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ISI Web of Knowledge Page 1 (Articles 1 -- 13) [1] Record 1 of 13 Author(s): Williams, SG (Williams, Stacy G.) Title: Bulk specific gravity measurements of 25.0-mm and 37.5-mm coarse-graded superpave mixes Source: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD, (2001): 110-117 2007 Abstract: The measurement of specific gravity for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is critical to almost every activity pertaining to asphalt mixtures. During design and construction, the bulk specific gravity (G(mb)) Of HMA mixes is used to calculate many properties that indicate pavement quality. Thus, it is important to measure this property accurately and precisely. This study evaluated four methods for measuring G(mb), including the traditional saturated surface dry (SSD) method, the CoreLok method, the heightdiameter method, and the CoreReader method. Four aggregate sources were used to create mix designs for 25.0-mm and 37.5-mm nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMASs). In addition, the level of compactive effort was varied to assess the comparisons for a range of air voids. Results indicate that the traditional method exhibited the lowest levels of variability. Strong correlations were developed to relate the test methods on the basis of the large NMASs. The strongest and most practical relationship was developed between the SSD and CoreLok methods. These models can be used to assess the effects of incorporating new test methods for both design and construction procedures. They can also be used to normalize data from different test methods, should alternative methods be desired. Although some recommend the use of an alternative test method (such as CoreLok), the studies on which these recommendations are based did not include large NMAS mixes (25.0 min and 37.5 mm). Although alternative methods do possess significant advantages, the results of this study do not support the elimination of the traditional G(mb) test method. Addresses: Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA Reprint Address: Williams, SG, Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, 700 Res Ctr Blvd, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. E-mail Address: sgwill@uark.edu ISS : 0361-1981 DOI: 10.3141/2001-13 Record 2 of 13 Author(s): Cross, SA (Cross, Stephen A.); Mgonella, MK (Mgonella, Msengi K.); Jakatimath, Y (Jakatimath, Yatish) Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Evaluation of test equipment for determination of fine aggregate specific gravity and absorption Source: GEOMATERIALS 2006, 1952: 3-11 2006 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: Concern has been expressed about the repeatability of the current AASHTO T 84 method for determination of fine aggregate specific gravity. Two new methods are available for determining bulk specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregates: the AggPlus system using the CoreLok device and the SSDetect system. In addition, a new automated Langley de-airing device is available for AASHTO T 84. The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate the reproducibility of SSDetect, CoreLok, AASHTO T 84, and AASHTO T 84 with the Langley de-airing device and (b) to determine if either of the new systems would produce results statistically similar to those produced by the current AASHTO T 84 procedure. The AASHTO procedure, when used with the Langley de-airing device, gave similar results to AASHTO T 84 but with reduced variability. The SSDetect procedure produced the highest bulk specific gravity and lowest percent absorption followed by the CoreLok and AASHTO T 84 procedures. There was no significant difference in apparent specific gravity values. Increasing the cure time for the SSDetect procedure resulted in increased saturated surface dry mass. Addresses: Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA; Dept Environm Protect, Hartford, CT 06106 USA Reprint Address: Cross, SA, Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-09961-7 Record 3 of 13 Author(s): Sholar, GA; Page, GC; Musselman, JA; Upshaw, PB; Moseley, HL Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Investigation of the CoreLok for maximum, aggregate, and bulk specific gravity tests Source: CONSTRUCTION 2005, (1907): 135-144 2005 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD

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Abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation uses long-established test procedures to determine the maximum specific gravity (Gm.) and bulk specific gravity (G(mb)) of asphalt mixtures and the bulk specific gravity (G(sb)) of aggregates. The CoreLok, a vacuum-sealing device that can be used to determine these properties, was evaluated by the department for these test procedures. With respect to the G(mm) test procedure, for mixtures containing nonabsorptive granites, the CoreLok determined results equivalent to those of the department's test procedure. However, for mixtures containing absorptive limestones, the CoreLok determined higher G(mm) values than did the department's test procedure. The apparent reason for the discrepancy is that the CoreLok does not determine a saturated surface dry condition of the sample. With respect to the aggregate specific gravity test procedures, the CoreLok provided test results equivalent to the department's test procedure for the nonabsorptive fine aggregates only. For the absorptive fine aggregates and all of the coarse aggregates, the CoreLok determined G(sb) test results significantly different from those of the department's test procedures. The CoreLok may be suitable for determining Gmb for coarse-graded compacted specimens with high porosity and air voids. There are concerns with the accuracy of the CoreLok results because of the bridging effect of the plastic bag over the large surface voids and because of the CoreLok's significant underestimation of the specific gravity of a solid aluminum cylinder. Addresses: Florida Dept Transportat, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA Reprint Address: Sholar, GA, Florida Dept Transportat, 5007 NE 39th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-09379-1 Record 4 of 13 Author(s): Buchanan, MS; White, TD Title: Hot mix asphalt mix design evaluation using the corelok vacuum-sealing device Source: JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, 17 (2): 137-142 MAR-APR 2005 Abstract: The bulk specific gravity (G(mb)) Of Compacted hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens is the basis for volumetric property calculations during mix design and quality control and assurance. For many years, G(mb) measurement has been accomplished by water-displacement procedures. Water displacement yields accurate G(mb) for most conventional dense-graded mixes, but G(mb) measurement errors using water displacement have been observed for coarser-graded mixes. Recently, vacuumsealing technology, using the Corelok vacuum sealing device has been shown to yield more accurate G(mb) values. This study's objectives were to illustrate G(mb) differences between water-displacement and Corelok procedures and resulting changes in volumetric properties and design asphalt contents. Results indicate significant Gmb differences between Corelok and waterdisplacement procedures, with the Corelok procedure yielding slightly higher G(mb) values, resulting in all average increase in design asphalt content and voids in the mineral aggregate of 0.29 and 0.64%, respectively, relative to water-displacement procedures. Addresses: Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA; Mississippi State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA Reprint Address: Buchanan, MS, Mississippi State Univ, POB 9546, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ISS : 0899-1561 DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:2(137) Record 5 of 13 Author(s): Watson, DE; Cooley, LA; Moore, KA; Williams, K Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Laboratory performance testing of open-graded friction course mixtures Source: BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2004, (1891): 40-47 2004 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: Several lab tests were used in this study to evaluate mixture properties. A draindown test, Cantabro stone loss test, a permeability test, and a modified version of AASHTO T-283 were used to evaluate laboratory performance of open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixes. Some of the more pertinent conclusions were as follows. The CoreLok procedure appears to be a more accurate method of determining bulk specific gravity of compacted specimens than the dimensional method. The minimum air voids content for new-generation OGFC mixtures should be 18% on the basis of the dimensional method and 16% on the basis of the CoreLok method. The addition of fiber stabilizers significantly reduced the potential for draindown. Superpave (R) gyratory compactor (SGC)-compacted samples can be used for the Cantabro stone loss procedure. Unconditioned SGC samples should have stone loss of no more than 20%. If an aging process is used, the maximum amount of stone loss should be limited to 24%. Because there is not a significant difference between unaged and aged sample results, the aging procedure is not necessary. Results from this study show no significant difference in tensile strength when one, three, and five freeze-thaw cycles are used in the moisture-conditioning procedure. Therefore, only one freeze-thaw cycle is needed. Addresses: Auburn Univ, Natl Ctr Asphalt Technol, Auburn, AL 36830 USA Reprint Address: Watson, DE, Burns Cooley Dennis Inc, POB 12828, Jackson, MS 39236 USA. ISS : 0361-1981

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ISB : 0-309-09485-2 Record 6 of 13 Author(s): Mohammad, LN; Wu, Z; Zhang, CG; Khattak, MJ; Abadie, C Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Variability of air voids and mechanistic properties of plant-produced asphalt mixtures Source: BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2004, (1891): 85-97 2004 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: The results of a laboratory and field evaluation of the variability of physical and mechanistic properties of plantproduced asphalt mixtures are presented. Three asphalt mixtures from two overlay rehabilitation projects were selected. Comparison analyses were conducted on density measurements between two laboratory (AASHTO T166 and ASTM D6752-02, or CoreLok) and one in situ (pavement quality indicator) test methods. In addition, two laboratory mechanistic tests-indirect tensile (IDT)-strength and frequency-sweep-at-constant-height tests-and two field nondestructive tests with falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and light failing weight deflectometer (LFWD) were performed to characterize the variability of the plantproduced mixtures evaluated in this study. Superpave (R) gyratory compactor (SGC) samples and field cores were used in the laboratory testing program. A strong correlation was observed between the two laboratory bulk specific gravity test methods: AASHTO T166 and CoreLok. The IDT strengths of SGC samples were higher than those of field cores. A good correlation was found between the complex shear moduli of SGC samples and field cores. Field test results indicated that the LFWD test may be used as an alternative to the FWD test in pavement structure evaluation. Addresses: Louisiana State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA; Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Transportat Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA; Univ Louisiana, Dept Civil Engn, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA Reprint Address: Mohammad, LN, Louisiana State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 4101 Gourrier Ave, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-09485-2 Record 7 of 13 Author(s): Xie, HB; Watson, DE Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Determining air voids content of compacted stone matrix asphalt mixtures Source: BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2004, (1891): 203-211 2004 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: This study compared the difference in air voids, optimum asphalt content, and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) by using the saturated surface dry (SSD) and CoreLok methods for determining bulk specific gravity of the compacted specimen. The critical air voids level at which stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures are considered to become permeable was also determined for the gradations used in this study. Some of the pertinent conclusions are as follows. (a) There is a significant difference between air voids content measured by the SSD method and the CoreLok method. (b) The CoreLok method resulted in a higher optimum asphalt content and VMA than designs based on the SSD method. (c) The CoreLok method may have a system error that overestimated the air voids content at zero to low air voids levels; therefore, a correction factor was suggested to apply to the CoreLok results if needed. (d) At a permeability threshold of 125 x 10(-5) cm/s, the critical air voids contents are 4.5%, 5.7%, and 7.8% by the SSD method for 19-, 12.5-, and 9.5-mm nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) SMA mixtures, respectively. (e) Both the SSD and corrected CoreLok methods can be used for SMA 9.5-mm NMAS mixtures. For SMA 12.5-mm NMAS mixtures with 6.0% or more air voids and for SMA 19-mm NMAS mixtures with more than 4 % air voids, there is a greater potential for error by the SSD method, and the corrected CoreLok method should be used. Addresses: Auburn Univ, Natl Ctr Asphlat Technol, Auburn, AL 36830 USA Reprint Address: Xie, HB, Auburn Univ, Natl Ctr Asphlat Technol, 277 Technol Pkwy, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-09485-2 Record 8 of 13 Author(s): Prowell, BD; Baker, NV Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Evaluation of new test procedures for determining bulk specific gravity of fine aggregate by automated methods Source: GEOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF EARTH MATERIALS 2004, (1874): 11-18 2004 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD

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Abstract: Two automated methods were evaluated for determining the dry bulk specific gravity (G(sb)) of fine aggregates: Thermolyne SSDetect and InstroTek CoreLok. Each proposed method was evaluated against the standard method described in AASHTO T-84. The evaluation was based on a round-robin study with 12 laboratories and six materials, four crushed fine and two uncrushed (natural) fine aggregate sources. The CoreLok and SSDetect methods of determining fine aggregate specific gravity offer significant timesavings over AASHTO T-84. Both the CoreLok and SSDetect methods generally produce G(sb) results similar to AASHTO T-84. It is believed that AASHTO T-84 may not produce accurate results for angular materials with high dust contents. More frequent statistical differences exist between the CoreLok and SSDetect apparent specific gravity (G(sa)) and water absorption results than those produced by AASHTO T-84. However, G(sa) and water absorption are not used in volumetric calculations for hot-mix asphalt. SSDetect offers improved precision over AASHTO T-84. The precision of the CoreLok method is slightly worse than that of AASHTO T-84, but it is expected to improve as technicians become more familiar with the procedure. Addresses: Natl Ctr Asphalt Technol, Auburn, AL 36830 USA Reprint Address: Prowell, BD, Natl Ctr Asphalt Technol, 277 Technol Pkwy, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-09469-0 Record 9 of 13 Author(s): Shaheed, MS; Tarefder, RA; Zaman, M Title: An alternate method to determine asphalt content of hot mix asphalt using volumetric properties Source: JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION, 32 (4): 322-333 JUL 2004 Abstract: Accurate determination of asphalt content (AC) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is essential to evaluate the performance characteristics of HMA pavements. The standard test methods for determining the AC, currently used by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and other DOTs and asphalt industries, are time-consuming, environmentally unsuitable, and not applicable to several absorptive and dolomitic aggregates. This study has developed a systematic method for the determination of AC using volumetric properties of aggregate, asphalt, and HMA mix. The developed method employed the theoretical maximum specific gravity (G(mm)) of an HMA mix, the bulk and apparent specific gravity of the aggregate (G(sb) and G(sa)), and the specific gravity of the asphalt binder (G(b)). The CoreLok(TM) device is used to determine the volumetric properties of the aggregate and HMA mix. This developed method is easy to use, environmentally safe, time efficient, and accurate. Three different aggregates were selected for the study based on varying gradation, absorption, and ignition oven correction (IOC) factor. HMA mixes were prepared with each of these aggregates using 5.0 %, 5.5 %, and 6.0 % AC. For each of the mixes, AC was calculated using the proposed method and compared with the actual AC value. The predicted AC values were compared with AC values from the ignition oven method (AASHTO T 308) and the solvent extraction method (AASHTO T 164). Results showed that the proposed method predicted the AC of HMA mix accurately. The method introduces a correction factor (C-v), which needs to be determined during the design stage and specified on the mix design information. The C-v value is used to calculate AC by the proposed method during quality assurance and quality control at the production and service life of HMA. Addresses: Univ Oklahoma, Carson Engn Ctr 313, Norman, OK 73019 USA; Texas So Univ, Coll Sci & Technol, Dept Engn Technol, Houston, TX 77004 USA; Univ Oklahoma, Dept Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73015 USA Reprint Address: Shaheed, MS, Univ Oklahoma, Carson Engn Ctr 313, 202 W Boyd,CEES, Norman, OK 73019 USA. E-mail Address: tarefderra@tsu.edu; zaman@ou.edu ISS : 0090-3973 Record 10 of 13 Author(s): Crouch, LK; Copeland, AR; Walker, CT; Maxwell, RA; Duncan, GM; Goodwin, WA; Badoe, DA; Leimer, HW Book Group Author(s): TRB; TRB Title: Determining air void content of compacted hot-mix asphalt mixtures Source: CONSTRUCTION 2002 - MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION , (1813): 39-46 2002 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: A project to develop a new method or adapt a current method with wide applicability for determining bulk specific gravity of compacted hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures (G(mb)) is described. A more reliable G(mb) would result in more reliable HMA volumetric properties, specifically, percent air voids. Consequently, pavement distress types such as rutting, bleeding, stripping, and age hardening (whose occurrence is related to percent air voids, among other factors) could be avoided more often. The project goal was accomplished in three steps. In Step 1, a literature review and survey of state departments of transportation revealed 13 existing G(mb) determination techniques. In Step 2, a feasibility study of the seven methods selected was conducted to evaluate cost, logistical factors, and preliminary repeatability. In the final step, 50 compacted HMA samples and four aluminum cylinders were used to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the four methods selected. The dimensional analysis (AASHTO T269) and the parafilm (ASTM D1188) methods were found to form upper bounds for true sample air voids, whereas the saturated surface-dry method (AASHTO T166) was found to form a lower bound for true air voids. Although the true air voids can never be determined, for 90% of Tennessee Department of Transportation sample groups tested, the InstroTek Corelok method yielded results in this range between the upper and lower bounds for accurate air void results. In the precision

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and accuracy evaluation, all four methods were found to be capable of producing high-precision results. Addresses: Tennessee Technol Univ, Nashville, TN 37243 USA; Tennessee Dept Transportat, Nashville, TN 37243 USA; Tennessee Technol Univ, Knoxville, TN 37930 USA; Tennessee Technol Univ, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA Reprint Address: Crouch, LK, Tennessee Technol Univ, Box 50145 TTU, Nashville, TN 37243 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-07739-7 Record 11 of 13 Author(s): Prowell, BD; Dudley, MC Book Group Author(s): TRB; TRB; TRB Title: Evaluation of measurement techniques for asphalt pavement density and permeability Source: BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2002 - MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION , (1789): 36-45 2002 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Abstract: A pavement quality indicator device developed through an NCHRP project, the Corelok device, and laboratory and field permeability index devices were evaluated for their potential to improve the Virginia Department of Transportation's density specification or to be designated for use in a replacement specification. Fifteen samples were taken from six projects representing three nominal maximum aggregate sizes. Densities measured by a nuclear gauge correlated well with core densities measured in accordance with AASHTO T166 and by the Corelok device. Pavement quality indicator readings appeared to be repeatable but did not correlate with the densities measured in accordance with AASHTO T166 or with the Corelok device. A fair correlation was obtained for two projects. Laboratory permeability and field permeability indices were correlated with pavement density. A good correlation was found between the laboratory permeability and field permeability indices. The relationship appears to be linear in the range agencies typically specify. Addresses: Virginia Transporat Res Council, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA Reprint Address: Prowell, BD, Virginia Transporat Res Council, 530 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-07714-1 Record 12 of 13 Author(s): Tarefder, RA; Zaman, M; Hobson, K Title: Evaluating the CoreLok (TM) measurement of bulk specific gravity for hot mix asphalt samples Source: JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION, 30 (4): 274-282 JUL 2002 Abstract: For hot mix asphalt samples with high air voids and high absorption capacity, the saturated surface dry (SSD) method of bulk specific gravity determination yields higher values than predicted. Recently, the CoreLok(TM) procedure has been found to be a simple, rapid, and nondestructive method for determining bulk specific gravity. This study evaluated CoreLok bulk specific gravity measurements by comparing results for laboratory prepared samples and roadway cores from two types of mixture to those determined by the volumetric and the SSD methods. A linear regression analysis of the results indicated that the SSD and the CoreLok methods had significant differences from the volumetric method for determination of bulk specific gravity. It was found that for most cases, the differences in bulk specific gravity measurements were due to the combined effect of percent air voids and percent absorption. For samples with low air voids, the CoreLok and the SSD methods showed similar but not identical results. For samples with high air voids, the CoreLok method resulted in bulk specific gravity values more representative of the actual values. This study also defined a CoreLok infiltration coefficient (CIC) to evaluate the water infiltration characteristic of dense graded samples. It was shown that fine graded dense mixes had higher CIC values than the coarse graded dense mixes at air void levels around 8%. The study found that water infiltration characteristics of samples with regards to CIC depend on absorption, air void content, and number of air voids. Addresses: Univ Oklahoma, Carson Engn Ctr 313, Norman, OK 73019 USA Reprint Address: Tarefder, RA, Univ Oklahoma, Carson Engn Ctr 313, 202 W Boyd, Norman, OK 73019 USA. ISS : 0090-3973 Record 13 of 13 Author(s): Hall, KD; Griffith, FT; Williams, SG Book Group Author(s): TRB Title: Examination of operator variability for selected methods for measuring bulk specific gravity of hot-mix asphalt concrete Source: CONSTRUCTION 2001 - MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION , (1761): 81-85 2001 Book series title: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD

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Abstract: The ability of different operators to obtain similar results when performing laboratory tests on the same material is vital for producing accurate testing results. By conducting trials in triplicate for each of three different testing methods, a measurement of the bulk specific gravity (G(mb)) of compacted hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) cores was obtained. An analysis of the variability between operators was investigated using a total of almost 1,300 test results, using HMAC sampled from six projects in Arkansas. Three methods were used to determine the bulk specific gravity of compacted HMAC samples, including saturated surface dry (SSD) (as per AASHTO T166), height and diameter (as per AASHTO T269), and vacuum sealing (using the Corelok vacuum sealing device). In almost all cases, G(mb) values determined using the height and diameter method were statistically different from those determined using the SSD and Corelok methods; further, statistical differences were noted in paired analyses between the SSD and Corelok methods. The Corelok method exhibited a lower degree of variability than the other two methods used, based on the standard deviation of test results obtained by different operators. In direct comparison with the SSD method, the Corelok exhibited a lower variability (standard deviation) in 81 percent of the cases. Overall, the Corelok method appears to offer a viable alternative for determining the bulk specific gravity of compacted HMAC. However, agencies seeking to use the Corelok must consider the effect of an apparent shift in G(mb) values obtained on resulting HMAC volumetric and compaction properties. Addresses: Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Bell Engn Ctr 4190, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA Reprint Address: Hall, KD, Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Bell Engn Ctr 4190, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ISS : 0361-1981 ISB : 0-309-07221-2 ISI Web of Knowledge Page 1 (Articles 1 -- 13) [1]
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