The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

Ritu Dewan
Director & Professor Department of Economics (Autonomous) University of Mumbai dewan.ritu@gmail.com
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Infrastructure fetishism: Commodity-specific or people-centric Closing the infrastructure gap: to accelerate growth; to reduce poverty; to reduce inequalities Sustainability, productivity, efficiency Physical & hence societal mobility Indicator of quality of life, of development.
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Gender mainstreaming = identifying & addressing gaps in gender equality that impact sector policies, design, planning, provision, implementation, assessment. Therefore, recognition that

differential infrastructure constraints exist on mens productive roles, and women's economic, domestic & community management roles; also, time poverty.
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Gender Differences:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Intensity of transport usage Trip purpose Trip / travel patterns Distance of travel Frequency of travel Mode of transport Mobility constraints.
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Women-Specific:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Head-load Local markets Inter- & intra-village roads/paths NMT Walking Security.
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Personal security risks at parking lots, buses, bus stops, highways, etc, affect womens travel patterns Design improvements to meet womens specific mobility needs (lower height of

entry steps, straps, etc in buses, trains; installation of handrails, ramps, etc.)

Demarcated exclusive services

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1. Connect all unconnected villages: >1000 habitants 2. Inclusion & integration of specificities & heterogeneities in 3 demarcated regions: 250 to 500 habitants

Hill States Desert Areas Tribal Regions under Schedule V (LWE)

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Improved Rural Connectivity Promoting access to economic & social services Generating of increased agricultural incomes & employment opportunities Sustainable poverty reduction.
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State-level assessment reports (Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, W Bengal, Himachal, & Assam).
1.

Rise in institutional deliveries, fall in MMR Decline in IMR & CMR in all regions Overall improvement in health status Better management of both infectious diseases & emergencies
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2.

3.

4.

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5.

Increase in visits by health workers, esp ASHAs Rise in number of girls going to school, thus increasing enrolment rates Rise in regularity of teachers attendance Expansion of local markets accessed primarily though not solely by women Increase in mobility of vendors
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6.

7.

8.

9.

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10.

Rise in physical mobility, frequency of trips & intensity of road usage Improvement & also change in pattern of self-employment & economic activities Rise in Work Participation Rates Migration rates of men have gone up, thus intensifying feminisation of agriculture while simultaneously increasing work burden & time poverty of women.
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11.

12.

13.

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1.

Expansion of public sector and extension of gendered regulation in private sector Gender-sensitive Project Coordination Team & appropriate institutional structure Pre-project Rapid Gender Assessment Surveys Data on user needs & access constraints Gender Ratio accessing appropriate PI Participatory planning/implementation, procurement activities & community infrastructure management
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2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

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7.

Systematic institutionalised evaluation via appropriate gender budgeting tools per project, per sub-sector Formation of sector-wise multiagency steering committees Policy consultation & support for identifying gaps, strategising action plans, & gender mainstreaming Development of appropriate infrastructure in the form of legal mechanisms & services.
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8.

9.

10.

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11.

Local cooperatives & SHGs for material provision Road maintenance; Regional ownership Designation of Forests; CPRs Relevant & appropriate plantations Displacement via PMGSY; rehabilitation; resettlement

12.

13.

14.

15.

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16.

Special concessions for the extra vulnerable: Women & Child-headed HH; Differently-abled; etc. Linking PMGSY with Gram Sabhas Scheme convergence PMGSY and MGNREGA Integrated implementation PMGSY, NRLM, & also TSC

17.

18.

19.

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..Thank you.

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