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Index
Section L
GENERAL ENGINEERING INFORMATION
WARNING & SAFETY REMINDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OPPOSITE PAGE

ITEM

PAGE

HORSEPOWER/TORQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2 L-6

ELECTRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-7
ELECTRICAL MOTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-8
SHAFT SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-9 L-11
FLYWHEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-12
WEIGHTS OF STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-13
PROPERTIES OF STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-14
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-15
HARDNESS CONVERSION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-16
DECIMAL EQUIVALENT CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-17
ENGLISH/METRIC CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-18 L-19
ENGINEERING FORMULAS & CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-20
CIRCUMFERENCES/AREAS OF CIRCLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-21
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS/FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-22 L-24
CONVERSION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-25 L-30

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Horsepower/Torque
ONE HORSEPOWER

HP = Force x FPM
33,000

Horsepower
One HP is the rate
of work required
to raise 33,000
pounds one foot in
one minute.

HP = Torque (in Pound-Inches) x RPM

63,025

ONE FOOT
PER
MINUTE

HP = Torque (in Pound-Feet) x RPM

5,252

33,000 LBS.

Torque: The twisting or turning effort around a shaft tending to cause rotation. Torque is determined by multiplying the applied force
times the distance from the point where force is applied to the shaft center.
TQ = F (force) x R (radius)
63,025 x HP
RPM
= Force x Lever Arm (in Inches)
5,252 x HP
=
RPM
= Force x Lever Arm (in Feet)

Torque (in Pound-Inches) =

Torque (in Pound-Feet)

Torque Calculation Example

20 HP at 100 RPM = 12,605 Pound-Inches Torque
2.0 HP at 10 RPM = 12,605 Pound-Inches Torque

Force = Working Loads in Pounds

FPM = Feet per Minute
RPM = Revolutions per Minute
Lever Arm = Distance from the Force to the center of rotation
on Inches or Feet

Overhung Loads
An overhung load is a bending force imposed on a shaft due
to the torque transmitted by V-drives, chain drives, and other
power transmission devices, other than flexible couplings.
Most motor and reducer manufacturers list the maximum values allowable for overhung loads. It is desirable that these figures be compared with the load actually imposed by the
connected drive.
Overhung loads may be calculated as follows:
O.H.L. =
Where: HP
N
R
F

=
=
=
=

Weights of the drive components are usually negligible. The

formula is based on the assumption that the load is applied at a
point equal to one shaft diameter from the bearing face. Factor
F depends on the type of drive used:

F=

63,000 x HP x F
NxR

Transmitted HP x Service Factor

RPM of shaft
Radius of sprocket, pulley, etc.
Factor

1.00 for single chain drives

1.10 for TIMING belt drives
1.25 for spur or helical gear or double chain drives
1.50 for V-belt drives
2.50 for flat belt drives

Example: Find the overhung load imposed on a reducer by a

double chain drive transmitting 7 HP @ 30 RPM. The pitch
diameter of the sprocket is 10; service factor is 1.3.
Solution:
(63,000)(7 x 1.3) (1.25)
O.H.L =
= 4,780 lbs.
(30)
(5)

Horsepower/Speed/Torque Relationships
HP

Speed (RPM)

Torque

Constant
Constant
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases

Increases
Decreases
Constant
Constant
Increases
Decreases

Decreases
Increases
Increases
Decreases
Constant
Constant

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Torque (in Pound-Inches)

For Horsepower/RPM
Torque for 1-50 HP @ 50-220 RPM
HP

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

1261
2521
3782
5042
6303
7563
8824
10084
11345
12605
13866
15126
16387
17647
18908
20168
21429
22689
23950
25210
26471
27731
28992
30252
31513
32773
34034
35294
36555
37815
39076
40336
41597
42857
44118
45378
46639
47889
49160
50420
51681
52941
54202
55462
56723
57383
59244
60504
61764
63025

1050
2101
3151
4202
5252
6303
7353
8403
9454
10504
11555
12605
13655
14706
15756
16807
17857
18908
19958
21008
22059
23109
24160
25210
26260
27311
28361
29412
30462
31513
32563
33613
34664
35714
36767
37815
38865
39916
40996
42017
43067
44118
45168
46218
47269
48319
49370
50420
51470
52521

900
1801
2701
3601
4502
5402
6302
7203
8103
9004
9904
10804
11705
12605
13505
14406
15306
16206
17107
18007
18907
19808
20708
21609
22509
23409
24310
25210
26110
27011
27911
28811
29712
30612
31512
32413
33313
34214
35114
36014
36915
37815
38715
39616
40516
41416
42317
43217
44117
45018

788
1576
2363
3151
3939
4727
5515
6303
7090
7878
8666
9454
10242
11029
11817
12605
13393
14181
14968
15756
16544
17332
18120
18908
19695
20483
21271
22059
22847
23634
24422
25210
25998
26786
27573
28361
29149
29937
30725
31513
32300
33088
33876
34664
35452
36239
37027
37815
38603
39319

700
1401
2101
2801
3501
4202
4902
5602
6303
7003
7703
8403
9104
9804
10504
11204
11905
12605
13305
14006
14706
15406
16106
16807
17507
18207
18908
19608
20308
21008
21709
22409
23109
23809
24510
25210
25910
26611
27311
28011
28711
29412
30112
30812
31513
32213
32913
33613
34314
35014

630
1260
1890
2521
3151
3781
4411
5042
5672
6302
6932
7563
8193
8823
9453
10084
10714
11344
11974
12605
13235
13865
14495
15126
15756
16386
17016
17647
18277
18907
19537
20168
20798
21428
22058
22689
23319
23949
24579
25210
25840
26470
27100
27731
28361
28991
29621
30252
30882
31512

573
1145
1718
2291
2864
3437
4010
4583
5156
5729
6302
6875
7448
8021
8594
9167
9740
10313
10886
11459
12032
12605
13178
13750
14323
14896
15469
16042
16615
17188
17761
18334
18907
19480
20053
20626
21199
21772
22345
22918
23491
24064
24637
25210
25783
26356
26928
27501
28074
28647

525
1050
1575
2100
2626
3151
3676
4201
4726
5252
5777
6302
6827
7352
7878
8403
8928
9453
9979
10504
11029
11554
12079
12605
13130
13655
14180
14705
15231
15756
16281
16806
17331
17857
18382
18907
19432
19958
20483
21008
21533
22058
22584
23109
23634
24159
24684
25210
25735
26260

Revolutions per Minute

130
140

485
969
1454
1939
2424
2908
3393
3878
4363
4848
5332
5817
6302
6787
7272
7756
8241
8726
9211
9696
10181
10665
11150
11635
12120
12605
13089
13574
14059
14544
15029
15513
15998
16483
16968
17453
17937
18422
18907
19392
19877
20362
20846
21331
21816
22301
22786
23270
23755
24240

450
900
1350
1800
2250
2701
3151
3601
4051
4501
4951
5402
5852
6302
6752
7202
7653
8103
8553
9003
9453
9903
10354
10804
11254
11704
12154
12605
13055
13505
13955
14405
14855
15306
15756
16206
16656
17106
17557
18007
18457
18907
19357
19807
20258
20708
21158
21608
22058
22509

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

420
840
1260
1680
2100
2521
2941
3361
3781
4201
4621
5042
5462
5882
6302
6722
7142
7563
7983
8403
8823
9243
9663
10084
10504
10924
11344
11764
12184
12605
13025
13445
13865
14285
14705
15126
15546
15966
16386
16806
17226
17647
18067
18487
18907
19327
19747
20168
20588
21008

394
787
1181
1575
1969
2363
2757
3151
3545
3939
4332
4726
5120
5514
5908
6302
6696
7090
7484
7878
8272
8665
9059
9453
9847
10241
10635
11029
11423
11817
12211
12605
12998
13392
13786
14180
14574
14968
15362
15756
16150
16544
16938
17331
17725
18119
18513
18907
19301
19695

371
741
1112
1482
1853
2224
2595
2965
3336
3707
4078
4448
4819
5190
5561
5931
6302
6673
7044
7414
7785
8156
8526
8897
9268
9639
10009
10380
10751
11122
11492
11863
12234
12605
12975
13346
13717
14088
14458
14829
15200
15570
15941
16312
16683
17053
17424
17795
18166
18536

350
700
1050
1400
1750
2100
2450
2801
3151
3501
3851
4201
4551
4901
5252
5602
5952
6302
6652
7002
7352
7703
8053
8403
8753
9103
9453
9803
10154
10504
10854
11204
11554
11904
12254
12605
12955
13305
13655
14005
14355
14705
15056
15406
15756
16106
16456
16806
17156
17507

332
663
995
1326
1658
1990
2321
2653
2985
3317
3648
3980
4312
4643
4975
5307
5639
5970
6302
6634
6965
7297
7629
7961
8292
8624
8956
9287
9619
9951
10283
10614
10946
11278
11609
11941
12273
12605
12936
13268
13600
13931
14263
14595
14927
15258
15590
14922
16253
16585

315
630
945
1260
1575
1890
2205
2521
2836
3151
3466
3781
4096
4411
4726
5042
5357
5672
5987
6302
6617
6932
7247
7563
7878
8193
8508
8823
9138
9453
9768
10084
10399
10714
11029
11344
11659
11974
12289
12605
12920
13235
13550
13865
14180
14495
14810
15126
15441
15756

300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2701
3001
3301
3601
3901
4201
4501
4801
5102
5402
5702
6002
6302
6602
6902
7202
7503
7803
8103
8403
8703
9003
9303
9603
9903
10204
10504
10804
11104
11404
11704
12004
12304
12605
12905
13205
13505
13805
14105
14405
14705
15006

286
572
859
1145
1432
1718
2005
2291
2578
2864
3151
3437
3724
4010
4297
4583
4870
5156
5443
5729
6016
6302
6588
6875
7161
7448
7734
8021
8307
8594
8880
9167
9453
9740
10026
10313
10599
10886
11172
11459
11745
12032
12318
12605
12891
13177
13464
13750
14037
14323

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Torque (in Pound-Inches)

For Horsepower/RPM
Torque for 1-50 HP @ 230-1000 RPM
HP

230

240

250

260

270

280

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

274
548
822
1096
1370
1644
1918
2192
2466
2740
3014
3288
3562
3836
4110
4384
4658
4932
5206
5480
5754
6028
6302
6576
6850
7124
7398
7672
7946
8220
8494
8768
9042
9316
9590
9864
10138
10412
10686
10960
11234
11508
11782
12057
12331
12605
12879
13153
13427
13701

263
525
787
1050
1313
1575
1838
2100
2363
2626
2888
3151
3413
3676
3939
4201
4464
4726
4989
5252
5514
5777
6039
6302
6565
6827
7090
7352
7615
7878
8140
8403
8665
8928
9191
9453
9716
9978
10241
10504
10766
11029
11292
11554
11817
12079
12342
12605
12867
13130

252
504
756
1008
1260
1512
1764
2016
2268
2521
2773
3025
3277
3529
3781
4033
4285
4537
4789
5042
5294
5546
5798
6050
6302
6554
6806
7058
7310
7563
7815
8067
8319
8571
8823
9075
9327
9579
9831
10084
10336
10588
10840
11092
11344
11596
11848
12100
12352
12605

242
484
727
969
1212
1454
1696
1939
2181
2424
2666
2908
3151
3393
3636
3878
4120
4363
4605
4848
5090
5332
5575
5817
6060
6302
6544
6787
7029
7272
7514
7756
7999
8241
8484
8726
8968
9211
9453
9696
9938
10181
10423
10665
10908
11150
11393
11635
11877
12120

233
466
700
933
1167
1401
1633
1867
2100
2334
2567
2801
3034
3267
3501
3734
3968
4201
4435
4668
4901
5135
5368
5602
5835
6069
6302
6535
6769
7002
7236
7469
7703
7936
8169
8403
8636
8870
9103
9337
9570
9803
10037
10270
10504
10737
10971
11204
11437
11671

225
450
675
900
1125
1350
1575
1800
2025
2250
2475
2701
2926
3151
3376
3601
3826
4051
4276
4501
4726
4951
5177
5402
5627
5852
6077
6302
6527
6752
6977
7202
7427
7653
7878
8103
8328
8553
8778
9003
9228
9453
9678
9903
10129
10354
10579
10804
11029
11254

290

300

217
210
434
420
651
630
869
840
1087 1050
1303 1260
1521 1470
1738 1680
1955 1890
2173 2100
2390 2310
2607 2521
2825 2731
3042 2941
3259 3151
3477 3361
3694 3571
3911 3781
4129 3991
4346 4201
4563 4411
4781 4621
4998 4831
5215 5042
5433 5252
5650 5462
5867 5672
6085 5882
6302 6092
6519 6302
6737 6512
6954 6722
7171 6932
7389 7142
7606 7352
7823 7563
8041 7773
8258 7983
8475 8193
8693 8403
8910 8613
9127 8823
9345 9033
9562 9243
9779 9453
9997 9963
10214 9873
10431 10084
10649 10294
10866 10504

Revolutions per Minute

350
400
450

180
360
540
720
900
1080
1260
1440
1620
1800
1980
2160
2340
2521
2701
2881
3061
3241
3421
3601
3781
3961
4141
4321
4501
4681
4861
5042
5222
5402
5582
5762
5942
6122
6302
6482
6662
6842
7022
7202
7382
7563
7743
7923
8103
8283
8463
8643
8823
9003

157
315
472
630
787
945
1102
1260
1418
1575
1733
1890
2048
2205
2363
2521
2678
2836
2993
3151
3308
3466
3623
3781
3939
4096
4254
4411
4569
4726
4884
5042
5199
5357
5514
5672
5829
5987
6144
6302
6460
6617
6775
6932
7090
7247
7405
7563
7720
7878

140
280
420
560
700
840
980
1120
1260
1400
1540
1680
1820
1960
2100
2240
2380
2521
2661
2801
2941
3081
3221
3361
3501
3641
3781
3921
4061
4201
4341
4481
4621
4761
4901
5042
5182
5322
5462
5602
5742
5882
6022
6162
6302
6442
6582
6722
6862
7002

500

550

600

650

700

800

900

1000

126
252
378
504
630
756
882
1008
1134
1260
1386
1512
1638
1764
1890
2016
2142
2268
2394
2521
2647
2773
2899
3025
3151
3277
3403
3529
3655
3781
3907
4033
4159
4285
4411
4537
4663
4789
4915
5042
5168
5294
5420
5546
5672
5798
5924
6050
6176
6302

114
229
343
458
572
687
802
916
1031
1145
1260
1375
1489
1604
1718
1833
1948
2062
2177
2291
2406
2521
2635
2750
2864
2979
3093
3208
3323
3437
3552
3666
3781
3896
4010
4125
4239
4354
4469
4583
4698
4812
4927
5042
5156
5271
5385
5500
5614
5729

105
210
315
420
525
630
735
840
945
1050
1155
1260
1365
1470
1575
1680
1785
1890
1995
2100
2205
2310
2415
2521
2626
2731
2836
2941
3046
3151
3256
3361
3466
3571
3676
3781
3886
3991
4096
4201
4306
4411
4516
4621
4726
4831
4936
5042
5147
5252

96
193
290
387
484
581
678
775
872
969
1066
1163
1260
1357
1454
1551
1648
1745
1842
1939
2036
2133
2230
2327
2424
2521
2617
2714
2811
2908
3005
3102
3199
3296
3393
3490
3587
3684
3781
3878
3975
4072
4169
4266
4363
4460
4557
4654
4751
4848

90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
1170
1260
1350
1440
1530
1620
1710
1800
1890
1980
2070
2160
2250
2340
2430
2521
2611
2701
2791
2881
2971
3061
3151
3241
3331
3421
3511
3601
3691
3781
3871
3961
4051
4141
4231
4321
4411
4501

78
157
236
315
393
472
551
630
709
787
866
945
1024
1102
1181
1260
1339
1418
1496
1575
1654
1733
1811
1890
1969
2048
2127
2205
2284
2363
2442
2520
2599
2678
2757
2836
2913
2993
3072
3151
3230
3308
3387
3466
3545
3623
3702
3781
3860
3939

70
140
210
280
350
420
490
560
630
700
770
840
910
980
1050
1120
1190
1260
1330
1400
1470
1540
1610
1680
1750
1820
1890
1960
2030
2100
2170
2240
2310
2380
2450
2521
2591
2661
2731
2801
2871
2941
3011
3081
3151
3221
3291
3361
3431
3501

63
126
189
252
315
378
441
504
567
630
693
756
819
882
945
1008
1071
1134
1197
1260
1323
1386
1449
1512
1575
1638
1701
1764
1827
1890
1953
2016
2079
2142
2205
2268
2331
2394
2457
2521
2584
2647
2710
2773
2836
2899
2962
3025
3088
3151

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L-1 - L-10

11/10/99

10:32 AM

Page 5

For More Information, visit www.martinsprocket.com

Torque (in Pound-Inches)

For Horsepower/RPM
Torque for 51-100 HP @ 50-260 RPM
HP

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

64286
65546
66807
68067
69328
70588
71849
73109
74370
75630
76891
78151
79412
80672
81933
83193
84454
85714
86975
88235
89496
90756
92017
93277
94538
95798
97059
98319
99580
100804
102101
103361
104622
105882
107143
108403
109664
110924
112185
113445
114706
115967
117227
118487
119748
121008
122269
123529
124780
126050

53571
54622
55672
56723
57773
58823
59874
60924
61975
63025
64075
65126
66176
67227
68277
69328
70378
71428
72479
73529
74580
75630
76680
77731
78781
79832
80882
81933
82983
84033
85084
86134
87185
88235
89285
90336
91386
92437
93487
94538
95588
96638
97689
98739
99790
100840
101890
102941
103991
105042

45918
46819
47719
48619
49520
50420
51320
52221
53121
54021
54922
55822
56722
57623
58523
59423
60324
61224
72125
63025
63925
64826
65726
66626
67527
68427
69327
70228
71128
72029
72929
73829
74730
75630
76530
77430
78331
79231
80132
81032
81932
82833
83733
84634
85534
86434
87335
88235
89135
90036

40178
40966
41754
42542
43330
44118
44905
45693
46481
47269
48057
48844
49632
50420
51208
51996
52783
53571
54359
55147
55935
56723
57510
58298
59086
59874
60662
61449
62237
63024
63813
64601
65388
66176
66964
67752
68540
69328
70115
70903
71691
72479
73267
74054
74842
75630
76418
77206
77993
78781

35714
36414
37115
37815
38515
39216
39916
40616
41316
42017
42717
43417
44118
44818
45518
46218
46919
47619
48319
49019
49720
50420
51120
51821
52521
53221
53921
54622
55322
56022
56722
57423
58123
58823
59524
60224
60924
61624
62325
63025
63725
64426
65126
65826
66526
67227
67927
68627
69328
70028

32142
32773
33403
34033
34663
35294
35924
36554
37184
37815
38445
39075
39705
40336
40966
41596
42226
42857
43487
44117
44747
45378
46008
46638
47268
47899
48529
49159
49789
50420
51050
51680
52310
52941
53571
54201
54831
55462
56092
56722
57352
57983
58613
59243
59873
60504
61134
61764
62394
63025

29220
29793
30366
30939
31512
32085
32658
33231
33804
34377
34950
35523
36096
36669
37242
37815
38388
38961
39534
40106
40679
41252
41825
42398
42971
43544
44117
44690
45263
45836
46409
46982
47555
48128
48701
49274
49847
50420
50993
51566
52139
52712
53285
53857
54430
55003
55576
56149
56722
57295

26785
27310
27836
28361
28886
29411
29937
30462
30987
31512
32037
32563
33088
33613
34138
34663
35189
35714
36239
36764
37289
37815
38340
38865
39390
39916
40441
40966
41491
42016
42542
43067
43592
44117
44642
45168
45693
46218
46743
47268
47794
48319
48844
49369
49895
50420
50945
51470
51995
52521

Revolutions per Minute

130
140

24725
25210
25694
26179
26664
27149
27634
28118
28603
29088
29573
30058
30543
31027
31512
31997
32482
32967
33451
33936
34421
34906
35391
35875
36360
36845
37330
37815
38299
38784
39269
39754
40239
40724
41208
41693
42178
42663
43148
43632
44117
44602
45087
45572
46056
46541
47026
47511
47996
48481

22959
23409
23859
24309
24760
25210
25660
26110
26560
27010
27461
27911
28361
28811
29261
29711
30162
30612
31062
31512
31962
32413
32863
33313
33763
34213
34663
35114
35564
36014
36464
36914
37365
37815
38265
38715
39165
39615
40066
40516
40966
41416
41866
42317
42767
43217
43667
44117
44567
45018

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

21428
21848
22268
22689
23109
23529
23950
24370
24790
25210
25630
26050
26470
26890
27310
27731
28151
28571
28991
29411
29831
30252
30672
31092
31512
31932
32353
32773
33193
33613
34033
34453
34874
35294
35714
36134
36554
36974
37395
37815
38235
38655
39075
39495
39916
40336
40756
41176
41596
42016

20089
20483
20877
21271
21664
22058
22452
22846
23240
23634
24028
24422
24816
25210
25604
25997
26391
26785
27179
27573
27967
28361
28755
29149
29543
29937
30330
30724
31118
31512
31906
32300
32694
33088
33482
33876
34269
34663
35057
35451
35845
36239
36633
37027
37421
37815
38209
38602
38996
39390

18907
19278
19649
20019
20390
20761
21132
21502
21873
22244
22614
22985
23356
23727
24097
24468
24839
25210
25580
25951
26322
26693
27063
27434
27805
28176
28546
28917
29288
29658
30029
30400
30771
31141
31512
31883
32254
32624
32995
33366
33737
34107
34478
34849
35220
35590
35961
36332
36702
37073

17857
18207
18557
18907
19257
19607
19957
20308
20658
21008
21358
21708
22058
22408
22759
23109
23459
23809
24159
24509
24859
25210
25560
25910
26260
26610
26960
27310
27661
28011
28361
28711
29061
29411
29761
30112
30462
30812
31163
31512
31862
32212
32563
32913
33263
33613
33963
34313
34663
35014

16917
17249
17580
17912
18244
18575
18907
19239
19571
19902
20234
20566
20897
21229
21561
21892
22224
22556
22888
23219
23551
23883
24214
24546
24878
25210
25541
25873
26205
26536
26868
27200
27532
27863
28195
28527
28858
29190
29522
29854
30185
30517
30849
31180
31512
31844
32176
32507
32839
33171

16071
16386
16701
17016
17331
17647
17962
18277
18592
18907
19222
19537
19852
20168
20483
20798
21113
21428
21743
22058
22373
22689
23004
23319
23634
23949
24264
24579
24894
25210
25525
25840
26155
26470
26785
27100
27415
27731
28046
28361
28676
28991
29306
29621
29936
30252
30567
30882
31197
31512

15306
15606
15906
16206
16506
16806
17106
17406
17707
18007
18307
18607
18907
19207
19507
19807
20108
20408
20708
21008
21308
21608
21908
22208
22509
22809
23109
23409
23709
24009
24309
24609
24909
25210
25510
25810
26110
26410
26710
27010
27310
27611
27911
28211
28511
28811
29111
29411
29711
30012

14610
14896
15183
15469
15756
16042
16329
16615
16902
17188
17475
17761
18048
18334
18621
18907
19194
19480
19766
20053
20339
20626
20912
21199
21485
21772
22058
22345
22631
22918
23204
23491
23777
24064
24350
24637
24923
25210
25496
25783
26069
26355
26642
26928
27215
27501
27788
28074
28361
28647

L-5
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11/10/99

10:32 AM

Page 6

For More Information, visit www.martinsprocket.com

Torque (in Pound-Inches)

For Horsepower/RPM
Torque for 51-100 HP @ 230-1000 RPM
HP

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

13975
14249
14523
14797
15071
15345
15619
15893
16167
16441
16715
16989
17263
17537
17811
18085
18359
18633
18907
19181
19455
19729
20003
20277
20551
20825
21099
21373
21647
21921
22195
22469
22743
23017
23291
23565
23840
24114
24388
24662
24936
25210
25484
25758
26032
26306
26580
26854
27128
27402

13392
13655
13918
14180
14443
14705
14968
15231
15493
15756
16018
16281
16544
16806
17069
17331
17594
17857
18119
18382
18644
18907
19170
19432
19695
19957
20220
20483
20745
21008
21271
21533
21796
22058
22321
22584
22846
23109
23371
23634
23897
24159
24422
24684
24947
25210
25472
25735
25997
26260

12857
13109
13361
13613
13865
14117
14369
14621
14873
15126
15378
15630
15882
16134
16386
16638
16890
17142
17394
17647
17899
18151
18403
18655
18907
19159
19411
19663
19915
20168
20420
20672
20924
21176
21428
21680
21932
22184
22436
22689
22941
23193
23445
23697
23949
24201
24453
24705
24957
25210

12362
12605
12847
13089
13332
13574
13817
14059
14301
14544
14786
15029
15271
15513
15756
15998
16241
16483
16725
16968
17210
17453
17695
17937
18180
18422
18665
18907
19149
19392
19634
19877
20119
20362
20604
20846
21089
21331
21574
21816
22058
22301
22543
22786
23028
23270
23513
23755
23998
24240

11904
12138
12371
12605
12838
13071
13305
13538
13772
14055
14239
14472
14705
14939
15172
15406
15639
15873
16106
16339
16573
16806
17040
17273
17507
17740
17973
18207
18440
18674
18907
19141
19374
19607
19841
20074
20308
20541
20775
21008
21241
21475
21708
21942
22175
22408
22642
22875
23109
23342

11479
11704
11929
12154
12379
12605
12830
13055
13280
13505
13730
13955
14180
14405
14630
14855
15081
15306
15531
15756
15981
16206
16431
16656
16881
17106
17331
17557
17782
18007
18232
18457
18682
18907
19132
19357
19582
19807
20033
20258
20483
20708
20933
21158
21383
21608
21833
22058
22283
22509

11083
11301
11518
11735
11953
12170
12387
12605
12822
13039
13257
13474
13691
13908
14126
14343
14560
14778
14995
15212
15430
15647
15864
16082
16299
16516
16734
16951
17168
17386
17603
17820
18038
18255
18472
18690
18907
19124
19342
19559
19776
19994
20211
20428
20646
20863
21080
21298
21515
21732

10714
10924
11134
11344
11554
11764
11974
12184
12394
12605
12815
13025
13235
13445
13655
13865
14075
14285
14495
14705
14915
15126
15336
15546
15756
15966
16176
16386
16596
16806
17016
17226
17436
17647
17857
18067
18277
18487
18697
18907
19117
19327
19537
19747
19957
20168
20378
20588
20798
21008

Revolutions per Minute

350
400
450

9183
9363
9543
9723
9903
10084
10264
10444
10624
10804
10984
11164
11344
11524
11704
11884
12064
12244
12424
12605
12785
12965
13145
13325
13505
13685
13865
14045
14225
14405
14585
14765
14945
15126
15306
15486
15666
15846
16026
16206
16386
16566
16746
16926
17106
17286
17466
17647
17827
18007

8035
8193
8350
8508
8665
8823
8981
9138
9296
9453
9611
9768
9926
10084
10241
10399
10556
10714
10871
11029
11186
11344
11502
11659
11817
11974
12132
12289
12447
12605
12762
12920
13077
13235
13392
13550
13707
13865
14023
14180
14338
14495
14653
14810
14968
15126
15383
15441
15598
15756

7141
7282
7422
7563
7703
7843
7983
8123
9263
8403
8543
8683
8823
8963
9103
9243
9383
9523
9663
9803
9943
10084
10224
10364
10504
10644
10784
10924
11064
11204
11344
11484
11624
11764
11904
12044
12184
12324
12464
12605
12745
12885
13025
13165
13305
13445
13585
13725
13865
14005

500

550

600

650

700

800

900

1000

6428
6554
6680
6806
6932
7058
7184
7310
7436
7563
7689
7815
7941
8067
8193
8319
8445
8571
8697
8823
8949
9075
9201
9327
9453
9579
9705
9831
9957
10084
10210
10336
10462
10588
10714
10840
10966
11092
11218
11344
11470
11596
11722
11848
11974
12100
12226
12352
12478
12605

5844
5958
6073
6187
6302
6417
6531
6646
6760
6875
6990
7104
7219
7333
7448
7563
7677
7792
7906
8021
8135
8250
8365
8479
8594
8708
8823
8938
9052
9167
9281
9396
9511
9625
9740
9854
9969
10084
10198
10313
10427
10542
10656
10771
10886
11000
11115
11229
11344
11459

5357
5462
5567
5672
5777
5882
5987
6092
6197
6302
6407
6512
6617
6722
6827
6932
7037
7142
7247
7352
7457
7563
7668
7773
7878
7983
8088
8193
8298
8403
8508
8613
8718
8823
8928
9033
9138
9243
9348
9453
9558
9663
9768
9873
9978
10084
10189
10294
10399
10504

4945
5042
5138
5235
5332
5429
5526
5623
5720
5817
5914
6011
6108
6205
6302
6399
6496
6593
6690
6787
6884
6981
7078
7175
7272
7369
7466
7563
7659
7756
7853
7950
8047
8144
8241
8338
8435
8532
8629
8726
8823
8920
9017
9114
9211
9308
9405
9502
9599
9696

4591
4681
4771
4861
4951
5042
5132
5222
5312
5402
5492
5582
5672
5762
5852
5942
6032
6122
6212
6302
6392
6482
6572
6662
6752
6842
6932
7022
7112
7202
7292
7382
7472
7563
7653
7743
7833
7923
8013
8103
8193
8283
8373
8463
8553
8643
8733
8823
8913
9003

4017
4096
4175
4254
4332
4411
4490
4569
4648
4726
4805
4884
4963
5041
5120
5199
5278
5357
5435
5514
5593
5672
5751
5829
5908
5987
6066
6144
6223
6302
6381
6460
6538
6617
6696
6775
6853
6932
7011
7090
7169
7247
7326
7405
7484
7562
7641
7720
7799
7878

3571
3641
3711
3781
3851
3921
3991
4061
4131
4201
4271
4341
4411
4481
4551
4621
4691
4761
4831
4901
4971
5042
5112
5182
5252
5322
5392
5462
5532
5602
5672
5742
5812
5882
5952
6022
6092
6162
6232
6302
6372
6442
6512
6582
6652
6722
6792
6862
6932
7002

3314
3277
3340
3403
3466
3529
3592
3655
3718
3781
3844
3907
3970
4033
4096
4159
4222
4285
4348
4411
4474
4537
4600
4663
4726
4789
4852
4915
4978
5042
5105
5168
5231
5294
5357
5420
5483
5546
5609
5672
5735
5798
5861
5924
5987
6050
6113
6176
6239
6302

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Electrical
Formulas
Electrical Formulas
Alternating Current
Single-Phase
Three-Phase

To Find

Alternating or
Direct Current

To Find

Amperes when
horsepower is known
Amperes when
kilowatts are known
Amperes when
Kva are known
Kilowatts

HP x 746
HP x 746
E x Eff. x pf
1.73 x E x Eff. x pf
Kw x 1000
Kw x 1000
E x pf
1.73 x E x pf
Kva x 1000
Kva x 1000
E
1.73 x E
I x E x pf
1.73 x I x E x pf
1000
1000
Kva
IxE
1.73 x I x E
1000
1000
Horsepower = (Output)
I x E x Eff. x pf
1.73 x I x E x Eff. x pf
746
746
I = Amperes; E = Volts; Eff. = Efficiency; pf = power factor;
Kva = Kilovolt amperes; Kw = Kilowatts; R = Ohms

Amperes when voltage and

resistance is known
Voltage when resistance
and current are known
Resistance when voltage
and current are known
General Information (Approximation)

E
R
IR
E
I

At 1800 RPM, a motor develops 36 lb.-in. per hp

At 1200 RPM, a motor develops 54 lb.-in. per hp
At 575 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1 amp per hp
At 460 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1.25 amp per hp
At 230 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 2.5 amp per hp
At 230 volts, a single-phase motor draws 5 amp per hp
At 115 volts, a single-phase motor draws 10 amp per hp

Temperature Conversion:
Deg C = (Deg F - 32) x 59
Deg F = (Deg C x 95) + 32

Motor Amps @ Full Load

HP

Alternating Current
Single
Phase
3-Phase

2
1
1 12
2
3

4.9
8.0
10.0
12.0
17.0

2.0
3.4
4.8
6.2
8.6

DC

HP

2.7
4.8
6.6
8.5
12.5

5
712
10
15
20

Alternating Current
Single
Phase
3-Phase

28
40
50
....
....

14.4
21.0
26.0
38.0
50.0

Alternating Current
Single
Phase
3-Phase

DC

HP

20
29
38
56
74

25
30
40
50
60

....
....
....
....
....

60
75
100
120
150

DC

HP

92
110
146
180
215

75
100
125
150
200

Alternating Current
Single
Phase
3-Phase

....
....
....
....
....

180
240
300
360
480

DC

268
355
443
534
712

Values are for all speeds and frequencies @ 230 volts.

Amperage other than 230 volts can be figured:
230 x Amp from Table
New Voltage
Example:

V=

For 60 HP, 3 phase @ 550 volts: (230 x 150) = 62 amps.

550
Power Factor estimated @ 80% for most motors. Efficiency is usually 80-90%.

NEMA Electrical Enclosure Types

Type

NEMA Type 1
(General Purpose)

Description

Type

For indoor use wherever oil, dust,

or water is not a problem

NEMA Type 2
(Driptight)

Used indoors to exclude falling

moisture and dirt

NEMA Type 3
(Weatherproof)

Provides protection against rain,

sleet, and snow

NEMA Type 4
(Watertight)

Needed when subject to great

amounts of water from any angle
such as areas which are repeatedly hosed down

NEMA Type 5
Dust Tight
(Non-Hazardous)
NEMA Type 9
Dust Tight
(Hazardous)*
NEMA Type 12
(Industrial Use)

Description

Used for excluding dust (All NEMA 12 and JIC

enclosures are usually suitable for NEMA 5 use)
For locations where combustible dusts
are present
Used for excluding oil, coolant, flying dust,
lint, etc

NOTE: Joint Industry Conference (JIC) enclosures are similar in design to NEMA 12s.
For more complete details see NEMA or JIC Standards for enclosures.
Not designed to be submerged.
* Class II Groups E, F, and G.

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NEMA Frame
Designation
NEMA Frame Designation
Frame Assignments
Motor Speed, RPM
1800
1200

HP

3600

8-13
1 1
8- 2
1
6
1
3- 1
3
4 - 1
1
2
3
4
1
112
2
3
5
712
10

48

56

143T
145T
145T
182T
184T
213T, 254U

48

56

143T
145T
145T
182T
184T
213T, 254U
215T, 256U

56
48

143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T, 254U
254T, 256U
256T, 284U

900

HP

3600

143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T, 254U
254T, 256U
256T, 284U
284T, 286U

15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
250

215T, 256U
254T, 284U
256T, 286U
284TS, 324S
286TS, 326S
324TS, 364US
326TS, 365US
364TS, 404US
365TS, 405US
404TS, 444US
405TS, 445US
444TS
445TS

Motor Speed, RPM

1800

254T, 284U
256T, 286U
284T, 324U
286T, 326U
324T, 364U
326T, 365U, 365US
364TS, 404U, 404US
365TS, 405U, 405US
404TS, 444US
405TS, 445US
444TS
445TS

1200

900

284T, 324U
286T, 326U
324T, 364U
326T, 365U
364T, 404U
365T, 405U
404T, 444U
405T, 445U
444T
445T

286T, 326U
324T, 364U
326T, 365U
364T, 404U
365T, 405U
404T, 444U
405T, 445U
444T
445T

Motor Frame Dimensions

Frame
Size

2F

H Dia.
(4) Holes

U
Dia.

BA

V
Min.

Key

48
56
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254U
254T
256U
256T
284U
284T
284TS
286U
286T
286TS
324U
324T
324TS
326U
326T
326TS
364U
364US
364T
364TS
365U
365US
365T
365TS
404U
404US
404T
404TS
405U
405US
405T
405TS
444U
444US
444T
444TS
445U
445US
445T
445TS

3
312
312
312
41 2
412
514
514
614
614
614
614
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

2 18
2716
234
234
3 34
334
414
414
5
5
5
5
512
512
5 12
512
512
512
614
6 14
614
6 14
614
614
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

234
3
4
5
412
512
51 2
7
814
814
10
10
912
912
912
11
11
11
1012
1012
1012
12
12
12
1114
1114
1114
1114
1214
1214
1214
1214
1214
1214
1214
1214
1334
1334
1334
1334
1412
1412
1412
1412
1612
1612
1612
1612

32
11
32
11
32
11
32
13
32
13
32
13
32
13
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
17
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
21
32
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16
13
16

2
5
8
7
8
7
8
1
1 8
118
1 38
138
1 38
158
138
158
158
178
158
1 58
178
1 58
178
2 18
1 78
1 78
2 18
1 78
2 18
178
238
178
2 18
1 78
238
178
238
218
278
2 18
238
218
278
2 18
2 78
218
338
238
278
2 18
3 38
2 38

212
2 34
2 14
2 14
234
234
3 12
312
4 14
414
414
414
434
434
4 34
434
434
434
5 14
514
514
5 14
514
514
578
578
5 78
5 78
5 78
578
578
578
658
658
658
6 58
6 58
6 58
6 58
6 58
7 12
712
712
712
712
7 12
7 12
7 12

...
...
2
2
21 2
21 2
318
318
312
33 4
312
33 4
45 8
43 8
3
458
438
3
538
5
31 2
538
5
312
618
312
558
312
618
31 2
55 8
312
678
4
7
4
678
4
7
4
838
4
81 4
41 2
83 8
4
814
412

64 FLAT
3
16 x316 x 138
3
16 x316 x138
3
16x316x138
1
4x14x134
1
4x14 x134
5
16 x516 x238
5
16x516x238
5
16 x516 x234
3
8x38 x278
5
16x516x234
3
8x38 x278
3
8x38 x334
1
2x12 x314
3
8 x38x178
3
8x38x334
1
2x12x314
3
8x38 x178
1
2x12x41 4
1
2x12x378
1
2x12x2
1
2x12x414
1
2x12x378
1
2 x12x2
1
2x12x5
1
2x12x2
5
8x58x414
1
2x1 2x2
1
2x1 2x5
1
2x12x2
5
8x58x414
1
2x12x2
5
8x58x51 2
1
2x12x234
3
4x34x55 8
1
2 x12x234
5
8x58x51 2
1
2x12x234
3
4x34x558
1
2x12 x234
3
4x3 4x7
1
2x12x234
7
8x78 x678
5
8x58x3
3
4x34x7
1
2 x12x234
7
8x78x678
5
8 x58x3

11

MIN.

DIA.

H DIA.
4 HOLES

Shaded area indicates typical single phase standard squirrel-cage, open type, a-c motors. Balance
of table same except three phase, design A and B.
When these motors are used with V-belt or chain
drives, the correct frame size is the one with the
suffix S omitted consult manufacturer.

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Shaft
Selection
Shaft Selection
Important factors to consider when calculating shaft size
(a)
shafting is subject to a bending moment and a torsional
moment.
(b)
bending moment is that force which tends to b e n d a
shaft.
(c)
torsional moment is that force which tends to t w i s t a
shaft.
(d)
shaft size is determined by the combined action of the
bending and torsional moments.

L = Unbalanced load in pounds

W = Suspended weight of elevator (chain, buckets, etc.) in
pounds
R = Radius of wheel in inches
B = Bending moment
T = Torsional moment
L+W
B = A
inch pounds
2
T = R x L inch pounds

Refer to Shaft Selection Charts 2 and 3 developed by the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers to simplify selection.
The charts should be used in conjunction with Service Factors
(Table 1) to modify the selection for conditions under which the
shaft will operate.

Selection Procedure

Selection Example:

1. compute the Bending Moment from the above formula.

2. determine the Service Factor for bending that will suit conditions from Table 1.
3. compute the Torsional Moment from the above formula.
4. determine the Service Factor for torsion that will suit conditions from Table 1.
5. draw a horizontal line across Selection Chart 2 or 3 on pages
L-10 and L-11, from the point where the torsional moment
intersects its selected Service Factor line.
6. draw a vertical lineup Selection Chart 2 or 3 from the point
where the bending moment intersects its selected factor line.
7. intersection of above lines will give required shaft size.
8. for shafts not weakened by keyways, multiply the shaft size
obtained by .91 for the corrected shaft size. See note at the
bottom of Selection Chart 3.

Select shaft size for head shaft of chain conveyor subject to following requirements:

Horsepower required may be computed directly from the righthand side of Selection Charts by correcting the figure in line with
the horizontal torsional moment line by the speed in RPM.

(a) Torsion (inch/lbs) 20,500

(b) Bending moment (inch/lbs) 13,300
(c) Service Factors:
torsion 1.0
bending 1.5
At the extreme left on Selection Chart 2, the torsion moment
may be found for the Service Factor of 1.0. Draw a horizontal
line to the right from the 20,500 point. The bending moment is
given at the bottom of the chart. Find the 13,300 point; draw a
line from this point to the right on the diagonal until it intersects
the 1.5 Service Factor line, then project the line upward vertically until it intersects the horizontal line drawn from the 20,500 torsion point. At this intersection point, it is found that a shaft of
approximately 213/16 diameter is required.
Select the nearest standard size shaft which is 215/16.

Table 1 Service Factors

Type of Loading

Stationary Shafts
Gradually applied loads
Suddenly applied loads
Rotating Shafts
Gradually applied or steady loads
Suddenly applied loads
Minor shock only
Suddenly applied loads
Heavy shock

Service Factor
For Bending
For Torsion

1.0
1.5 to 2.0

1.0
1.5 to 2.0

1.5

1.0

1.5 to 2.0

1.0 to 1.5

2.0 to 2.5

1.5 to 2.5

For a shaft subjected to the same conditions, but not weakened

by keyways, the size of the shaft required would be (.91 x
2.8125) or 2.56 (29/16). See note at the bottom of the charts.
On this same chart at the right, the horsepower ratings at 100
RPM are given based on the formula:
HP =

TS
63,000
T = Torque in inch-pounds
S = Speed in RPM
The horsepower is directly proportional to the speed of the shaft
in RPM.

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Sprockets

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Shaft
Tables

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Flywheel
Formulas
Flywheels are occasionally used on a few machines, such as air compressors, to even out load pulsations. These formulas are
useful in designing entire flywheel rims. It is also possible to use V-Belt sheaves as a flywheel thus eliminating the need for a separate flywheel in the system. Consult Martin with specific requirements.

Formulas for Entire Flywheel

W
R
N
t
F
D
d
P

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

weight (pounds)
radius of gyration (feet)
speed (RPM)
time to change from N1 to N2 (seconds)
face of rim (inches)
outside diameter of rim (inches)
inside diameter of rim (inches)
weight per cubic inch of material (pounds)

where N2 = final RPM and N1 = initial RPM

Velocity at outside diameter (feet per minute) = 0.2618 ND
* W R2 = flywheel effect (pounds x feet 2). See table below for
WR2 of rims. Ordinarily the WR2 of the rim only is considered. In
unusual instances the relatively small WR 2 values of the hub
and arms or web can be added directly to the WR2 of the rim if
desired. To find the WR 2 of a hub or web use the WR2 formula
for rims, substituting the hub or web outside diameter, inside
diameter, and width for D, d, and F respectively. When arms are
used instead of a web an approximate WR2 value of the arms is
the total weight of the arms in pounds times the square of the
radius in feet from the shaft center line to the mid-point of the
arms between hub and rim.

Kinetic energy of rotation of a flywheel (foot pounds) =

.0001705 N2(WR2)*.
Torque to accelerate or decelerate a flywheel
uniformly
.03908(N2 N1)(WR2)*,
=
(pound inches)
t

Formulas for Flywheel Rims

Property

Cast Iron Rim

(Based on .26 lbs per cubic inch)

Steel Rim Rim

(Based on .283 lbs per cubic inch)

Rim of any Material

Weighing P Pounds per cubic inch

.7854F(D2 d2)

.7854F(D2 d2)

.7854F(D2 d2)

.2042F(D2 d2)

.2223F(D2 d2)

.7854FP(D2 d2)

+d )
.8681(D
1000

+d)
.8681(D
1000

.1773F(D4 d4)
1000

.1929F(D4 d4)
1000

.6818FP(D4 d4)
1000

.3078FN 2(D3 d3)

1,000,000

.3350FN2(D3 d3)
1,000,000

1.184PFN2(D3 d3)
1,000,000

Volume
(Cubic Inches)
W
Weight (Pounds)
R
Radius of Gyration (Feet)
WR 2
Wt. x Sq. of Radius of Gyration
(Lbs. x Ft.2)
Ts
Tensile Load in Rim (Lbs.)

+d )
.8681(D
1000
2

Centrifugal force causes this tensile load at each and every section of the rim. Thus on rims split into two or more sections, the fastening at each joint should be designed
to take the full load as calculated from the formula below.

Centrifugal Force
R = Distance from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity of the body (feet)
N = Revolutions per minute (RPM)
v = Velocity of the center of gravity of the body (feet per second)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (32.16 commonly)
F =

Wv2 = WRN2
= .000341 WRN2
gR
2933

F = Centrifugal force tending to move the body outward from the axis of rotation (pounds)
W = Weight of body (pounds)

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Weights of
Steel
NOTE: The steel weights in this section are nominal and are based on an approximate weight of 40.80 pounds per square foot, one
inch thick. There may be differences between nominal weights and actual scale weights because of variation in manufacturing
practices.

Hot Rolled and Cold Finished Steel Products Nominal Weight

Product

Plates, Strip
and Flats

Hot and C.R.

Sheets

Thickness

Width

Length

Formulas

Inches
Inches
Inches
USS. Ga No.
Wt. per Sq. Ft.
Inches
Inches
Inches
USS. Ga No.
Wt. per Sq. Ft.

Inches
Inches
Feet
Feet
Feet
Inches
Inches
Feet
Feet
Feet

Inches
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Inches
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet

.2833 x T x W x L
3.4 x T x W x L
40.8 x T x W x L
Wt./Sq. Ft. x W x L
Wt./Sq. Ft. x W x L
.2904 x T x W x L
3.485 x T x W x L
41.82 x T x W x L
Wt./Sq. Ft. x W x L
Wt./Sq. Ft. x W x L

Steel Rounds
Pounds Per
Foot

Size in
Inches

Pounds Per
Foot

8
16
1
1116
118
13 16
1 14
1516
138
17 16
1 12
1916
158
11116
134
11316
178
11516
2
2116
218
2316
2 14
2316
2 38
2716
212
2916
2 58
21116
234
21516
378

2.04
2.35
2.67
3.01
3.38
3.77
4.17
4.60
5.05
5.52
6.01
6.52
7.05
7.60
8.18
8.77
9.39
10.02
10.68
11.36
12.06
12.78
13.52
14.28
15.06
15.87
16.69
17.53
18.40
19.29
20.19
21.12
22.07

21516
3
3116
3 18
3 316
314
3516
338
3 716
312
3916
358
31116
334
31516
378
31516
4
4 116
4 18
4316
4 14
4516
438
4 716
4 12
4916
4 58
41116
4 34
41316
478
41516

23.04
24.03
25.05
26.08
27.13
28.20
29.30
30.42
31.55
32.71
33.89
35.09
36.31
37.55
38.81
40.10
41.40
42.73
44.07
45.44
46.83
48.23
49.66
51.11
52.58
54.08
55.59
57.12
58.68
60.25
61.85
63.46
65.10

Inches
Inches
Sheet Circles
Inches
Inches
Diameter
Square
Inches
Round
Inches
Bars
Hexagon
Inches
Octagon
Inches
T = thickness
L = length

Standard Sheet Weights

Size in
Inches
15

Thickness

Plate Circles

Ga.
Number

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Thickness
in Inches

Diameter

Inches
Feet
Inches
Feet
Length
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
W = width

.2225 x T x D2
32.05 x T x D2
.228 x T x D2
32.85 x T x D2
3.4 x D2 x L
2.67 x D2 x L
2.945 x D2 x L
2.817 x D2 x L
D = diameter

Carbon Steel Plates

Weight Per Square

Foot in Pounds

Over 316 are plates

.1793
7.500
.1644
6.875
.1494
6.250
.1345
5.625
.1196
5.000
.1046
4.375
.0897
3.750
.0747
3.125
.0673
2.812
.0598
2.500

Size
in Inches

16
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
3
4
13
16
7
8
1
1 18
1 14
138
1 12
3

Weight Per Square

Foot in Pounds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.76
10.20
12.75
15.30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.85
20.40
22.95
25.50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.60
33.15
35.70
40.80
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.90
51.00
56.10
61.20

NOTE: Stainless Steel Weights approximately 10% more than Carbon Steel.

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Steel
Properties
Properties of Steel
The information shown below is offered as a general guide to physical properties of steel in common use. Lower tensile properties
are to be expected in large sections; the values of strength decrease as the size of the section increases. These values are not
guaranteed and must NOT be used in specifying the raw materials or as a basis for acceptance or rejection of material. It must not
be assumed that these properties will be obtained in all cases as they vary widely with permissible variations in analysis, size of
section, rolling conditions, grain size and methods of heat treatment. Dependable physical properties can only be obtained through
carefully controlled analysis and heat treatment.

Average Properties of Standard Steels

AISI
Number

SAE
Number

B1112
C1018

1112
1018

C1020

1020

C1117

1117

C1035

1035

C1040

1040

C1042

1042

C1045

1045

C1141

1141

C1144

1144

C1050

1050

4140

4140

E52100

52100

8620

8620

8645

8645

8742

8742

Strength in1000 PSI

Tensile
Yield

Condition of Steel

COLD DRAWN BESSEMER.................................................

NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD.CARBURIZED AT 1700F., COOLED IN BOX,
REHEATED, QUENCHED CORE PROPERTIES..............
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD.CARBURIZED AT 1700F., COOLED IN BOX,
REHEATED, QUENCHED CORE PROPERTIES..............
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
HOT ROLLED, ANNEALED..................................................
COLD DRAWN, ANNEALED.................................................
HEAT TREATED, COLD DRAWN.........................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
2 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
3 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
HOT ROLLED, ANNEALED..................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN......................................................................
1 RD. CARBURIZED 1700F., COOLED IN BOX,
REHEATED, QUENCHED CORE PROPERTIES..............
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
HOT ROLLED, ANNEALED..................................................
2 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
3 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
NATURAL HOT ROLLED......................................................
COLD DRAWN, ANNEALED.................................................
1 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................
2 RD. QUENCHED, TEMPERED 1000F............................

% Elong.
in 2

% Red.
of Area

Hardness
Brinell
Rockwell

75-90
55-70
70-85

60-70
40-50
50-70

12-16
25-35
18-25

40-50
50-65
45-55

170-185
120-140
160-180

80-95B
......
80-90B

100
55
65

90-100
60-80
70-80
60-70
80-90

60-80
40-50
45-70
37-47
60-75

10-22
25-35
15-25
20-30
15-20

35-50
50-65
45-60
45-60
40-50

200-230
120-145
120-160
135-150
160-190

93-98B
60-98B
70-85B
......
80-90B

......
50
60
80
90

95-110
75-85
85-95
95-105
80-90
90-100
100-110
85-95
90-105
105-120
85-105
90-110
110-130
90-110
100-120
120-145
95-110
100-120
130-150
95-110
115-135
90-100
110-120
140-155
150-160
145-155
130-145
100-110
180-195
90-95
90-105

60-85
40-55
65-80
70-80
45-55
70-85
75-85
50-60
75-90
80-90
50-65
75-90
80-95
60-80
85-105
100-130
60-85
90-115
110-130
55-70
85-100
60-70
85-95
125-140
130-140
125-135
115-125
75-85
65-80
55-65
65-80

10-25
18-25
15-25
20-25
18-25
14-20
15-25
15-25
12-20
15-25
15-25
12-20
12-25
15-25
8-18
10-20
15-25
7-17
15
15-20
10-22
20-30
15-25
12-20
15-20
15-20
15-20
20-25
10-15
18-25
15-25

35-50
40-55
40-50
55-60
35-50
35-50
45-60
35-50
30-45
40-60
35-45
30-45
40-55
25-45
20-50
35-50
30-45
20-45
45
25-40
35-50
50-60
45-55
45-55
50-60
50-60
55-65
50-60
35-45
45-60
40-50

210-240
155-175
170-200
195-220
165-185
190-215
210-240
175-205
185-215
215-250
175-215
195-230
235-260
180-220
195-230
270-310
200-240
210-245
286-302
210-325
240-265
185-210
230-250
270-300
320-350
320-345
280-310
210-235
375-415
160-200
185-215

15-22C
......
85-95B
93-98B
.......
91-98B
17-23C
......
......
......
......
95-99B
22-26C
......
......
......
......
17-23C
29-31C
......
23-27C
91-95B
20-25C
26-30C
34-37C
33-36C
28-32C
......
40-43C
85-95B
90-96B

......
60
65
55
60
62
52
58
60
......
55
58
47
65
70
......
75
85
......
50
......
55
65
45
......
......
......
45
......
55
60-70

120-135
105-125
100-110
140-150
130-140
110-125
105-120
155-165
135-145

90-110
55-75
50-60
110-125
105-115
50-70
95-105
135-145
110-120

15-20
15-25
20-25
15-20
15-20
15-25
10-18
15-20
15-20

40-50
35-50
40-55
45-55
50-60
35-50
35-45
45-52
50-60

285-350
220-270
210-230
300-320
285-310
230-270
210-235
330-335
290-320

28-40C
20-28C
17-21C
30-34C
29-32C
22-28C
95-99B
35-38C
30-33C

......
48-55
54
......
......
45-50
60
......
......

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Metal
Properties
Physical Properties of Various Metals
Stress in Thousands of Pounds per Square Inch
Tension
Tension
Compression
Shear
Ultimate
Yield Point
Ultimate
Ultimate

Metals and Alloys

ALUMINUM, TYPE 3003-0, ANNEALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ALUMINUM, TYPE 3003-H18, HARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE 5052-0, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE 5052-H38, HARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE 5056-0, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE 2014-0, ANNEALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE 2014-T4, HEAT TREATED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE C4A, CASTING, SOLUTION HEAT TREAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALUMINUM, TYPE S5C, AS DIE CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, ALUMINUM, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, RED, 15% ZN, ANNEALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, RED, 15% ZN, HARD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, RED, LEADED, CAST, GRADE 4A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, RED, LEADED, CAST, GRADE 4B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, YELLOW, 35% ZN, ANNEALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRASS, YELLOW, 35% ZN, HARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, ALUMINUM, AS CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, COMMERCIAL, 10% ZN, ANNEALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, MANGANESE, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, PHOSPHOR, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, TIN, HIGH LEADED, CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRONZE, TIN, LEADED, CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COPPER, BERYLLIUM, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INCONEL, CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INCONEL, S, CAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, CAST, CLASS 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, CAST, CLASS 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, MALLEABLE, CLASS 32510. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, MALLEABLE, CLASS 35018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, NODULAR (DUCTILE) CLASS 60-45-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, NODULAR (DUCTILE) CLASS 80-60-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, PEARLITIC, MALLEABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IRON, WROUGHT, HOT ROLLED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEAD, HARD, ROLLED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MONEL, CAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MONEL, S, CAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MONEL, SHAPES, PLATE, ETC., ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NICKEL, CAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NICKEL, SILVER, ANNEALED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, CAST CARBON, CLASS 70,000 NORMALIZED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, CAST LOW ALLOY, CLASS 100,000, NORMALIZE & TEMPERED. . . . .
STEEL, CAST LOW ALLOY, CLASS 120,000, QUENCHED AND TEMPERED . .
STEEL, CAST LOW ALLOY, CLASS 200,000, QUENCHED AND TEMPERED . .
STEEL, SHEETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, STAINLESS, AUSTENITIC, TYPES 304, 316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, STAINLESS, MARTENSITIC, TYPE 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, STRUCTURAL, BRIDGE AND BUILDING, ASTM A7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEEL, STRUCTURAL, HIGH STRENGTH, LOW ALLOY, ASTM A242. . . . . . . .
ZINC, DIE CAST ALLOY, XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
29
28
42
42
27
62
32
30
60
39
70
33-46
30-38
46
74
67-95
37
65
40-66
23-38
33-48
60-80
65-90
90-120
30-34
35-40
50
55
60
80
60-90
34-47
4.0-4.6
65-90
120-145
70-85
50-65
49-63
70
100
120
200
48
85
75
60-72
63-72
41

6
27
13
37
22
14
42
16
16
27
10
57
17-24
12-17
14
60
27-45
10
30
14-24
11-22
16-26
25-35
.....
80-100
.....
.....
33
37
45
60
40-70
23-24
.....
32-45
80-130
25-45
15-30
18-30
38
68
95
170
25
35
40
33
42-50
.....

.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
16
16
.....
.....
.....
10-12
11-12
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
12-16
9-15
.....
.....
.....
115
125
90
90
120
160
.....
......
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
33
42-50
60

11
16
18
24
26
18
38
24
19
.....
31
42
.....
.....
32
43
.....
28
42
.....
.....
.....
50-60
.....
.....
44
43
46
51
.....
.....
.....
......
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
45-54
47-53
31

Modulus of
Elasticity
1,000,000 Lbs.

Elongation %

10
10
10.2
10.2
10.3
10.6
10.6
.....
.....
16
17
17
9.1-14.8
.....
15
15
15-18
17
15
16-17
8.5-13
10.6-16
19
23
25
15
16
25
25
22-25
22-25
28
29
.....
23
24.2
26
21.5
17-18
30
29-30
29-30
29-30
29-30
28
29
29-30
29-30
.....

40
10
30
8
35
18
20
8.5
9
55
48
5
20-35
15-27
65
8
5-35
45
33
48-70
7-20
15-40
35-50
10-20
1-3
.....
.....
10-18
18-25
10-25
3-10
3-12
7-35
31-48
20-50
1-4
35-50
15-30
35-60
28
20
16
5
18-27
55-60
30
21
18-24
10

When hardened, strength values are higher, elongation less.

Compression yield point.

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Hardness
Conversion Chart
Brinell, Rockwell, and Scleroscope Hardness Numbers with Corresponding Tensile Strength
Brinell
10 MM Ball
3000 Kg.

Rockwell C
120 Cone
150 Kg.

Scleroscope
Shore Model C

Tensile Strength
1000 Pound
Per Square Inch

745
712
682
653
627
601
578
555
534
514
495
477
461
444
429
415
401
388
375
362
351
341
331
321
311
302
293
285
277
269
262
255
248
241
235
229
223

68
66
64
62
60
58
57
55
53
52
50
49
47
46
45
44
42
41
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
26
25
24
23
22
21
20

100
95
91
87
84
81
78
75
72
70
67
65
63
61
59
57
55
54
52
51
49
48
46
45
44
43
42
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
32

368
352
337
324
311
298
287
276
266
256
247
238
229
220
212
204
196
189
182
176
170
165
160
155
150
146
142
138
134
131
128
125
122
119
116
113
110

31
31
30
30
29
28
28
27
27
26

107
104
101
99
97
95
93
91
89
87

Rockwell B
1/16 Ball
100 Kg.

217
212
207
202
197
192
187
183
179
174

97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88

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Decimal
Equivalent Table
Decimal and Millimeter Equivalents of Fractions
Inches
Fractions

64 .........................................
1
32 .......................
3
64 .........................................
1
16 ...
5
64 .........................................
3
32 .......................
7
64 .........................................
1
8.....
9
64 .........................................
5
32 .......................
11
64 ........................................
3
16 ...
13
64 ........................................
7
32 .......................
15
64 ........................................
1
4.....
17
64 ........................................
9
32 .......................
19
64 ........................................
5
16 ...
21
64 ........................................

Decimals

Millimeters

.015625
.03125
.406875
.0625
.078125
.09375
.109375
.125
.140625
.15625
.171875
.1875
.203125
.21875
.234375
.250
.265625
.28125
.296875
.3125
.328125

.397
.794
1.191
1.588
1.984
2.381
2.778
3.175
3.572
3.969
4.366
4.763
5.159
5.556
5.953
6.350
6.747
7.144
7.541
7.938
8.334

Inches
Fractions

Decimals

Millimeters

32 ......................
23
64 ........................................
3
8.......
25
64 ........................................
13
32 ......................
27
64 ........................................
7
16 .....
29
64 ........................................
15
32 ......................
31
64 ........................................
1
2.......
33
64 ........................................
17
32 ......................
35
64 ........................................
9
16 .....
37
64 ........................................
19
32 ......................
39
64 ........................................
5
8.......
41
64 ........................................
21
32 ......................
43
64 ........................................

.34375
.359375
.375
.390625
.40625
.421875
.4375
.453125
.46875
.484375
.500
.515625
.53125
.546875
.5625
.578125
.59375
.609375
.625
.640625
.65625
.671875

8.731
9.128
9.525
.9922
10.319
10.716
11.113
11.509
11.906
12.303
12.700
13.097
13.494
13.891
14.288
14.684
15.081
15.478
15.875
16.272
16.669
17.066

11

Inches
Fractions

16 ...
45
64 .........................................
23
32 ......................
47
64 .........................................
3
4......
49
64 .........................................
25
32 ......................
51
64 .........................................
13
16 ...
53
64 .........................................
27
32 ......................
55
64 .........................................
7
8......
57
64 .........................................
29
32 ......................
59
64 .........................................
15
16 ...
61
64 .........................................
31
32 ......................
63
64 .........................................
1 ......
11

Decimals

Millimeters

.6875
.703125
.71875
.734375
.750
.765625
.78125
.796875
.8125
.828125
.84375
.859375
.875
.890625
.90625
.921875
.9375
.953125
.96875
.984375
1.000

17.463
17.859
18.256
18.653
19.050
19.447
19.844
20.241
20.638
21.034
21.431
21.828
22.225
22.622
23.019
23.416
23.813
24.209
24.606
25.003
25.400

Decimal Equivalents of Millimeters

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

MM

Inches

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.
1.5
2.
2.5
3.
3.5
4.
4.5
5.
5.5
6.
6.5
7.
7.5
8.
8.5
9.

.00394
.00787
.01181
.01575
.01968
.02362
.02756
.03149
.03543
.03937
.05905
.07874
.09842
.11811
.13779
.15748
.17716
.19685
.21653
.23622
.25590
.27559
.29527
.31496
.34464
.35433

9.5
10.
10.5
11.
11.5
12.
12.5
13.
13.5
14.
14.5
15.
15.5
16.
16.5
17.
17.5
18.
18.5
19.
19.5
20.
20.5
21.
21.5
22.

.37401
.39370
.41338
.43307
45275
.47244
.49212
.51181
.53149
.55118
.57086
.59055
.61023
.62992
.64960
.66929
.68897
.70866
.72834
.74803
.76771
.78740
.80708
.82677
.84645
.86614

22.5
23.
23.5
24.
24.5
25.
25.5
26.
26.5
27.
27.5
28.
28.5
29.
29.5
30.
30.5
31.
31.5
32.
32.5
33.
33.5
34.
34.5
35.

.88582
.90551
.92519
.94488
.96456
.98425
1.00393
1.02362
1.04330
1.06299
1.08267
1.10236
1.12204
1.14173
1.16141
1.18110
1.20078
1.22047
1.24015
1.25984
1.27952
1.29921
1.31889
1.33858
1.35826
1.37795

35.5
36.
36.5
37.
37.5
38.
38.5
39.
39.5
40.
40.5
41.
41.5
42.
42.5
43.
43.5
44.
44.5
45.
45.5
46.
46.5
47.
47.5
48.

1.39763
1.41732
1.43700
1.45669
1.47637
1.49606
1.51574
1.53543
1.55511
1.57480
1.59488
1.61417
1.63385
1.65354
1.67322
1.69291
1.71259
1.73228
1.75196
1.77165
1.79133
1.81102
1.83070
1.85039
1.87007
1.88976

48.5
49.
49.5
50.
50.5
51.
51.5
52.
52.5
53.
53.5
54.
54.5
55.
55.5
56.
56.5
57.
57.5
58.
58.5
59.
59.5
60.
60.5
61.

1.90944
1.92913
1.94881
1.96850
1.98818
2.00787
2.02755
2.04724
2.06692
2.08661
2.10629
2.12598
2.14566
2.16535
2.18503
2.20472
2.22440
2.24409
2.26377
2.28346
2.30314
2.32283
2.34251
2.36220
2.38188
2.40157

61.5
62.
62.5
63.
63.5
64.
64.5
65.
65.5
66.
66.5
67.
67.5
68.
68.5
69.
69.5
70.
70.5
71.
71.5
72.
72.5
73.
73.5
74.

2.42125
2.44094
2.46062
2.48031
2.49999
2.51968
2.53936
2.55905
2.57873
2.59842
2.61810
2.63779
2.65747
2.67716
2.69684
2.71653
2.73621
2.75590
2.77558
2.79527
2.81495
2.83464
2.85432
2.87401
2.89369
2.91338

74.5
75.
75.5
76.
76.5
77.
77.5
78.
78.5
79.
79.5
80.
80.5
81.
81.5
82.
82.5
83.
83.5
84.
84.5
85.
85.5
86.
86.5
87.

2.93306
2.95275
2.97243
2.99212
3.01180
3.03149
3.05117
3.07086
3.09054
3.11023
3.12991
3.14960
3.16928
3.18897
3.20865
3.22834
3.24802
3.26771
3.28739
3.30708
3.32676
3.34645
3.36613
3.38682
3.40550
3.42519

87.5
88.
88.5
89.
89.5
90.
90.5
91.
91.5
92.
92.5
93.
93.5
94.
94.5
95.
95.5
96.
96.5
97.
97.5
98.
98.5
99.
99.5
100.

3.44487
3.46456
3.48424
3.50393
3.52361
3.54330
3.56298
3.58267
3.60235
3.62204
3.64172
3.66141
3.68109
3.70078
3.72046
3.74015
3.75983
3.77952
3.79920
3.81889
3.83857
3.85826
3.87794
3.89763
3.91731
3.93700

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English Metric
System Equivalents
Length Equivalents
Unit

1 MILLIMETER =
1 CENTIMETER =
1 INCH =
1 FOOT =
1 YARD =
1 METER =
Unit

Millimeters

Centimeters

1
10
25.4001
304.801
914.402
1000

.1
1
2.54001
30.4801
91.4402
100

Feet

Yards

Inches

.03937
.3937
1
12
36
39.37

Feet

Yards

.003281
.032808
.083333
1
3
3.28083

.001094
.010936
.027778
.333333

Meters

1
1.09361

Rods

1 ROD =
16.5
5.5
5.02921
1 FURLONG =
660
220
201.168
1 KILOMETER =
3280.8
1093.6
1000
1 MILE (STATUTE) =
5280
1760
1609.35
1 NAUTICAL MILE = 6080.2 FEET = 1.15155 STATUTE MILES = 13 LEAGUE.
1 LIGHT YEAR = 5.879 TRILLION MILES = 9.46 TRILLION KILOMETERS.

Meters

.001
.01
.025400
.304801
.914402
1

Furlongs

1
40
199
320

Miles(Statute)

.025 (140 )

.003125 (1/320)
.125 (18)
.62137

1
4.971
8

Weight Equivalents
Unit

Grains

1 GRAIN =
1 GRAM =
1 OUNCE (TROY) =
1 OUNCE (AVOIR.) =
1 POUND (TROY) =
1 POUND (AVOIR.) =
1 KILOGRAM =

Grams

1
15.4324
480
437.5
5760
7000
15432.4

Unit

Kilograms

1 METRIC TON =
1 NET (SHORT) TON =
1 GROSS (LONG) TON =

Ounces (Troy)

.064799
1
31.1035
28.3495
373.242
453.592
1000

.002083
.032151
1
.911458
12
14.5833
32.1507

Pounds (Troy)

1000
907.185
1016.05

Ounces (Avoir.)

Pounds (Avoir.)

2679.23
2430.56
2722.22

Pounds (Troy)

.002286
.035274
1.09714
1
13.1657
16
35.2740

2204.62
2000
2240

.000174
.002679
.083333
.075955
1
1.21528
2.67923

Metric Tons

Pounds (Avoir.)

Kilograms

.000143
.002205
.068571
.0625
.822857
1
2.20462

.000065
.001
.031104
.028350
.373242
.453592
1

Net (Short) Tons

Gross (Long) Tons

1.10231
1
1.12

.984206
.892857
1

1
.907185
1.01605

Volume and Capacity Equivalents

Unit

1 CU. CENTIMETER =
1 CU. INCH =
1 GILL =
1 PINT (LIQUID) =
1 PINT (DRY) =
1 LITER =
1 QUART (LIQUID) =
1 QUART (DRY) =
1 GALLON (LIQUID) =
1 GALLON (DRY) =
1 PECK =
1 CU. FOOT =
1 BUSHEL =
1 BARREL =
1 CU. YARD =
1 CU. METER =

Cubic Centimeters

1
16.387
118.29
473.18
550.62
1000
946.36
1101.2
3785.4
4404.9
8809.8
28317.0
35239.3
119241.2
764559.4
1000000

Cubic Inches

Liters

Quarts (Liquid)

Quarts (Dry)

.001
.01639
.11829
.47318
.55062

.00106
.01732
.125
.5
.58182
1.0567
1
1.1637
4
4.6546
9.3092
29.922
37.237
126
807.90
1056.7

.00091
.01488
.10742
.42968
.5
.90808
.85937

.06102
1
7.2188
28.875
33.600
61.023
57.75
67.201
231
268.80
537.61
1728
2150.4
7276.5
46656
61023.4

1
.94636
1.1012
3.7854
4.4049
8.8098
28.317
35.239
119.24
764.56
1000

1
3.4375
4
8
25.714
32
108.28
694.28
908.08

Gallons (Liquid)

.00026
.00433
.03125
.125
.14546
.26417
.25
.29091
1
1.1636
2.3273
7.4805
9.3092
31.5
201.97
264.17

Gallons (Dry)

Cubic Feet

.00023
.00372
.02686
.10742
.125
.22702
.21484
.25
.85937

.00004
.00058
.00418
.01671
.01945
.03531
.03342
.03889
.13368
.15556
.31111

1
2
6.4285
8
27.070
173.57
227.02

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1
1.2445
4.2109
27
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English Metric
System Equivalents
Area Equivalents
Unit

1 SQUARE FOOT =
1 SQUARE YARD =
1 SQUARE METER =
1 SQUARE ROD =
1 ARE =
1 ACRE =
1 SQUARE MILE (640 ACRES) =
1 SQUARE KILOMETER =

Square Inches

Square Feet

144
1296
1550
39204
155000
6272640

1
9
10.7639
272.25
1076.39
43560
27878400
10763867

Square Yards

Square Meters

.1111

.09290
.83613

1
1.19599
30.25
119.599
4840
3097600
1195985

1
25.293
100
4046.86
2589999
1000000

Power Equivalents
Unit

1 BTU/HR. =
1 FT.LB./HR. =
1 FT.LB./MIN. =
1 HP =
1 HP MET. =
1 WATT =

BTU/Hour

1
.001285
.077104
2544.43
2509.622
3.41214

Foot-Pound/Hour

Foot-Pound/Minute

HP

HP (Metric)

Watt

Kilowatt

778.1688
1

1980000
1952914
2655.224

12.96948

1
33000
32548.56
44.2537

.000393
5.05x10-7
3.0303x10-5
1
.986320
.0013410

.000398
5.12x10-7
3.072x10 -7
1.01387
1
.0013596

.293071
.0003766
.022597
745.699
735.499
1

.000293
3.766x10-7
2.26x10-5
.7457
.735499
.001

NOTE: Foot-Pounds indicates energy.

Pound-Feet indicates torque (Page L-2).

Metric System
Length
1 meter (m)

Area
=

1 dekameter (dkm) =
1 hectometer (hm) =
1 kilometer (km)
=

10 decimeters(dm)
100 centimeters(cm)
1,000 millimeters(mm)
10 meters (m)
100 meters (m)
1,000 meters (m)

Weight

1 gram (g)

1 dekagram (dkg)
1 hectogram (hg)
1 kilogram (kg)

=
=
=

1 metric ton

1 liter (l)

1 dekaliter (dkl)
1 hectoliter (hl)

=
=

1 kiloliter (kl)

10 decigrams (dg)
100 centigrams (cg)
1,000 milligrams (mg)
10 grams (g)
100 grams (g)
1000 grams (g)
1000 kilograms (kg)
1,000,000 grams (g)

Volume & Capacity

1 centare (ca)

1 are (a)

1 hectare (ha)

1 square kilometer
(km2)

{
{
{

1 square meter (m2)

100 square decimeters (dm2)
10,000 square centameters
(cm2)
1,000,000 square millimeters
(mm2)
1 square dekameter (dkm2)
100 square meters (m2)
100 ares (a)
10,000 square meters (m2)
1,000,000 square meters (m2)

Other prefixes commonly used:

micro one millionth
deca 10 times (same as deka)
myria 10,000 times
mega 1,000,000 times

1 cubic decimeter(dm3)
10 deciliters (dl)
100 centiliters(cl)
1,000 milliliters (ml)
1,000 cubic centimeters
(cm3or cc)
10 liters (l)
100 liters (l)
1 cubic meter (m3)
1 stere (s)
1,000 liters (l)

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Engineering Formulas
and Constants
Circle

Rectangle

Area = Square of Diameter x .7854

or square of Radius x 3.1416
Circumference = Diameter x 3.1416
Diameter = Circumference x .3183

Area = Length x Width

Diagonal = Square root of sum of squares of Width and
Length

Doubling diameter increases area four times; tripling

diameter increases area nine times, etc.

Triangle
Area = Base x 12 of Perpendicular Height

Sphere

Square

Area of Surface = Square of Diameter x 3.1416

Volume = Cube of Diameter x .5236

Area = Square of Side

Diagonal = Side x 1.4142
Side = Diagonal x .7071

Cube

Square Inscribed in Circle

Side of Square = Diameter of Circle x .7071
or Circumference of Circle x .2251
Diameter of Circle = Side of Square x 1.4142
Circumference of Circle = Side of Square x 4.4429

Square and Circle with Equal Area

Side of Square = Diameter of Circle x .8862
Diameter of Circle = Side of Square x 1.128
Circumference of Circle = Side of Square x 3.545

1 HP = 33,000 Foot-pounds of work per minute.

1 BTU = Heat required to raise 1 pound of water F.
1 Kilowatt Hour = 3415 BTU
1 Radian = 57.296 degrees.
1 Register Ton = 100 cubic feet
1 U.S. Shipping Ton = 40 cubic feet
1 British Shipping Ton = 42 cubic feet
1 Cubic Foot/Minute = 471.9474 cubic cm/second
1 Cubic Foot/Minute = .1246753 gallons (U.S.)/second
1 Cubic Foot/Second = 2.2222 cubic yards/minute
1 Gallon (U.S.)/Minute = 8.020834 cubic feet/hour
1 Gallon (U.S.)/Minute = 3.785412 liter/minute
1 Liter/Minute = 2.118880 cubic feet/hour
1 Cubic Mitre/Minute = 264.1720 Gallons (U.S.)/Minute
1Pound/Gallon (U.S.) = 7.480519 pound/cubic feet
1 Mile/Hour = 88 feet/minute
1Foot/Minute = .01136364 miles/hour

Area of Surface = Square of Side x 6

Volume = Cube of Side
Diagonal = Side x 1.732

Cylinder
Area of Curved Surface = Diameter x Length x 3.1416
Volume = Square of Diameter x Length x .7854

Cone
Area of Curved Surface = Diameter of Base x Slant Height
x 1.5708
Volume = Diameter of Base Squared x Perpindicular Height
x .2618 or Area of Base x 13 Perpendicular Height

1 Pound per Square Inch Pressure (PSI) = 144 pounds/square

foot = 2.3095 feet fresh water at 62F = 2.0355 inches mercury at 32F = 2.0416 inches mercury at 62F = .068 atmospheres.
Water Pressure (pounds per square inch) = .433 x height of
water in feet (Fresh water at 62F).
Weight of 1 cubic foot of fresh water = 62.355 pounds at 62F =
59.76 pounds at 212F.
Weight of 1 gallon (U.S.) water = 8.34 pounds
Weight of 1 cubic foot of Air at 14.7 lbs per square inch
Pressure = .07608 pounds at 62F = .08703 pounds at 32F.
Watts = Amperes x Volts
1 Watt-Hour = 3.41214 BTU = 859.845 Calorie = 3600 Joule.
g = Acceleration due to gravity at Sea Level, Latitude 45 =
32.1726 Feet/Second squared.
1 pound-foot (torque) = 1.355818 Newton-Metre.

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Area/Circumference
Table
Circumferences and Areas of Circles (164 3178 Diameters)
Diameter

Circumference

Area

1
1
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
11
16
3
4
13
16
7
8
15
16
2
1
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
11
16
3
4
13
16
7
8
15
16
3
1
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
11
16
3
4
13
16
7
8
15
16
4
1
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
11
16
3
4
13
16
7
8
15
16
5
1
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16

3.1416
3.3379
3.5343
3.7306
3.9270
4.1233
4.3197
4.5160
4.7124
4.9087
5.1051
5.3014
5.4978
5.6941
5.8905
6.0868
6.2832
6.4795
6.6759
6.8722
7.0686
7.2649
7.4613
7.6576
7.8540
8.0503
8.2467
8.4430
8.6394
8.8357
9.0321
9.2284
9.4248
9.6211
9.8175
10.0138
10.2102
10.4065
10.6029
10.7992
10.9956
11.1919
11.3883
11.5846
11.7810
11.9773
12.1737
12.3700
12.5664
12.7627
12.9591
13.1554
13.3518
13.5481
13.7445
13.9408
14.1372
14.3335
14.5299
14.7262
14.9226
15.1189
15.3153
15.5116
15.7080
15.9043
16.1007
16.2970
16.4934
16.6897
16.8861
17.0824

0.7854
0.8866
0.9940
1.1075
1.2272
1.3530
1.4849
1.6230
1.7671
1.9175
2.0739
2.2365
2.4053
2.5802
2.7612
2.9483
3.1416
3.3410
3.5466
3.7583
3.9761
4.2000
4.4301
4.6664
4.9087
5.1572
5.4119
5.6727
5.9396
6.2126
6.4918
6.7771
7.0686
7.3662
7.6699
7.9798
8.2958
8.6179
8.9462
9.2806
9.6211
9.9678
10.321
10.680
11.045
11.416
11.793
12.177
12.566
12.962
13.364
13.772
14.185
14.607
15.033
15.466
15.904
16.349
16.800
17.257
17.721
18.190
18.665
19.147
19.635
20.129
20.629
21.135
21.648
22.166
22.691
23.221

Diameter

Circumference

Area

Diameter

Circumference

Area

Diameter

Circumference

Area

17.2788
17.4751
17.6715
17.8678
18.0642
18.2605
18.4569
18.6532
18.8496
19.2423
19.6350
20.0277
20.4204
20.8131
21.2058
21.5984
21.9911
22.3838
22.7765
23.1692
23.5619
23.9546
24.3473
24.7400
25.1327
25.5254
25.9181
26.3108
26.7035
27.0962
27.4889
27.8816
28.2743
28.6670
29.0597
29.4524
29.8451
30.2378
30.6305
31.0232
31.4159
31.8086
32.2013
32.5940
32.9867
33.3794
33.7721
34.1648
34.5575
34.9502
35.3429
35.7356
36.1283
36.5210
36.9137
37.3064
37.6991
38.0918
38.4845
38.8772
39.2699
39.6626
40.0553
40.4480
40.8407
41.2334
41.6261
42.0188
42.4115
42.8042
43.1969
43.5896

23.758
24.301
24.850
25.406
25.967
26.535
27.100
27.688
28.274
29.465
30.680
31.919
33.183
34.472
35.785
37.122
38.485
39.871
41.282
42.718
44.179
45.664
47.173
48.707
50.265
51.849
53.456
55.088
56.745
58.426
60.132
61.862
63.617
65.397
67.201
69.029
70.882
72.760
74.662
76.589
78.540
80.516
82.516
84.541
86.590
88.664
90.763
92.886
95.033
97.205
99.402
101.62
103.87
106.14
108.43
110.75
113.10
115.47
117.86
120.28
122.72
125.19
127.68
130.19
132.73
135.30
137.89
140.50
143.14
145.80
148.49
151.20

14
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
15
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
16
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
17
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
18
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
19
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
20
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
21
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
22
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8

43.9823
44.3750
44.7677
45.1604
45.5531
45.9458
46.3385
46.7312
47.1239
47.5166
47.9093
48.3020
48.6947
49.0874
49.4801
49.8728
50.2655
50.6582
51.0509
51.4436
51.8363
52.2290
52.6217
53.0144
53.4071
53.7998
54.1925
54.5852
54.9779
55.3706
55.7633
56.1560
56.5487
56.9414
57.3341
57.7268
58.1195
58.5122
58.9049
59.2976
59.6903
60.0830
60.4757
60.8684
61.2611
61.6538
62.0465
62.4392
62.8319
63.2246
63.6173
64.0100
64.4026
64.7953
65.1880
65.5807
65.9734
66.3661
66.7588
67.1515
67.5442
67.9369
68.3296
68.7223
69.1150
69.5077
69.9004
70.2931
70.6858
71.0785
71.4712
71.8639

153.94
156.70
159.48
162.30
165.13
167.99
170.87
173.78
176.71
179.67
182.65
185.66
188.69
191.75
194.83
197.93
201.06
204.22
207.39
210.60
213.82
217.08
220.35
223.65
226.98
230.33
233.71
237.10
240.53
243.98
247.45
250.95
254.47
258.02
261.59
265.18
268.80
272.45
276.12
279.81
283.53
287.27
291.04
294.83
298.65
302.49
306.35
310.24
314.16
318.10
322.06
326.05
330.06
334.10
338.16
342.25
346.36
350.50
354.66
358.84
363.05
367.28
371.54
375.83
380.13
384.46
388.82
393.20
397.61
402.04
406.49
410.97

23
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
24
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
25
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
26
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
27
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
28
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
29
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
30
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
31
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8

72.2566
72.6493
73.0420
73.4347
73.8274
74.2201
74.6128
75.0055
75.3982
75.7909
76.1836
76.5763
76.9690
77.3617
77.7544
78.1471
78.5398
78.9325
79.3252
79.7179
80.1106
80.5033
80.9060
81.2887
81.6814
82.0741
82.4668
82.8595
83.2522
83.6449
84.0376
84.4303
84.8230
85.2157
85.6084
86.0011
86.3938
86.7865
87.1792
87.5719
87.965
88.357
88.750
89.143
89.535
89.928
90.321
90.713
91.106
91.499
91.892
92.284
92.677
93.070
93.462
93.855
94.248
94.640
95.033
95.426
95.819
96.211
96.604
96.997
97.389
97.782
98.175
98.567
98.960
99.353
99.746
100.138

415.48
420.00
424.56
429.13
433.74
438.36
443.01
447.69
452.39
457.11
461.86
466.64
471.44
476.26
481.11
485.98
490.87
495.79
500.74
505.71
510.71
515.72
520.77
525.84
530.93
536.05
541.19
546.35
551.55
556.76
562.00
567.27
572.56
577.87
583.21
588.57
593.96
599.37
604.81
610.27
615.75
621.26
626.80
632.36
637.94
643.55
649.18
654.84
660.52
666.23
671.96
677.71
683.49
689.30
695.13
700.98
706.86
712.70
718.69
724.64
730.62
736.62
742.64
748.69
754.77
760.87
766.99
773.14
779.31
785.51
791.73
797.98

16
8
16
3
4
13
16
7
8
15
16
6
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
7
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
8
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
9
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
10
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
11
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
12
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
13
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
9

11

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Trigonometric
Functions
Trigonometric Formulas

COTANGENT

(See pages that follow for functions)

COSINE

Right Angle Triangle

TANGENT

SINE

To Find Angles and Sides of Right Angle Triangles

Formulas for Finding Functions of Angles

Side Opposite = Sine
Hypotenuse

To Find Angles
To
Find:

Side Adjacent = Cosine

Hypotenuse
Side Opposite = Tangent
Side Adjacent
Side Adjacent = Cotangent
Side Opposite
Hypotenuse = Secant
Side Adjacent
Hypotenuse = Cosecant
Side Opposite

Formulas for Finding Sides of Right Angle

Triangles with an Angle and Side Known
To Find:
Length of
side opposite

To Find:
Length of
side adjacent

To Find:
Length of
hypotenuse

{
{
{

Hypotenuse x Sine
Hypotenuse Cosecant
Side Adjacent x Tangent
Side Adjacent Cotangent
Hypotenuse x Cosine
Hypotenuse Secant
Side Opposite x Cotangent
Side Opposite Tangent
Side Opposite x Cosecant
Side Opposite Sine
Side Adjacent x Secant
Side Adjacent Cosine

Formulas

To Find Angles
To
Find:

Formulas

c = Sine C
a

b = Cosine C
a

c x Cosec. C

c = Tan. C
b

c x Secante B

b x Cosec. B

b = Cotan. C
c

b x Secante C

a = Secant C
b

a = Cosec. C
c

a x Sine B

a x Cos. C

b = Sine B
a

c x Tan. B

c = Cosine B
a

c x Cot. C

b = Tan. B
c

c = Cotan. B
b

a = Secant B
c

a = Cosec. B
b

b2 + c2

c
Sine C
c
Cosine B
b
Sine B
b
Cosine C

c2

a
Cosecant B
a
Secant C
c
Cotan. B
c
Tangent C

b2

a x Cos. B

a x Sine C

b x Cot. B

b x Tan. C

a
Secant B
a
Cosecant C
b
Tangent B
b
Cotan. C

To Find Angles and Sides of Oblique Angle Triangles

To Find

Known

Formulas

To Find

Known

Formulas

A, B

B, C

a, B, A

Cos. A

a, b, c

a, A, C

Sin. C

c, A, a

Tan. A

a, C, b

180 (A +B)
a x Sin. B
Sin. A
a x Sin. C
Sin. A
a x Sin. C
b (a x Cos. C)
180 (A + C)
b x Sin. A
a

Cot. B

a, C, b

b, C, B

180 (B + C)
b 2 + c2 a2
2bc
c x Sin. A
a
a x Cosec. C Cot. C
b
b x Sin. C x Cosec. B

Oblique Angle Triangle

A, C

Sin. B

b, A, a

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Trigonometric
Tables
Trigonometric Functions

Sine

Tan.

Cotan.

Cosine

Sine

Tan.

Cotan.

Cosine

0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50

.000000
.002909
.005818
.008727
.011635
.014544
.017452
.020361
.023269
.026177
.029085
.031992
.034899
.037806
.040713
.043619
.046525
.049431
.052336
.055241
.058145
.061049
.063952
.066854
.069756
.072658
.075559
.078459
.081359
.084258
.087156
.090053
.092950
.095846
.098741
.101635
.104528
.107421
.110313
.113203
.116093
.118982
.121869
.124756
.127642
.130526
.133410
.136292
.139173
.142053
.144932
.147809
.150686
.153561
.156434
.159307
.162178
.165048
.167916
.170783
.173648
.176512
.179375
.182236
.185095
.187953

.000000
.002909
.005818
.008727
.011636
.014545
.017455
.020365
.023275
.026186
.029097
.032009
.034921
.037834
.040747
.043661
.046576
.049491
.052408
.055325
.058243
.061163
.064083
.067004
.069927
.072851
.075776
.078702
.081629
.084558
.087489
.090421
.093354
.096289
.099226
.102164
.105104
.108046
.110990
.113936
.116883
.119833
.122785
.125738
.128694
.131653
.134613
.137576
.140541
.143508
.146478
.149451
.152426
.155404
.158384
.161368
.164354
.167343
.170334
.173329
.176327
.179328
.182332
.185339
.188359
.191363

INFINITE
343.77371
171.88540
114.58865
85.939791
68.750087
57.289962
49.103881
42.964077
38.188459
34.367771
31.241577
28.636253
26.431600
24.541758
22.903766
21.470401
20.205553
19.081137
18.074977
17.169337
16.349855
15.604784
14.924417
14.300666
13.726738
13.196888
12.706205
12.250505
11.826167
11.430052
11.059431
10.711913
10.385397
10.078031
9.7881732
9.5143645
9.2553035
9.0098261
8.7768874
8.5555468
8.3449558
8.1443464
7.9530224
7.7703506
7.5957541
7.4287064
7.2687255
7.1153697
6.9682335
6.8269437
6.6911562
6.5605538
6.4348428
6.3137515
6.1970279
6.0844381
5.9757644
5.8708042
5.7693688
5.6712818
5.5763786
5.4845052
5.3955172
5.3092793
5.2256647

1.000000
.999996
.999983
.999962
.999932
.999894
.999848
.999793
.999729
.999657
.999577
.999488
.999391
.999285
.999171
.999048
.998917
.998778
.998630
.998473
.998308
.998135
.997957
.997763
.997564
.997357
.997141
.996917
.996685
.996444
.996195
.995937
.995671
.995396
.995113
.994822
.994522
.994214
.993897
.993572
.993238
.922896
.992546
.992187
.991820
.991445
.991061
.990669
.990268
.989859
.989442
.959016
.988582
.988139
.987688
.987229
.986762
.986286
.985801
.985309
.984808
.984298
.983781
.983255
.982721
.982178

0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10

90

11

12

88

13

87

14

86

15

85

16

84

17

83

18

82

19

81

20

80

21

.190809
.913664
.196517
.199368
.202218
.205065
.207912
.210756
.213599
.216440
.219279
.222116
.224951
.227784
.230616
.233445
.236273
.239098
.241922
.244743
.247563
.250380
.253195
.256008
.258819
.261628
.264434
.267238
.270040
.272840
.275637
.278432
.281225
.284015
.286803
.289589
.292372
.295152
.297930
.300706
.303479
.306249
.309017
.311782
.314545
.317305
.320062
.322816
.325568
.328317
.331063
.333807
.336547
.339285
.342020
.344752
.347481
.350207
.352931
.355651
.358368
.361082
.363793
.366501
.369206
.371908

.194380
.197401
.200425
.203452
.206483
.209518
.212557
.215599
.218645
.221695
.224748
.227806
.230868
.233934
.237004
.240079
.243158
.246241
.249328
.252420
.255517
.258618
.261723
.264834
.267949
.271069
.274195
.277325
.280460
.283600
.286745
.289896
.293052
.296214
.299380
.302553
.305731
.308914
.312104
.315299
.318500
.321707
.324920
.328139
.331364
.334595
.337833
.341077
.344328
.347585
.350848
.354119
.357396
.360680
.363970
.367268
.370573
.373885
.377204
.380530
.383864
.387205
.390554
.393911
.397275
.400647

5.1445540
5.0658352
4.9894027
4.9151570
4.8430045
4.7728568
4.7046301
4.6382457
4.5736287
4.5107085
4.4494181
4.3896940
4.3314759
4.2747066
4.2193318
4.1652998
4.1125614
4.0610700
4.0107809
3.9616518
3.9136420
3.8667131
3.8208281
3.7759519
3.7320508
3.6890927
3.6470467
3.6058835
3.5655749
3.5260938
3.4874144
3.4495120
3.4123626
3.3759434
3.3402326
3.3052091
3.2708526
3.2371438
3.2040638
3.1715948
3.1397194
3.1084210
3.0776835
3.0474915
3.0178301
2.9886850
2.9600422
2.9318885
2.9042109
2.8769970
2.8502349
2.8239129
2.7980198
2.7725448
2.7474774
2.7228076
2.6985254
2.6746215
2.6510867
2.6279121
2.6050891
2.5826094
2.5604649
2.5386479
2.5171507
2.4959661

.981627
.981068
.980500
.979925
.979341
.978748
.978148
.977539
.976921
.976296
.975662
.975020
.974370
.973712
.973045
.927370
.971687
.970995
.970296
.969588
.968872
.968148
.967415
.966675
.965926
.965169
.964404
.963630
.962849
.962059
.961262
.960456
.959642
.958820
.957990
.957151
.956305
.955450
.954588
.953717
.952838
.951951
.951057
.950154
.949243
.948324
.947397
.946462
.945519
.944568
.943609
.942641
.941666
.940684
.939693
.938694
.937687
.936672
.935650
.934619
.933580
.932534
.931480
.930418
.929348
.928270

0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10

79

89

0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50

Cosine

Cotan.

Tan.

Sine

Cosine

Cotan.

Tan.

Sine

10

79

78

77

76

75

74

73

72

71

70

69

68

NOTE: For functions from 45-0 to 68 read from bottom of table upward.

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Trigonometric
Tables
Trigonometric Functions

Sine

Tan.

Cotan.

Cosine

Sine

22

0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50

.374607
.377302
.379994
.382683
.385369
.388052
.390731
.393407
.396080
.398749
.401415
.404078
.406737
.409392
.412045
.414693
.417338
.419980
.422618
.425253
.427884
.430511
.433125
.435755
.438371
.440984
.443593
.446197
.448799
.451397
.453990
.456580
.459166
.461749
.464327
.466901
.469472
.472038
.474600
.477149
.479713
.482263
.484810
.487352
.489890
.492424
.494953
.497479
.500000
.502517
.505030
.507538
.510043
.512543
.515038
.517529
.520016
.522499
.524977
.527450
.529919
.532384
.534844
.537300
.539751
.542197
.544639
.547076
.549509
.551937
.554360
.556769

.404026
.407414
.410810
.414214
.417626
.421046
.424475
.427912
.431358
.434812
.438276
.441748
.445229
.448719
.452218
.455726
.459244
.462771
.466308
.469854
.473410
.476976
.480551
.484137
.487733
.491339
.494955
.498582
.502219
.505867
.509525
.513195
.516876
.520567
.524270
.527984
.531709
.535547
.539195
.542956
.546728
.550515
.554309
.558118
.561939
.565773
.569619
.573478
.577350
.581235
.585134
.589045
.592970
.596908
.600861
.604827
.608807
.612801
.616809
.620832
.624869
.628921
.632988
.637079
.641167
.645280
.649408
.653551
.657710
.661886
.666077
.670285

2.4750869
2.4545061
2.4342172
2.4142136
2.3944889
2.3750372
2.3558524
2.3369287
2.3182606
2.2998425
2.2816693
2.2637357
2.2460368
2.2285676
2.2113234
2.1942997
2.1774920
2.1608958
2.1445069
2.1283213
2.1123348
2.0965436
2.0809438
2.0655318
2.0503038
2.0352565
2.0203862
2.0056897
1.9911637
1.9768050
1.9626105
1.9485772
1.9347020
1.9209821
1.9074147
1.8939971
1.8807265
1.8676003
1.8546159
1.8417709
1.8290628
1.8164892
1.8040478
1.7917362
1.7795524
1.7674940
1.7555590
1.7437453
1.7320508
1.7204736
1.7090116
1.6976631
1.6864261
1.6752988
1.6642795
1.6533663
1.6425576
1.6318517
1.6212469
1.6107417
1.6003345
1.5900238
1.5798079
1.5696856
1.5596552
1.4597155
1.5398650
1.5301025
1.5204261
1.5108352
1.5013282
1.4919039

.927184
.926090
.924980
.923880
.922762
.921638
.920505
.919364
.918216
.917060
.915896
.914725
.913545
.912358
.911164
.909961
.908751
.907533
.906308
.905075
.903834
.902585
.901329
.900065
.898794
.897515
.896229
.894934
.893633
.892323
.891007
.889682
.888350
.887011
.885664
.884309
.882948
.881578
.880201
.878817
.877425
.876026
.874620
.873206
.871784
.870356
.868920
.867476
.866025
.864567
.863102
.861629
.860149
.858662
.857167
.855665
.854156
.852640
.851117
.849586
.848048
.846503
.844951
.843391
.841825
.840251
.838671
.837083
.835488
.833886
.832277
.830661

0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10

68

34

67

35

66

36

65

37

64

38

63

39

62

40

61

41

60

42

59

43

58

44

57

45

56

0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0

.559193
.561602
.564007
.566406
.568801
.571191
.573576
.575957
.578332
.580703
.583069
.585429
.587785
.590136
.592482
.594823
.597159
.599489
.601815
.604136
.606451
.608761
.611067
.613367
.615661
.617951
.620235
.622515
.624789
.627057
.692320
.631578
.633831
.636078
.638320
.640557
.642788
.645013
.647233
.649448
.651657
.653861
.656059
.658252
.660439
.662620
.664796
.666966
.669131
.671289
.673443
.675590
.677732
.679868
.681998
.684123
.686242
.688355
.690462
.692563
.694658
.696748
.698832
.700909
.702981
.705047
.707107

Cosine

Cotan.

Tan.

Sine

Cosine

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Tan.

.674509
.678749
.683007
.687281
.691573
.695881
.700208
.704552
.708913
.713293
.717691
.722108
.726543
.730996
.735469
.739961
.744472
.749003
.753554
.758125
.762716
.767327
.771959
.776612
.781286
.785981
.790698
.795436
.800196
.804980
.809784
.814612
.819463
.824336
.829234
.834155
.839100
.844069
.849062
.854081
.859124
.864193
.869287
.874407
.879553
.884725
.889924
.895151
.900404
.905685
.910994
.916331
.921697
.927021
.932515
.937968
.943451
.948965
.954508
.960083
.965689
.971326
.976996
.982697
.988432
.994199
1.000000

Cotan.

Cotan.

Cosine

1.4825610
1.4732983
1.4641147
1.4550090
1.4459801
1.4370268
1.4281480
1.4193427
1.4106098
1.4019483
1.3933571
1.3848355
1.3763810
1.3679959
1.3596764
1.3514224
1.3432331
1.3351075
1.3270448
1.3190441
1.3111046
1.3032254
1.2954057
1.2876447
1.2799416
1.2722957
1.2647062
1.2571723
1.2496933
1.2422685
1.2348972
1.2275786
1.2203121
1.2130970
1.2059327
1.1988184
1.1917536
1.1847376
1.1777698
1.1708496
1.1639763
1.1571495
1.1503684
1.1436326
1.1369414
1.1302944
1.1236909
1.1171305
1.1106125
1.1041365
1.0977020
1.0913085
1.0849554
1.0786423
1.0723687
1.0661341
1.0599381
1.0537801
1.0476598
1.0415767
1.0355303
1.0295203
1.0235461
1.0176074
1.0117088
1.0058348
1.0000000

.829038
.827407
.825770
.824126
.822475
.820817
.819152
.817480
.815801
.814116
.812423
.810723
.809017
.807304
.805584
.803857
.802123
.800383
.798636
.796882
.795121
.793353
.791579
.789798
.788011
.786217
.784416
.782608
.780794
.778973
.777146
.775312
.773472
.771625
.769771
.767911
.766044
.764171
.762292
.760406
.758514
.756615
.754710
.752798
.750880
.748956
.747025
.745088
.743145
.741195
.739239
.737277
.735309
.733335
.731354
.729367
.727374
.725374
.723369
.721357
.719340
.717316
.715286
.713251
.711209
.709161
.707107

0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0

56

Tan.

Sine

NOTE: For functions from 45-0 to 68 read from bottom of table upward.

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55

54

53

52

51

50

49

48

47

46

45

L-21 - L-30

11/10/99

10:25 AM

Page 25

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Conversion
Tables
Given

Multiply By

ABAMPERE
10
ACRES
0.4046856
ACRES
43560
ACRES
4046.8564
ACRES
1.562x10-3
ARE
1076.391
ATMOSPHERES
76
ATMOSPHERES
33.89854
ATMOSPHERES
29.92
ATMOSPHERES
14.69595
BAGS CEMENT
94
BARRELS OIL
5.614583
BARRELS OIL
158.9873
BARRELS OIL
42
BARRELS (US DRY)
3.281219
BARRELS (US DRY)
4.083333
BARRELS (US DRY)
115.6271
BARRELS (US LIQ.)
4.2109375
BARRELS (US LIQ.)
0.1192405
BARRELS (US LIQ.)
26.22925
BARRELS (US LIQ.)
31.5
BARRELS CEMENT
376
BTU
251.996
BTU
778.169
BTU
3.9302x10-4
BTU
0.252
BTU
107.586
BTU
2.9307x10 -4
BTU
1055.056
BTU/MIN.
12.96
BTU/MIN.
0.0235809
BTU/MIN.
0.0175843
BTU/MIN.
17.5796
BUSHELS (BRIT.)
1.032057
BUSHELS (BRIT.)
8
BUSHELS (US)
0.3047647
BUSHELS (US)
1.244456
BUSHELS (US)
9.309177
CALORIE
4.1868
CALORIE
3.96832x10-3
CALORIE
3.08803
CENTARES (CENTIARES)
1
CENTIMETERS
0.3937008
CENTIMETERS
.3937008
CENTIMETERS
0.01
CENTIMETERS
10
CENTIMTRS. OF MERCURY
0.01316
CENTIMTRS. OF MERCURY
0.4461
CENTIMTRS. OF MERCURY
136
CENTIMTRS. OF MERCURY
27.85
CENTIMTRS. OF MERCURY
0.1934
CENTIPOISE
0.001
CHAIN (RAMSDENS)
100
CHAIN (GUNTERS)
66
CORD
128
CORD
3.624
COULOMB
1
CUBIC CENTIMETER
0.06102
CUBIC CENTIMETER
0.001
CUBIC CENTIMETER
1
CUBIC DECIMETER
0.0353
CUBIC FEET
12
CUBIC FEET
0.803564
CUBIC FEET
1728
CUBIC FEET
0.0283168
CUBIC FEET
28.317
CUBIC FEET
0.037037
CUBIC FEET
6.228835
CUBIC FEET
7.480519
CUBIC FEET
28.316847
CUBIC FEET
25.71405
CUBIC FEET/HOUR
7.865791
CUBIC FEET/HOUR
0.4719474
CUBIC FEET/MIN.
0.1246753
CUBIC FEET/POUND
0.0624279
CUBIC METER
8.64849

To Find

Given

Multiply By

To Find

AMPERE
HECTARE
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE FEET
CMS. OF MERCURY
FEET OF WATER
INCHES OF MERCURY
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
POUNDS CEMENT
CUBIC FOOT
LITER
GALLONS OIL
BUSHELS (US)
CUBIC FEET
LITER
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC METERS
GALLONS (BRIT.)
GALLONS (US)
POUNDS CEMENT
CALORIE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
HORSEPOWER HOURS
KILOGRAM CALORIES
KILOGRAM METERS
KILOWATT HOURS
JOULE
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
HORSEPOWER
KILOWATTS
WATTS
BUSHELS (US)
GALLONS (BRIT.)
BARRELS (US DRY)
CUBIC FEET
GALLONS (US LIQ.)
JOULE
BTU
FOOT POUND FORCE
SQUARE METERS
INCHES
INCH
METERS
MILLIMETERS
ATMOSPHERES
FEET OF WATER
KGS./SQUARE METER
POUNDS/SQUARE FT.
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
PASCAL SECOND
FEET
FEET
CUBIC FEET
STERE
AMPERE SECOND
CUBIC INCHES
LITER
MILLILETER
CUBIC FEET
BOARD FEET
BUSHELS (US)
CUBIC INCHES
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC DECIMETERS
CUBIC YARD
GALLONS (BRIT.)
GALLONS (US)
LITERS
QUARTS (US DRY)
CUBIC CM./SEC.
LITER/MIN.
GALLONS (US)/SEC.
CUBIC METER/KILOGRAM
BARREL (US DRY)

CUBIC METER
CUBIC METER
CUBIC METER
CUBIC METER
CUBIC METER
CUBIC YARDS
CUBIC YARDS
CUBIC YARDS
CUBIC YARDS/MIN.
CUBIC YARDS/MIN.
CUBIT
CUP
CUP (METRIC)
DEGREE
DEGREE/SEC.
DENIER
DRACHM (BRIT. FLUID)
DRAM (APOTH)
DRAM (AVOIR)
DRAM (U.S. FLUID)
ELL
ERG
FATHOM
FEET OF WATER
FEET OF WATER
FEET OF WATER
FEET OF WATER
FEET OF WATER
FEET/MIN.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
FERKIN (US)
FOOT
FOOT
FOOT/MINUTE
FOOT/MINUTE
FOOT/SECOND
FOOT/SECOND
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
FURLONG
FURLONG
GALLON (BRIT.)
GALLON (BRIT.)
GALLONS (US)/MIN.
GALLONS (US)/MIN.
GALLON (DRY)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)
GALLONS (LIQ.)

8.386414
35.31467
1.307951
264.1721
1000
27
0.7645548
201.974
0.45
3.366234
18
236.588
200
0.017453
0.166667
0.11111( 19 )
0.9607599
60
27.34375
0.2255859
45
1x10-7
6
0.0295
0.8826
304.8
62.43
0.4335
0.508
0.01667
0.01829
0.3048
0.01136
30.48
1.097
0.5921
18.29
0.6818
0.01136
9
30.48
12
0.3048
0.018288
0.01136364
0.3048
0.6818182
5.050x10-7
1.35582
3.241x10-4
0.1383
.766x10-5
1.286x10-3
1.286x10-3
0.01667
3.030x10-4
3.241x10-4
2.260x10-5
7.717x10-2
1.818x10-3
1.945x10-2
1.355818
660
10
9.632619
0.2727654
8.020834
0.2271247
268.8025
3785.412
0.1336805
231
3.785x10-3
4.951x10-3
0.8326742
3.785412

BARREL (US LIQ.)

CUBIC FEET
CUBIC YARDS
GALLONS (US)
LITER
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC METER
GALLONS (US)
CUBIC FEET/SEC.
GALLONS (US)/SEC.
INCH
MILLILITER
MILLILITER
RADIAN
REVOLUTION/MIN.
TEX
DRAM (U.S. FLUID)
GRAINS
GRAINS
CUBIC INCHES
INCH
JOULE
FEET
ATMOSPHERES
INCHES OF MERCURY
KGS./SQUARE METER
POUNDS/SQUARE FT.
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
KILOMETERS/HOUR
METERS/MIN
MILES/HOUR
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KNOTS
METERS/MIN.
MILES/HOUR
MILES/MIN.
GALLONS (US) DRY
CENTIMETER
INCH
METER
KILOMETER/HOUR
MILE/HOUR
METER/SECOND
MILE/HOUR
HORSEPOWER HOURS
JOULES
KILOGRAM CALORIES
KILOGRAM METERS
KILOWATT HOURS
BTU
BTU/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
HORSEPOWER
KG. CALORIES/MIN.
KILOWATTS
BTU/MIN.
HORSEPOWER
KG. CALORIES/MIN.
WATTS
FEET
CHAIN
CUBIC FT./HOUR
CUBIC METER/HOUR
CUBIC FEET/HOUR
CUBIC METER/HOUR
CUBIC INCH
CUBIC CENTIMETERS
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC INCHES
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC YARDS
GALLONS (BRIT.)
LITERS

L-25
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Conversion
Tables
Given

Multiply By

GALLONS (LIQ.)
8
GALLONS (LIQ.)
4
GALLONS WATER
8.3453
GALLONS WATER/MIN.
6.0086
GALLONS IMPERIAL
1.20095
GALLONS U.S.
0.83267
GALLONS (US)/MIN.
2.228x10-3
GALLONS (US)/MIN.
8.020834
GALLONS (US)/MIN.
0.06308
GILL
7.21875
GILL
4
GILL (BRIT.)
1.20095
GRAINS (TROY)
0.0648
GRAINS/U.S. GAL.
17.118
GRAINS/U.S. GAL.
142.86
GRAINS/U.S. GAL.
14.254
GRAMS
980.7
GRAMS
15.432358
GRAMS
10-3
GRAMS
103
GRAMS
0.0352739
GRAMS
0.03215
GRAMS
2.205x10-3
GRAMS
0.7716179
GRAMS (TROY)
2.0833x10-3
GRAMS/CM.
5.600x10-3
GRAMS/CU. CM.
62.43
GRAMS/CU. CM.
0.03613
GRAMS/LITER
58.417
GRAMS/LITER
8.345
GRAMS/LITER
0.062427
GRAMS/LITER
1000
GROSS
12
HAND
4
HECTARE
2.471054
HECTARE
107639.1
HOGSHEAD
63
HORSEPOWER
42.4072
HORSEPOWER
33000
HORSEPOWER
550
HORSEPOWER
1.014
HORSEPOWER
10.7
HORSEPOWER
0.7457
HORSEPOWER
745.7
HORSEPOWER (BOILER)
33479
HORSEPOWER (BOILER)
9.8095
HORSEPOWER HOURS
2547
HORSEPOWER HOURS
1.98x10 6
HORSEPOWER HOURS
641.7
HORSEPOWER HOURS
2.737x105
HORSEPOWER HOURS
0.7457
INCH
1000
INCH
25.4
INCHES OF MERCURY
0.03342
INCHES OF MERCURY
1.133
INCHES OF MERCURY
345.3
INCHES OF MERCURY
70.73
INCHES OF MERCURY
0.4912
INCHES OF WATER
0.002458
INCHES OF WATER
0.07355
INCHES OF WATER
25.4
INCHES OF WATER
0.5781
INCHES OF WATER
5.202
INCHES OF WATER
0.03613
JOULE
0.000948
JOULE
0.238846
KILOGRAMS
980665
KILOGRAMS
2.2046226
KILOGRAMS
1.102x10-3
KILOGRAMS
103
KILOGRAMS CALORIES
3.968
KILOGRAMS CALORIES
3086
KILOGRAMS CALORIES
1.558x10-3
KILOGRAMS CALORIES
1.162x10-3
KILOMETERS
105
KILOMETERS
3280.84

To Find

Given

PINTS (LIQ.)
QUARTS (LIQ.)
POUNDS OF WATER
TONS WATER/24 HOURS
U.S. GALLONS
IMPERIAL GALLONS
CUBIC FEET/SEC.
CUBIC FEET/HOUR
Litros/SEC.
CUBIC INCH
OUNCE (U.S.)
GILL (U.S.)
GRAMS
PARTS/MILLION
POUNDS/MILLION GAL.
PARTS/MILLION
DYNES
GRAINS
KILOGRAMS
MILLIGRAMS
OUNCES
OUNCES (TROY)
POUNDS
SCRUPLE
OUNCES (TROY)
POUNDS/INCH
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
POUNDS/CUBIC INCH
GRAINS/GAL.
POUNDS/1000 GALS.
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
PARTS/MILLION
DOZEN
INCH
ACRE
SQUARE FT.
GALLONS
BTU/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
HORSEPOWER (METRIC)
KG. CALORIES/MIN.
KILOWATTS
WATTS
BTU/HOUR
KILOWATT
BTU
FOOT POUNDS
KILOGRAM CALORIES
KILOGRAM METERS
KILOWATT HOURS
MILS
MILLIMETERS
ATMOSPHERES
FEET OF WATER
KGS./SQUARE METER
LBS./SQUARE FT.
LBS./SQUARE INCH
ATMOSPHERES
INCHES OF MERCURY
KGS./SQUARE METER
OUNCES/SQUARE INCH
POUNDS/SQUARE FOOT
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
BTU
CALORIE
DYNES
POUNDS
TONS (SHORT)
GRAMS
BTU
FOOT POUNDS
HORSEPOWER HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
CENTIMETERS
FEET

KILOMETERS
KILOMETERS
KILOMETROS
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KILOMETERS/HOUR
KILOMETROS/HOUR
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATT HOURS
KILOWATTS
KILOWATTS
KILOWATTS
KILOWATTS
KILOWATTS
KILOWATTS
KNOTS
LEAGUE (STATUTE)
LIGHT YEAR
LINK
LINK
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS
LITERS/MIN.
LITERS/MIN.
LITERS/MIN.
LITERS/SEC.
METERS
METERS
METERS
METERS
METERS
METERS
METERS/MIN.
METERS/MIN.
METERS/MIN.
METERS/MIN.
METERS/MIN.
METERS/SEC.
METERS/SEC.
METERS/SEC.
METERS/SEC.
METERS/SEC.
METERS/SEC.
MIL
MIL
MILES
MILES
MILES
MILES
MILES
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
MILES/MIN.
MILES/MIN.
MILES/MIN.
MILES/MIN.
MILLIGRAMS

Multiply By

To Find

103
0.6213712
1094
27.78
54.68
0.9113
0.5396
16.67
0.6214
3415
2.655x106
1.341
3.6x106
860.5
3.671x105
56.869
44253.7
737.6
1.34102
14.3308
10-3
1.150779
3
5.8785x1012
0.01
7.92
103
0.03531
61.02
10-3
1.308x10-3
0.2642
2.113
0.908
1.0567
5.886x10-4
13.19815
4.403x10-3
2.11888
100
3.2808399
39.37
10-3
103
1.093613
1.667
3.281
0.05468
0.06
0.03728
196.8
3.281
3.6
0.06
2.236936
0.03728
0.001
0.0254
320
1.609x105
5280
1.609
1760
44.7
88
1.467
1.609
0.8684
26.82
1.609344
0.8689762
2682
88
1.609
60
10-3

METERS
MILES
YARDS
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/SEC.
KNOTS
METERS/MIN.
MILES/HOUR
BTU
FOOT POUNDS
HORSEPOWER HOURS
JOULE
KILOGRAM CALORIES
KILOGRAM METERS
BTU/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
HORSEPOWER
KG. CALORIES/MIN.
WATTS
MILES (STATUTE)/HOUR
MILES (STATUTE)
MILES
CHAIN
INCHES
CUBIC CENTIMETERS
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC INCHES
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC YARDS
GALLONS
PINTS (LIQ.)
QUARTS (DRY)
QUARTS (LIQ.)
CUBIC FT./SEC.
GALLON (BRIT.)/HOUR
GALLONS/SEC.
CUBIC FT./MIN.
CENTIMETERS
FEET
INCHES
KILOMETROS
MILLIMETERS
YARDS
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/SEC.
KILOMETROS/HOUR
MILES/HOUR
FEET/MIN.
FEET/SEC.
KILOMETER/HOUR
KILOMETROS/MIN.
MILES/HOUR
MILES/MIN.
INCH
MILLIMETER
ROD
CENTIMETERS
FEET
KILOMETROS
YARDS
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
FEET/MIN.
FEET/SEC.
KILOMETROS/HOUR
KNOTS
Metros/MIN.
KILOMETROS/HOUR
KNOTS
CENTIMETERS/SEC.
FEET/SEC.
KILOMETROS/MIN.
MILES/HOUR
GRAMS

L-26
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Conversion
Tables
Given

Multiply By

To Find

Given

MILLIGRAMS/LITER
MILLILITERS
MILLILITERS
MILLILITERS
MILLIMETERS
MILLIMETERS
MILLION GALS./DAY
MINERS INCHES
MINUTES (ANGLE)
NEWTON METER
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES
OUNCES (FLUID)
OUNCES (FLUID)
OUNCES (FLUID)
OUNCES (FLUID)
OUNCES (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
OUNCES/SQUARE INCH
PACE
PALM
PARTS/MILLION
PARTS/MILLION
PARTS/MILLION
PASCAL
PECK (BRIT.)
PECKS (US)
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
PERCH (MASONRY)
POINT (U.S.-PRINT)
POLE (BRIT.)
POTTLE (BRIT.)
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS OF WATER
POUNDS OF WATER
POUNDS OF WATER
POUNDS OF WATER/MIN.
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
POUNDS/CUBIC INCH
POUNDS/CUBIC INCH
POUNDS/CUBIC INCH
POUNDS/FOOT
POUNDS/INCH
POUNDS/SQUARE FOOT
POUNDS/SQUARE FOOT
POUNDS/SQUARE FOOT
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH

1
0.0610237
0.0338142
10-3
0.1
0.03937
1.54723
1.5
2.909x10 -4
0.737562
16
437.5
0.0625
28.349527
0.9115
2.790x10 -5
2.835x10 -5
1.805
0.02957
30
1.040843
480
20
0.08333
31.103481
1.09714
0.0625
2.5
3
0.0584
0.07016
8.345
0.0208854
2
8
24
1.55517
0.05
4.1667x10-3
24.75
0.013837
16.5
.5
16
256
7000
0.0005
453.5924
1.21528
14.5833
0.01602
27.68
0.1198
2.670x10 -4
5760
140
12
373.24177
0.822857
13.1657
3.6735x10-4
4.1143x10-4
4.1667x10-3
0.01602
16.02
5.787x10 -4
27.68
2.768x104
1728
1.488
178.6
0.01602
4.883
6.945x10 -3
0.068046
2.307

PARTS/MILLION
CUBIC INCH
FLUID OUNCES
LITERS
CENTIMETERS
INCHES
CUBIC FT./SEC.
CUBIC FT./MIN.
RADIANS
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
DRAMS
GRAINS
POUNDS
GRAMS
OUNCES (TROY)
TONS (LONG)
TONS (METRIC)
CUBIC INCHES
LITERS
MILLILITERS
OUNCES (BRIT. FLUID)
GRAINS
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
GRAMS
OUNCES (AVOIR.)
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
FEET
INCH
GRAINS/U.S. GAL.
GRAINS/IMP. GAL.
POUNDS/MILLION GAL.
POUNDS FORCE/SQ. FT.
GALLON (BRIT)
QUARTS (US DRY)
GRAINS
GRAMS
OUNCES (TROY)
POUNDS (TROY)
CUBIC FEET
INCH
FEET
GALLONS
OUNCES
DRAMS
GRAINS
TONS (SHORT)
GRAMS
POUNDS (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC INCHES
GALLONS
CUBIC FT./SEC.
GRAINS
PENNYWEIGHTS (TROY)
OUNCES (TROY)
GRAMS
POUNDS (AVOIR.)
OUNCES (AVOIR.)
TONS (LONG)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (METRIC)
GRAMS/CUBIC CM.
KGS./CUBIC METERS
POUNDS/CUBIC INCH
GRAMS/CUBIC CM.
KGS./CUBIC METER
POUNDS/CUBIC FOOT
KGS./METER
GRAMS/CM.
FEET OF WATER
KGS./SQUARE METER
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
ATMOSPHERES
FEET OF WATER

POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
POUNDS/SQUARE INCH
PSI
PUNCHEON
PUNCHEON (BRIT.)
QUARTS (DRY)
QUARTS (DRY)
QUARTS (DRY)
QUARTS (LIQ)
QUARTS (LIQ)
QUARTS (LIQ)
QUARTS (LIQ)
QUINTAL, ARGENTINE
QUINTAL, BRAZIL
QUINTAL, CASTILE, PERU
QUINTAL, CHILE
QUINTAL, METRIC
QUINTAL, MEXICO
RADIANS
RADIANS
RADIANS
RADIANS/SEC.
RADIANS/SEC.
RADIANS/SEC.
REAMS
REVOLUTIONS
REVOLUTIONS
REVOLUTIONS
REVOLUTIONS/MIN.
REVOLUTIONS/MIN.
REVOLUTIONS/MIN.
REVOLUTIONS/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/SEC.
RODS
ROPE
SCRUPLE
SEAM (BRIT.)
SLUG
SPAN
SQUARE CM.
SQUARE CM.
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE INCHES
SQUARE INCHES
SQUARE INCHES
SQUARE KILOMETERS
SQUARE KILOMETERS
SQUARE KILOME
SQUARE KILOMETERS
SQUARE KILOMETERS
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE MILLIMETERS
SQUARE MILLIMETERS
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE YARDS
STERE
STERE
STONE
TABLESPOON
TEASPOON
TEMP.(oC.)+17.78

Multiply By

2.03602
703.1
1
84
70
0.03125
67.200625
1.101
57.75
0.9463
0.8326742
0.859367
101.28
129.54
101.43
101.41
220.46
101.47
57.29578
3437.747
0.63662
57.3
0.1592
9.549297
500
360
4
6.283
6
0.1047
0.01667
360
6.283
60
16.5
20
20
64
14.5939
9
10-4
100
2.296x10-5
929
144
0.0929
3.587x10 -3
1
9
6.452
6.944x10 -3
645.2
247.1
10.76x106
106
0.3861
1.196x10 6
2.471x10 -4
10.76
3.861x10 -7
1.196
640
27.88x106
2.59
3.098x10 6
0.01
1.550x10 -3
2.066x10 -4
9
0.8361
3.228x10 -7
1
0.2759
14
14.79
5
1.8

To Find

INCHES OF MERCURY
KGS./SQUARE METER
POUND FORCE/SQ. IN.
GALLONS
GALLON (BRIT.)
BUSHEL
CUBIC INCHES
LITERS
CUBIC INCHES
LITER
QUART (BRIT.)
QUART (DRY)
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
POUNDS
DEGREES
MINUTES
QUADRANTS
DEGREES/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/MIN.
SHEETS
DEGREES
QUADRANTS
RADIANS
DEGREES/SEC.
RADIANS/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/SEC.
DEGREES/SEC.
RADIANS/SEC.
REVOLUTIONS/MIN.
FEET
FEET
GRAINS
GALLON (BRIT.)
KILOGRAMS
INCHES
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILLIMETERS
ACRES
SQUARE CENTIMETERS
SQUARE INCHES
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE CENTIMETERS
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE MILLIMETERS
ACRES
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE YARDS
ACRES
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE MILES
SQUARE YARDS
ACRES
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE KILOMETERS
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE CENTIMETERS
SQUARE INCHES
ACRES
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE MILES
CUBIC METER
CORD
POUNDS
MILLILITERS
MILLILITERS
TEMP.(oF.)

L-27
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L-21 - L-30

11/10/99

10:25 AM

Page 28

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Conversion
Tables
Given

Multiply By

TEMP.(oF)-32
THERM
TONS OF WATER/24 HRS.
TONS OF WATER/24 HRS.
TONS OF WATER/24 HRS.
TONS (LONG)
TONS (LONG)
TONS (LONG)
TONS (LONG)
TONS (METRIC)
TONS (METRIC)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)
TONS (SHORT)

5/9
100,000
83.333
0.16643
1.3349
1016.0469
1.016047
2240
1.12
103
2205
2000
32000
907.18486
2430.56
0.89287
29166
0.90718

To Find

TEMP.(oC.)
BTU
POUNDS WATER/HOUR
GALLONS/MIN.
CUBIC FT./HOUR
KILOGRAMS
TONS (METRIC)
POUNDS
TONS (SHORT)
KILOGRAMS
POUNDS
POUNDS
OUNCES
KILOGRAMS
POUNDS (TROY)
TONS (LONG)
OUNCES (TROY)
TONS (METRIC)

Given

Multiply By

WATT HOUR
WATTS
WATTS
WATTS
WATTS
WATTS
WATTS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
WATTS HOURS
YARDS
YARDS
YARDS

3600
0.05692
44.26
0.7376
1.341x10-3
0.01434
10-3
3.41214
2655
1.341x10-3
3600
0.8605
367.1
10-3
91.44
36
0.9144

To Find

JOULE
BTU/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/MIN.
FOOT POUNDS/SEC.
HORSEPOWER
KG. CALORIES/MIN.
KILOWATTS
BTU
FOOT POUNDS FORCE
HORSEPOWER HOURS
JOULES
KILOGRAM CALORIES
KILOGRAM Metros
KILOWATT HOURS
CENTIMETERS
INCHES
Metros

L-28
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