for example, windows, Macintosh and Unix) support up to 256 characters. Another limitation of DOS is, it cannot take advantage of 32-bit architecture because it was designed for 8-bit and 16-bit processors. Now a days MS-DOS is not commonly used Operating System, but still it can be accessed from windows Operating System.

format. Ofcourse already used floppy may reused by taking format command. Syntax : Format a:/s:q Format a floppy quickly and transfer system files also. CHKDSK : This is check disk command with this a floppy is analyzed for used space, total no.of bytes remaining , sectors, tracks and if any bad sectors/tracks.coc This command mainly used to know about any virus. Syntax : Chkdsk a: DISKCOPY : To copy the contents of one disk to another floppy disk provided both should have same size and capacity. DISKCOPY

graphical user interface, ex. MOTIF and Openlook, based on windows standards called XWindows. However, knowledge of UNIX is required for operations that are not covered by a graphical program, or for when there is no X windows system, for example, in a telnet session. The below figure shows an X-windows screen shot.

DOS Operating system mainly consists of 3 files. They are, 1. IO.SYS (Input - Output System File)

SYS : This command is used to transfer the system files to a floppy disk. Sys A The Unix operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the file storage and communications in response to system calls. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in and arrange for them to be carried out. The commands are themselves programs Introduction to Linux L sponsored links inux is a UNIX-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system compared to traditional and usually more expensive UNIX systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fastperforming system. Linux was created by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in

2. MSDOS.SYS (Microsoft Disk Operating System File) 3. COMMAND.COM (Contains Only Internal Commands) A command that is stored in the system memory and loaded from the command.com are called as Internal Commands.

LABEL : This command is used to give name to a floppy disk Label Read introduction to UNIX from here Read introduction to Linux from here Introduction to UNIX U

Internal and External Commands of DOS : sponsored links Internal Comma NIX was originally developed at Directory Commands : DIR shows all the files & Directories. MD Create Directory CD Changes Directory RD Removes a Directory Here is user specified valid name File Commands : Copy to Copies the Source file contents to the Target file. Del Erases the files Type Show the contents of a file Rename Renames the existing file. Unix is a command-line interface and it is a External commands are the commands stored separately as .Com files. FORMAT : This is used to format a floppy disk, Normally a new floppy is used with multi-user operaring system. The prompts to enter Unix commands are $, %, >. In its later releases, Unix operating system provides Bell Laboratories as a research project by a small group of people. UNIX is one of the most powerful, versatile and flexible operating systems in the computer industry. This is because of its ability to run a wide variety of machines starting from microcomputers to super computers, and its portability. It is also capable to run on a single computer or in a network. Today's popular Unix OS are SunSolaris and HP (HewlettPacakrd) Unix.

Finland, and initially released in the year 1991. Linux is remarkably a complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X window System and other components usually found in a comprehensive UNIX system. Unlike windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is publicly open and extendible by contributors. That is, it is an open-source program and the underlying source code is freely available to everyone. Because it conforms to the Portable Operating System Interface as well as standard user and programming interfaces, developers can write programs that can be ported to other operating systems. Linux comes in versions for all the major microprocessor platforms including the Intel, PowerPC, Sparc, and Alpha Platforms. Linux is distributed commercially by a number of companies. Latest version of Linux was released on 5th October 2013 named Linux 3.11.4. Below is the screen shot of Linux Operating System.

crucial areas of Computer Knowledge section. After completion of reading this post you will be able to answer the basic questions from MS Office, Its Types, Functionalities and Usage. What is MS Office ? The word MS stands for MicroSoft (an American multinational software corporation who is the developer of Office). In simple

Note : While writing this post my brother asked, "Why don't you include Vista, 7 and 8 versions??". Guys, don't be confused with the versions of Windows and MS Office. Windows is an operating system. For which you have various versions like Microsoft Windows 95, 2000, 2003, ME, XP, Vista, 7 and 8. Microsoft Office is just an interactive software which helps you to make your office work simpler. These both are not same. Even you can run your computer without using MS Office software in it.

words we can say that MS Office is a computer Programme / Software which is use to perform various office related tasks making files, drawing graphs, typing letters, creating tables, making Presentation etc. MS Office is a suite of productivity tools consisting of word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation and personal information. In simple words its a virtual representation of all the tools you use in your Office. It comes as a combination of MS Word, MS Excel, MS Powerpoint, MS Publisher etc. These applications are intimately connected to each other. I mean, information can be shared among multiple applications. For example, you can insert part of an Excel spreadsheet in a word document, or you can use data from Outlook schedule to build a Power Point presentation. This type of facility is often referred to as Object Linking and Embedding. Versions : MS Office 1.6 MS Office 3.0 MS Office 4.0 MS Office 4.2 WEDNESDAY,AUGUST14,2013 MS Office 4.3 Shortnotes on MS Office for Competitive Exams Introduction F sponsored links riends, now a days in every competitive exam they are asking questions from Computer Knowledge / Awareness section. So, today we shall discuss about MS Office, one of the MS Office95 MS Office97 Std, Pro, Dev MS Office 2000 MS Office XP MS Office 2003 MS Office 2007 MS Office 2010 MS Office 2013 Front Page : It is a web page editor application that allows users to create professional looking web pages for the Internet. Based on the version there are other types of applications too. But for competitive exams, first three from the above mentioned list are enough. like e-mail, document management and calender scheduling. manipulated, stored, and filtered to meet users specific needs. MS Outlook : It is a desktop information management application that includes tools And one more thing you should keep in mind is, we Indians are still using MS Office Versions 2000 and XP in government offices. So the questions will be focused on those versions only. The most of GUI and and Control features are common to all the applications of Microsoft Office. Some of the important application programs of MS Office suits include are : MS Word : It is the word processing application that allows user to create documents and reposts. MS Excel : It is a spreadsheet Application that allows users to develop spreadsheets and display data in various tabular and visual formats. MS Power Point : This is a presentation application that allows users to create multimedia presentations for information in a graphical format. displaying

MS Access : It is a database application that stores information that can be