Practical work for civil engineering department

- July 2000 -

Student

Comnescu Radu Florin

Practical work for civil engineering department - July 2000 a!le of contents
"# Presentation of work field "#$# %eneral data - total amount of construction; - purpose, utility; - actual realizations; - other specific elements of the objectives. "#2# &easures for work protection. &easures against fire ec'nological documents ""#$# (m!ankment works ""#2# Concrete and reinforced concrete works II.2.1. Materials used in the concrete mixture II.2.2. Concrete II.2. . !einforced concrete ""#)# Plasters II. .1. Interior plasters II. .2. "xterior plasters ""#*# Sanitary engineering works II.#.1. "xecution of expansion $or%s for the $ater supply net$or% II.#.2. &ools and procedures used for the pipes connections

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"# Presentation of t'e work field

"#$#%eneral data
'urin( the practical $or% $e have visited the follo$in( construction sites) $# Residential +istrict Floreasca &he construction is a bloc% of flats havin( t$o basements, (round level and four levels. It has a ban% function for levels 1*#, public relations at (round level, (ara(es and technical spaces at basement. &he hei(hts vary $ith respect to the functional role) basement .2+m, (round level #.2+m, ban% offices .,+m. -ore the foundation conditions it $as realized a soil research based on six drillin(s and also on existin( drillin(s in the area. &he conclusions are the follo$in() a. from +.,+*2m depth there are fillin(s of soil, bric% and debris; in some places they (o up to ./+*#.,+m depth; b. under the soil fillin(s there are pac%a(es of clay 0 and C; under the clay pac%a(es there are pac%a(es of sand and (ravel; c. under(round $ater has been found at depths of ,.,+*/.2+m but it could (o up to 1+cm so the basement of the buildin( is partially in $ater * hydro*thermal insulation has to be ta%en into account. 2ccordin( to the 3ormative 41++*52 0ucharest lies in the seismic re(ion 6C7 for $hich the seismic coefficient is 89 : +.2+ and &C : 1.,s. &he importance of the construction accordin( to the 3ormative 41++* 52 is III, $hose importance coefficient is e;ual to 1. -or details see Chapter 1. 2# Residential +istrict ineretului &he construction site is about chan(in( the distribution net$or% of steel pipes $ith hi(h*density polyethylene pipes from '3*11+mm to '3* 22,mm and cast iron pipes of '3* ++mm. )# Residential +istrict ,erceni &he construction site is about chan(in( the distribution net$or% of steel pipes $ith hi(h*density polyethylene pipes from '3*11+mm to '3* 21+mm. *# Residential +istrict Calea -acaresti .Pridvor Street/

&he construction site is about chan(in( the distribution net$or% of steel pipes $ith hi(h*density polyethylene pipes from '3*11+mm to '3* 2++mm and cast iron pipes of '3*11+mm. 0# Residential +istrict Splaiul "ndependentei &he construction site is about the $ater supply system $ith the hi(h* pressure cast iron pipe of '3*1++mm. 1# Residential +istrict Ra'ova .Petre "spirescu Street/ &he construction site is about branchin( of $ater supply and junction to the public net$or% of se$era(e. 2# 3ater treatment plant 4rcuda !eplacement of old rapid filters $ith ne$ rapid filters. 5# 'e waste deposit from C'ia6na Impermeabilization of the $aste deposits.

"#2# &easures for work protection. &easures against fire

&hese measures are the responsibility of the construction mana(er $ho has the obli(ation of obeyin( all the rules re(ardin( security at construction site. &he measures for $or% protection, $ill be applied startin( $ith the preparation $or% and they $ill be) - chec%in( the situation plan on the field $ith all the buildin(s existin( at the surface and all of the under(round $or%s; - instructin( all the personnel $hich is $or%in( on the site $ith the $or% protection measures; - special measures should be ta%en $hen movin( e;uipment under electric cables especially excavators; - consultin( the inhabitants of the area on the existence of other under(round $or%s; - durin( the construction phase all rules re(ardin( $or% protection $ill be respected re(ardin( the execution of emban%ments, mechanical or manually, assemblin( the pipes and so on by this meanin( the follo$in() - only $or%in( personnel should be accepted on the construction site; - informin( the $or%in( cre$ about the dan(ers there exists and si(nin( the individual $or% protection sheets;

- before startin( the $or%s all the e;uipment must be chec%ed. - near the electric cables special measures $ill be ta%en; - access on the construction site us forbidden to all personnel $ithout their individual $or% protection sheets si(ned. 'urin( the execution of the $or%s there $ill be respected the ordinance 3o 5<5 from +1.1551.

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ec'nological documents
""#$# (m!ankment works

=hen $e proceed $ith the emban%ment $or%s for a foundation $e must ta%e care of the follo$in() a.. > not to destroy the natural e;uilibrium of the soil around the excavations on a distance bi( enou(h, not to influence the stability of the nei(hborin( constructions or even of the construction in execution; b.. > to preserve the ;uality of soil or to assure a better soil ;uality; c.. > to assure the $or% protection durin( the execution; &he need of supportin( the $alls of the excavation depends on the nature and humidity of the soil, on the depth of the excavation and on the possible execution time, on the season in $hich this is made. d.. > to assure the protection of the nei(hborin( buildin(s and of the under(round pipes; e.. > to assure the necessary spaces for the normal use of the re;uired e;uipment; f.. > the chec% bet$een the real situation and desi(n; (.. > $hen the excavation is over it is compulsory the reception of the foundation (round and the ac%no$led(ement for the be(innin( of the foundation $or%s; h.. > the fillin(s are usually made $ith the extracted soil, after the foundation $or%s are finished; -oundation $or%s are) assemblin( the reinforcement, casin( and castin( of concrete. 3o mater the nature of the soil, it $ill be provided the levelin( and settlin( of the bottom of the excavation by corespondent means. &he soil brou(ht for the fillin( must be laid in layers of 2,* +cm.

""#2# Concrete and reinforced concrete works

""#2#$# &aterials used in t'e concrete mi7ture 2.. Cements Cement is delivered in bul% or paper ba(s accompanied by the ;uality certificate. &he chec% re(ardin( the ;uality of cement is made as follo$s) - before storin(; - before use. 0.. 3atural heavy a((re(ates -or the preparation of concrete $ith apparent density bet$een 22+1 and 2,++8(<mc there are used heavy a((re(ates obtained from the natural erosion or the crushin( of roc%s. -or concrete used for consolidations there are used a((re(ates of the type ?*1,mm. &he use of other types of a((re(ates may be done only $ith the desi(ner7s approval. &he chec% re(ardin( the ;uality of a((re(ates is made as follo$s) - before storin(; - before use. C.. =ater &he $ater used at the preparation of concrete may be from the local $ater distribution net$or% or from another source, case in $hich it must obey the technical conditions from the 9&29. '.. @tilization of additives at the preparation of concrete &hey are used for)

- improve the $or%ability, in case of elements $ith dens reinforcements, thin sections or in case of pumped concrete; - obtainin( concrete $ith superior stren(th; - adjusts the process of hardenin( function of the technolo(ical re;uirements; - increases the resistance, durability and improves the homo(eneity of the concrete. ""#2#2# Concrete 2.. 'osa(e of materials =hen dozin( the component materials of the concrete the follo$in( errors are accepted) - A for the a((re(ates; - 2A for cement and $ater; - ,A for additives; - A for the ash "rrors for the volumetric dosa(e $ill not exceed B,A for a((re(ates, A for cement and $ater and ,A for additives. 0.. Mixin( and loadin( the concrete in the transportin( vehicle -or mixin( the concrete there can be used concrete mixers $ith free fall. &he time necessary for mixin( must obey the la$s $ritten in the technical boo% of the machine. &he time for loadin( the concrete mixer $ill be 2+min. C.. &ransportin( the concrete &he transport of the concrete $ith a settlement (reater then ,cm it $ill be done $ith mixers, the ones $ith a settlement smaller than ,cm $ill be transported $ith a dump truc% $ith a corespondent buc%et. Cocal transport of concrete can be made $ith pumps, pipes, etc. '.. 4reparations made before castin(

Castin( of the concrete can be(in only if the follo$in( conditions are satisfied) - the technolo(ical memorandum for the castin( of the concrete element has reached the beneficiary; - for the concrete class 0c2, D0c ++. there must exist the results of some preliminary tests and the composition of the concrete must be accepted by the desi(ner or beneficiary; - the preparin( measures are realized, there are chec%ed the necessary materials and the machines needed; - there are formed the $or%in( teams and they are trained to use the re;uired machines and to no the methodolo(y of castin(; - the ;ualitative certificate of the excavations, reinforcements and for the casin(; - the concrete cast before and hardened is cleaned on future contact surfaces $ith the concrete that is to be cast in order to ensure a (ood bond bet$een the t$o elements; - there are decided the measures that have to be ta%en for the castin( of concrete in case of accidental situations; - the possibility of havin( unfavorable $eather conditions is not to be ta%en into account; If all the conditions mentioned above are satisfied the castin( of concrete can be(in $ith the approval of the desi(ner or beneficiary. It is forbidden the be(innin( of the castin( before all the conditions (iven above are satisfied. ".. Casin(s and there supports &he casin(s and their supports must be made in such a $ay that they must obey the follo$in( conditions) - $e must ta%e care of the succession of $or%s related to the concrete elements, insurin( the access of the machines needed; - there must be assured to obtain the shape, dimensions and the de(ree of finishin( prescribed in the project for the elements $hich are meant to be executed; - they must be $ell ti(hten so not to permit the loss of the cement paste; - they must be stable and resistant under the loads imposed by the execution process; - to ensure the mountin( and dismount order $ithout dama(in( the concrete elements or the casin(s and there supports;

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- to permit, $hen stri%in(, a step by step loadin( of the elements. &o reduce the adherence bet$een the concrete and the casin(s, this are lubricated $ith special a(ents on the sides, $hich come in contact $ith the concrete, after the clearin( and $ashin( of the casin( before every use. &his special a(ents must not produce stains on the concrete, corrode the concrete or the casin(, they must be easily applied, and must maintain their properties in different $eather conditions. @sin(, transportin( and storin( of casin(s is made $ithout deformin( or de(radin( them. It isn7t allo$ed their stora(e directly on the (round or other materials to be stored over them. 0efore mountin( the casin(s for the $alls made by monolithic concrete castin( there must be chec%ed) - positionin( correctly the reinforcement; - cleanin( the casin( and the old concrete; - mountin( the ti(htenin( elements of the casin(. 0efore be(innin( mountin( the casin( there must be cleaned the surfaces $hich $ill come in contact $ith the concrete, $hich is (oin( to be cast, and the position or the continuity of the reinforcement is (oin( to be chec%ed. Mountin( the casin(s must obey the follo$in( operations) - determinin( the position of the casin(s; - assemblin( and supportin( temporary the panels; - chec%in( and correctin( the position of the panels; - closin(, bindin( and supportin( of the casin(s. &o ensure a correct execution of the casin(s $e must respect the follo$in( chec%in( steps) - preliminary, chec% the first $or%s done and the elements of the casin(s or supports; - durin( execution, chec%in( the position relative to the desi(n and the $ay the elements $here fixed; - finally, receivin( the casin(s and $ritin( a memorandum containin( the characteristics of the obtained element. -.. Eeneral rules for castin( - castin( of concrete must be supervised by the chief en(ineer; - concrete must be put in $or% after maximum 1,min. since it $as brou(ht at the castin( site; - $hen castin( the follo$in( rules must be obeyed)

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- $ooden casin(s, old concrete or other materials $hich may come in contact $ith the ne$ concrete must be $etted $ith 2* hours before castin(; the $ater $hich remains in the elements holes must be eliminated; - from the transportin( machines the unloadin( of the concrete must be done by the use of pumps, pipes, etc. or it can be done directly in the castin( place; - if the concrete received does not respect the re;uired $or%ability or it presents se(re(ation it must not be used; - the free fallin( hei(ht of the concrete must not exceed .++m in the case of the elements havin( the maximum $idth 1.++m, respectively no more than 1.,m in the other cases; - castin( of the elements cased on hei(hts (rater than .++m is to be made throu(h lateral $indo$s or $ith the aid of a pipe $hich allo$ castin( from a hei(ht of maximum 1.,m. - measures are (oin( to be ta%en a(ainst the movement of the reinforcement from the desi(ned position; - a bi( attention is (oin( to be (iven to the concrete coverin( of the reinforcement; - it is not allo$ed the placin( on the reinforcement of the vibrator or hittin( of the reinforcement; - in narro$ spaces there must be assured a complete fill up of the section throu(h lateral pushin( of the concrete concomitant $ith it7s vibration; - the behavior and position of the casin(s must supervised and correction measures must be ta%e in case of displacements or failures of the casin(s; - the castin( is (oin( to be made continuously till the upper limit of the element is reached; - after 2*# hours since the castin( $as made the concrete7s surface is (oin( to be covered $ith materials $hich ensure that the $ater from the concrete does not evaporates to fast; the protection is removed after minimum ? days and only if bet$een the concrete7s surface and the surroundin( area the difference in temperature is less than 12FC. &he castin( of vertical elements is (oin( to be made ta%in( into account the follo$in( supplementary conditions) - in the case of the elements $ith the maximum hei(ht of .++m if the vibration of the concrete isn7t perturbed by the reduced thic%ness of the element or by the denseness of the reinforcement it is allo$ed the

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casin( of the element on all lateral surfaces and castin( it from the upper part; - in the case $here appear difficulties in the compaction of concrete and in the case of the elements $ith hei(hts (rater than .++m $e can choose from the follo$in( solutions) - casin( one side $hich has maximum 1.++m hei(ht and completin( the casin( of the element step by step $ith the castin( of the concrete; - castin( throu(h lateral $indo$s or $ith the aid of a pipe $hich allo$ castin( from a hei(ht of maximum 1.,m. E.. Compaction of concrete Mechanical compaction is to be made by mechanical vibration. &he follo$in( vibration procedures can be used) - internal vibration Dusin( internal vibrators.; - external vibration Dusin( casin( vibrators.; - surface vibration D$ith the add of the plane vibrator.. a.. Internal vibration Is the principal concrete compaction procedure. Choosin( the type of vibrator is made function of the element7s dimensions and the possibility to introduce the vibrator7s head bet$een the reinforcement. &he optimum vibration time is bet$een ,* +sec. function of the concrete7s $or%ability and the type of vibrator used. &he exterior si(ns sho$in( that the vibration is over are the follo$in() - the settlement of concrete stops; - the concrete7s surface becomes horizontal and a little bit shiny; - the appearance of air bubbles at the concrete7s surface stops. &he maximum distance bet$een t$o points in $hich the vibrators can be introduced is of maximum 1.++m, distance $hich reduces in zones $ith a denser reinforcement. &he hei(ht of the concrete subjected to the vibrator should not exceed G from the vibrator7s len(th. =hen compactin( a ne$ layer of concrete the vibrator must enter ,*1,cm into the previously compacted layer. b.. 9urface vibration

It is utilized for the compaction of concrete slabs $ith the maximum hei(ht 2+cm. &he $or%ability of concrete compacted by surface vibrators is recommended to be at least C2 Dminimum settlement of 2cm.. &he recommended time for the vibration is bet$een +*/+sec. &he optimum time for vibration is determined from tests made on a sample from the first concrete to be cast. &he distance bet$een t$o successive $or%in( positions of the vibratin( plates must be determined in such a $ay to obtain a superposition on at list ,cm related to the initial position. H.. 2fter castin( concrete treatment &o ensure (ood hardenin( conditions and to reduce the deformations due to contraction, the concrete7s humidity must be maintained for et list ?days, protectin( the free surfaces by) - coverin( the concrete $ith protective materials; - periodically $ettin( the concrete; - usin( protective layers usin( special substances. &he coverin( $ith protective materials $ill be made $ith tarpaulins, a layer of sand, etc., operation $hich ta%es place immediately after the concrete becomes stron( enou(h not to adhere to the coverin( material. &he protective materials are (oin( to be permanently $etted. &he $ettin( $ill be(in after 2*12 hours after the castin( of the concrete function of the type of cement used and the surroundin( temperature. &he $ettin( $ill be repeated at intervals of 2*/ hours in such $ay that the concrete7s surface to be maintained $et. =ile rainin( the ne$ concrete surfaces must be protected $ith tarpaulins as lon( as the concrete has not hardened enou(h. I.. 9tri%in( of concrete elements &he lateral parts of the casin(s can be removed $hen the concrete reaches a minimum stren(th of 2./+3<mmp, in such a $ay that the surface of the element $ill not be deteriorated. &he casin(s of the interior sides of the beams and slabs $ill be removed maintainin( the safety props Dstays. $hen the stren(th of concrete reaches ?+A for the elements $ith an openin( of maximum /.++m. &he safety stays $ill be removed $hen the stren(th of concrete $ill be of 5,A for elements $ith openin(s of maximum /.++m.

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&he stren(th of the concrete elements, for the stri%in(, $ill be determined usin( the samples cast in the same time and %ept in similar conditions as the concrete elements. 'urin( stri%in( the follo$in( rules must be obeyed) - the stri%in( operation $ill be directly supervised by the chef en(ineer; in case of findin( castin( defects $hich may affect the stability of the element the stri%in( process $ill be stopped till the consolidation is done; - the sustainin( elements of the casin(s $ill be dissembled startin( from the middle part of the element openin( and is to be continued symmetrically to$ards the ends; - the stri%in( $ill be made in such a $ay that the elements $ill not be loaded to fast, fact that could conduct to bi( deflections of the element, deterioration of the concrete mar(ins or of the casin(s; 2t buildin(s $ith more levels $hen stri%in( the element the safety stays must be maintained or $ill be remounted, there position bein( determined function of the follo$in( rules) - at beams havin( till /.++m openin( a safety stay must be put at the middle of the openin(; - at slabs there must be put one safety stay at the middle and at list one stay at every 12mp of the slab; - bet$een t$o levels the safety stays $ill be put, as much as possible, one under the other. It is not allo$ed the removal of the safety stays of a slab placed immediately under another slab, $hich is bein( cased or is under the castin( process. In maximum 2# hours since the stri%in( of the concrete elements a ri(orous chec% of this elements, a memorandum bet$een the constructor, beneficiary and desi(ner in $hich the ;uality and the defects of the elements. &here are forbidden all repairs that may be done before this memorandum is $ritten. ""#2#)# Reinforced concrete 2.. &he reinforcement

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Maddin(, storin( and mountin( of the reinforcement $ill be made ta%in( care of the 9tandards and 3ormative used our days $ith the follo$in( supplementary conditions) - there $ill be used only distance pieces made from plastic or mortar; - the reinforcement placed on the t$o surfaces of the $alls $ill be maintained at the distance mentioned in the desi(n by distance pieces made from steel*concrete; - it is forbidden the deformation of the reinforcement if it7s ends does not enter in the $all7s spacin(. 0.. Mountin( the reinforcement =hen mountin( the reinforcement there are ta%en the follo$in( measures to ensure a (ood castin( process and concrete compaction) - to ensure free spaces bet$een the top reinforcement at maximum .++m for an easier cast of the concrete; - to ensure the necessary free spaces for the proper use of the vibrators at maximum five times the thic%ness of the element; in this sense function of the (iven case) - the upper reinforcement $ill be partially completed bein( finished before the last castin( step; - a reexamination of the desi(n specifications $ill be as%ed. &he reinforcement $ill be mounted in the position specified in the desi(n, measures bein( ta%en for it to be supported durin( castin(. C.. 2llo$able errors in execution &he patch bet$een reinforcements $ill be made accordin(ly to the desi(n. &o protect the reinforcement a(ainst corrosion a protection layer must be made around it. !eplacement of the reinforcement $ith other %ind of steel or diameter $ill be done only $ith the approval of the desi(ner.

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""#)# Plasters
""#)#$# "nterior plasters 2.. Materials 0indin( materials) lime paste; lime hydrate; construction plaster; ash from hydro*thermal plant. 2((re(ates) heavy a((re(ates for mortars and concrete; $ater; aracet Dcriloren.. 2dhesive materials) plasticizers; natural plasticizers; Hardenin( additives) calcium chlorate; prefabricated hardenin( additives .

0.. Mortar composition

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&he desi(ner, ta%in( into account the nature of the buildin(, humidity, materials, surroundin( medium, chooses the type of mortar. -unction of this elements is chosen the type of mortar, its dimensions and the nature of the a((re(ate and also the its (rade. &he stren(th of the used mortars must decrease from the interior to$ards the exterior. &he mortar M.1+*& is used only in rooms $ith maximum humidity of /+A, in rooms $ith humidity over /+A the M.2,*& mortar $ill be used. C.. &ransportin(, storin( and usin( the mortars &he choice of the machines used in transportin( the mortar is made function of the mechanization de(ree of the construction site. In small distance mortar is transported $ith the aid of pipes, pomp and $heelbarro$ and on lon(er distances by truc%s. &he transportation vehicles must be) - impervious; - clean; - to permit total and rapid unload of the mortar. &he maximum transport time should not exceed 1+ hours since the production of the mortar. '.. "xecution of the interior plasters 1.. 4recursory operations &he operations that must be finished before the be(innin( of the interior plasters are) - electric po$er net$or%; - sanitary net$or%; - ma%e the necessary tests for the up mentioned net$or%s; - mountin( the separation $alls; - rectification of the pre*cast slabs; - mountin( the $indo$ cases and the door cases. -or the execution of some plasters of a (ood ;uality, a surface control must be made before the operation to start. &he supportin( surfaces must be left a $ile so no other settlements $ill be produced, the masonry of the $alls must be left a $ile for it to dry and the concrete surfaces must be dry for the humidity not to influence the adherence of the plasters.

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-or a (ood adherence of the plaster to be obtained $e must prepare the contact surfaces, in the terms of the condition to be ri(id, plane, dry and not to have to bi( deviations from the vertical position or from the plane shape. &he deviations (rater than the admissible ones $ill be rectified $ith a steel mesh cot by the $all $ith the use of bolts, the plaster bein( applied over it. &he surfaces of the interior $alls and of the sealin( $hich are made from concrete, cast usin( casin(s $ith plane surfaces $ill not need plasters they only be puttied $ith cement mortar and fine sand eventually $ith addin( aracet ",+ $hich $ill be finished $ith a thin layer of thin pasts. In the surfaces of the buildin(7s $alls $hich have permanently the relative humidity over /+A $ill be ta%en measures verified by termo* techni;ue calculus by stoppin( the pro(ressive accumulation of humidity comin( from the condensation of vapors, in the interior of the construction elements, barriers a(ainst vapors, ventilation, $hich $ill be justified by economical means. In the surfaces of the concrete elements, $hich have been cast in plane casin(s $ith lo$ $ater absorption, the plaster thic%ness $ill be of ,mm. 2pplyin( the rou(hcast plaster on sealin( $ill be done from the continuous $or%in( platform supported by steel poles and directly from floor for the inferior part of the $alls. 2.. "xecution of the visible layer &he visible layer $ill be executed usin( mortar havin( the same composition as the rou(hcast plaster but a lo$er content of lime. &he mortar $ill be thro$n o the $all usin( a tro$el, at intervals of about ,min, time in $hich it is leveled. &he visible layer $ill be executed function of the used tools. &he polish plaster coats are made of a thin layer of lime paste $ith plaster or a thin layer of leveled plaster paste. In the lime paste $ill be added 1++%( plaster at 1mc of lime for the acceleration of the hardenin( process of the polish plaster coat. &he polish plaster coat $ill be applied only on a support layer, $ith a specific humidity, in the necessary ;uantities before the hardenin( of the plaster. In the concrete surfaces $ill not be applied directly the plaster, not $ithout intermediary layers. In the case of plane uncased surfaces it is necessary a layer of polish plaster.

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2.. Measures to protect the $or%s 2fter the execution of the $or%s there $ill be some measures of protection used for the $et surfaces by the follo$in( actions) - hi(h humidity, $hich delay the hardenin( of mortars; - forced dryin(, $hich produces the sudden loss of $ater from the mortar; - blo$s, vibrations comin( from exploitin( the buildin(s before the (iven term. - freezin( of plasters before dryin(. &he admissible deviations are) - brute plasters a maximum of 1*#cmp at every mp.; - interior plasters maximum 1mm<m and maximum mm on the hole hei(ht of the room; - polish plaster a minimum of 1mm<m and maximum 2mm on the hole surface. ""#)#2# (7terior plasters 2.. Materials used &he materials used for the supportin( layer are) fine sand +.+,mm; sand +,1mm; lime paste; cement; $ater. &he materials used for the visible layer are) marble silt +,1mm; $hite cement; $ood stic%s.

0.. "xecution of the exterior plasters -or a (ood plaster execution a control of the supportin( surface is re;uired, $hich must be cleaned.

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-or a (ood adherence of the plasters, the supportin( layer must be ri(id, plane, dry and must not have deviations from verticality and plane. 2t mar%in( the future plaster surface it is used mortar $ith the same composition as the mortar used for the plaster. &he $idth of the mar%ers $ill be of 1*1+cm and $ill be made in all the corners of the surface. &he sprin%ler for the neutralizin( of the surfaces $ill be made of a mixture of cement and $ater of mm thic%ness. &he sprin%ler and the rou(h plaster $ill be applied on the buildin(7s surfaces startin( from above and continuin( do$n$ards from supports mounted at #+cm from the surface of the buildin(. &he visible layer is executed $ith mortar specially executed $ith $hite cement and marble silt instead of sand. 4lasters aren7t executed on cold $eather, at temperature smaller than ,FC, and on hot $eather protection measures are ta%en a(ainst the rapid dry of the plasters, by coverin( them $ith $etted coverin(s. &he allo$ed deviations on vertical are of 2mm<m and ,mm on the hei(ht of one level of the buildin(. &he exterior plasters bein( visible, the ;uality $ill be first observed visually. &he verifications that are made are) - the stren(th of the material; - number of layers of the plaster and there thic%ness; - adherence at supports and bet$een layers; - the linearity of the ed(es, piece by piece. &his chec%s are made before the paintin( $or%s start.

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""#*# Sanitary engineering works

""#*#$# (7ecution of e7pansion works for t'e water supply network 2.. 4roducts and materials 1.. 4roducts &he material chosen for the execution of the $ater supply net$or% is hi(h density polyethylene 4"I' D4" 1+; 4.n. : 1+ bar., manufactured for the transport of drin%in( $ater by respectin( the international standards I9I ## ?, I9I 12152 and I9I 121/2. 2fter the standard I9I 12152 > 4" 1+ should have the follo$in( properties) - minimum resistance M!9 : 1+,+ Mpa; hydrostatic pressure for desi(n H'9 : 1,+ Mpa. Joinin( of pipes from 4" it is recommended to be realized by $eldin( head to head, but the producer or the supplier should indicate the $eldin( method, the e;uipment necessary in order to perform the $eldin( and to assure trainin( and assistance on the construction site. &he tap and the part to be assembled should fulfill the follo$in( characteristics)

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- functionin( pressure 4n : 1+ bar; - to respect I9I ,2+1, I9I 2,+1, I9I ,?,2 and I9I ?2,5; - recordation flinch 4n : 1+ bar. 9e$er chamber tip I9CEC $ill be executed from concrete. &he cover and the frame $ill be executed from cast iron considerin( 9&29 2 +1. &he under(round fire hydrants used) 'n /,mm and 'n 1++mm, 4.n. 1+ bar $ill respect 9&29 /5,. 2.. Materials &he concrete $hich is (oin( to be cast for the foundation of observation chamber $ill have (rade 0c 2+ D0 1,+.. &he concrete used for the supportin( reinforcin( slabs $ill be 0c 2+ D0 2,+.. &he mortar used $ill have the (rade M 1++*&. &he cement used for concrete and mortar $ill be of type M + and $ill be delivered in ba(s. &he sand used for mortar $ill have size bet$een 1K? mm. &he materials and the procedures used to manufacture the concrete and the mortar $ill have to respect the codes. &he stairs of access in the se$er $ill be manufactured from steel 2+mm. 0.. &ransport of materials and products &he transport, stora(e and handlin( of products and materials are the responsibility of the buildin( contractor, but chec%s can be made from time to time if the beneficiary or the project mana(er $hishes so. In the unloadin( area access $ill be restricted, only the cre$ chief and the $or%er on the crane $hich $ill supervise the entire operation of loadin( and unloadin(. 4olyethylene pipes are delivered and transported horizontally, pac%ed. In order to maneuver and anchor them it is re;uired to use cla$s only from nylon or polypropylene, the pipes shall not be thro$n and no other material shall be deposited on them. It is preferred that the pipes to be stored on a clean surface in piles not more than 1., meters. It is re;uired that it should be no contact bet$een the pipes and oils and fuels of any %ind.

C.. "xecution of the $or%s &he $or%s necessary in order to execute the channel $ill be separated into three parts as follo$s) 2. 4reparin( $or%s) 2.1. "stablishin( a schedule for all three parts of the execution process; 2.2. 9upplyin( $ith all the materials necessary for the execution of the $or%s and stora(e of these materials; 2. . 9ettin( up the construction site; 2.#. Mar%in( the route and fixin( the levelin( mar%s. 0. &he execution of the $or%s) 0.1. !emovin( the asphalt layer from the road starrin( upstream to do$nstream; 0.2. "xecution of the routes for the pipes and realizin( the excavation for the drain chamber, ta%in( care not to start $ith the next se(ment until the last one has been finished; 0. . &he transport to the $or%in( point of the pipes and of materials necessary; 0.#. !ealizin( of the bed in order to place the pipe on it; 0.,. Caunchin( and assemblin( the pipes for the $ater supply net$or%; 0./. 0uildin( the drain chamber includin( the support slab from; reinforced concrete 0c 2+ for the cap and frame of the drain chamber; 0.?. 4ositionin( the frame and the cover of the drain chamber and the there monolitization on the support plate usin( cement mortar M*1++. C. &estin( the pipes and placin( them into service) C.1. &estin( for pressure and ti(htness; C.2. !epairin( the dama(es produced by testin(; C. . -illin( the excavations and compactin( the soil; C.#. !ebuildin( the asphalt layer of the road that $as dama(ed durin( construction; C.,. =ashin( off and disinfectin( the pipes; C./. 4uttin( the pipes in service. '.. Mar%in( and levelin( In order to realize a ;uality $or% it is very important to mar% and level properly. &he levelin( operation is executed as follo$s)

2#

1..=e establish the route of the pipe; 2.. 2 precise levelin( it is executed ta%in( as mar%s the permanent topo(raphical mar%s Dconstructions, treesK.; .. &he sides of the excavation are mar%ed in order to execute the excavation; #.. 2 plan% is placed on the ed(e at horizontal, above the center of the drain chamber. &he plan% called ruler it is fixed on t$o poles of $ood fixed into the soil, and by precise levelin( $e chec% the level $here the poles are (oin( to be placed. 2fter the rulers have been set $ith a nail driven into the rulers it is symbolized the ax of the pipe. =hen dra$in( the route of the ne$ pipe at the intersection $ith already existin( pipes, mar%ers are placed and $hen performin( the $or% it is necessary not to dama(e the already existin( $or%s. ".. "xecution of the excavations "xcavations are executed in open trenches, and the vertical batters are supported. "xcavations $ill be executed at specified depth so that to ensure the depth necessary to place a bed of sand for the pipe to be placed on. 4rotection panels $ill be placed around the trenches and from spot to spot foot passa(es $ill be placed. -.. 9upportin( the trenches 9upport of the sides of the trenches it is realized $ith the help of metallic supports so that to permit an easy execution of the $or%s from inside the trench. E.. "xecution of the $ater supply net$or% &he hi(h*density polyethylene pipes stored alon( the route $ill be lo$ered inside the trench one by one $ith the help of a crane. In the trench there $ill be lo$ered as many pipes as can be set up in one day. &he pipes are chec%ed to see if there are any crac%s and to see if the pipe is porous.

2,

=eldin( of the pipes on site is realized by head to head $eldin( $ith a termo*element. &he t$o parts to be $elded are melted in the $eldin( area and after that are joined to(ether only by applyin( a pressure and $ithout surplus of material. &his type of $eldin( should be realized only by usin( machine, $hich allo$ the user to chec% the pressure and the temperature. "nvironmental conditions are very important) - if the exterior temperature is above ,o C the temperature can influence the time necessary for $eldin(; * if the exterior temperature is above ,o C the temperature can influence the time necessary for $eldin(; - in case of temperatures lo$er than ,o C it is necessary that the pipe to be protected D$eldin( should ta%e place in a tent or in a $armer environment in order to prevent the $eldin( to have crac%; - in case of temperatures (reater than #+o C and direct exposure of the pipe to the sun it is necessary also to ensure a protection also by coverin( the $or%in( place in order to obtain uniform temperatures all over the pipe; - it is necessary to use the same %ind of polyethylene or to use compatible $eldin( materials havin( the flo$in(*meltin( index bet$een +.# > +.? D1. . (r<1+min; - the $or%ers $ill be tested in order to be able to perform the $eldin(; - it is necessary to respect the conditions re(ardin( the $eldin( process) pressure and time; - the pipes must be %ept clean inside durin( the time the $or%s ta%e place; as the pipes are placed in service state forei(n bodies are removed from them and the pipe is $ith covers made from steel or $ood; - 4olyethylene pipes have an estimated service life of about ,+ years and the only disadvanta(e is their price $hich is hi(h. H.. 4ressure tests 2fter settin( and proofin(, the pipes are covered $ith a soil layer of 1, cm and the pipes are subjected to pressure tests. &he pressure for tests is 1., the nominal service pressure, at least 1+ da3<cmp. In order to test the $ater supply net$or% the follo$in( procedures are made)

2/

* the pumpin( devices are assembled at the lo$est end of the pipe * the pipe is filled $ith $ater and it is %ept under pressure for 1, minutes before startin( the test, the aeration tap is open and $hen the pipe is filled $ith $ater the tap is closed; * $ater is driven into the pipe until the test pressure is achieved * readin(s are made from 1+ to 1+ minutes and any sudden decrease in pressure is noted. &he test is considered to be successful if after a time interval of one hour the decrease in pressure does not exceed 1+A and if no lea%s occur. I.. "xecution of the drain chamber &he execution of drain chamber $ill be accomplished in the same time as the pipe. &he cover of the chamber $ill be a part of the road. &he operations $ill be made in the follo$in( order) * pourin( the foundation and the $alls of the chamber leavin( room for the pipes to (o throu(h * assemblin( the reinforced concrete slab 0c 2+ * placin( the frame and the cover * placin( the stairs for access * cleanin( the chamber J.. 2ssemblin( of the fire hydrants &here $ill be used under(round hydrants $ith 'n /,mm and 'n 1++mm, at nominal pressure of 1+ bar, respectin( 9&29 /5,. &he hydrants are placed on the side$al%, at a maximum distance one from the other of 1++m. 8.. -illin( up the trenches &he fillin( is made after chec%in( the ;uality of the execution and after the pipe has been subjected to tests. 2fter the pipes have been placed and the tests finished, soil is added over the pipe. 2t ,+ cm over the pipe a $arnin( net of blue color is placed. It7s purpose it is to $arn the people $or%in( there in the future that the pipe is there. Coose soil is placed then on the pipe and the soil is compacted in order not to allo$ lateral displacements of the pipe.

2?

&he rest of the fillin( is made manually in layers of 2+* + cm. C.. !ebuildin( the asphalt layer 2fter the complete fillin( of the trenches the asphalt layer should be rebuilt as the $ay it $as before. M.. =ashin( and disinfectin( the pipes 0efore placin( into service the $ater supply net$or% $ashin( and decontamination of pipes is executed. =ashin( is made $ith clean $ater containin( ,*1+ m( chlorine<dmc of $ater in order to decontaminate. 2 solution of potassium can also be used. &he $ater $ill remain in the pipes for 2# hours after $hich it $ill be evacuated and the pipes $ill be $ashed a(ain $ith clean $ater. &he $ater for $ashin( the pipes should have a minimum velocity of 1., m<sec and the speed should not be smaller than the velocity of the $ater passin( in normal conditions. 2fter the decontamination procedure is completed the pipes are $ashed $ith clean $ater and samples are ta%en in order to be analyzed in laboratories. ""#*#2# ools and procedures used for t'e pipes connections 2.. =eldin( of the tubes &he tubes from hi(h*density polyethylene can be joined in different $ays. &hese are divided into 2 cate(ories) - mechanisms $hich can be dissembled; - mechanisms that cannot be dissembled. 0.. Mechanisms that cannot be dissembled) -or the joinin( of the tubes one of the follo$in( procedures can be used, function of the possibilities on site) 1. 0utt $eld $ith hot jet; 2. 0utt $eld $ith termic plate; . =eldin( $ith electric couplin(.

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1.. 0utt $eld $ith hot jet 2 hot jet $arms the t$o sides, $hich are (oin( to be $elded at a temperature of 2 +o $hich brin(s to plastic state the t$o sides and the plastic $ire $hich is added to the $eldin(, and then $e realize the $eldin(. 2fter the $eldin( (ets colder $e obtain a proof connection. 2.. 0utt $eld $ith termic plate It is a typical $eldin( of termo*plastic resins, $hich leads to a $eldin( very (ood ;uality derived from the simple procedure used in this $eldin(. &he steps for this $eldin( are the follo$in() - introducin( the sides to be $elded in a support; - cleanin( and settin( in the same plane of the t$o sides $ith the aid of a mechanic %nife; - pre*$armin( of the t$o surfaces by compression a(ainst a termic plate at a temperature of 21+o covered in teflon; - extraction of the termic plate and immediate compression of the t$o sides; - coolin( of the $eldin( until /+o; - removin( the pipe from the machine and startin( a ne$ $eldin(. "ach $eldin( machine is provided $ith a variety of diameters to be $elded. &he $eldin( procedure is very simple but some rules should be follo$ed) - a (ood ali(nment of the pipes $hen they are $elded; - control and correction of the pipes $hen is needed; - cleanin( of the pipes from forei(n objects (rease.; - the machines used should be in very (ood condition; - respectin( the pressures for $armin( of +,, 8(f<cmp; - respectin( the temperature of 21++. - respectin( the times for $armin( and $eldin(; - coolin( of the pipe should be natural; - the medium temperature around the $eldin( should be bet$een +o* #+oC. ..=eldin( $ith electric couplin( It is a very simple method of $eldin(, based on realizin( an electric

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cover as a connection device. &he cover is obtained by castin( contains inside an electric resistance $hich lin%s the interior surface of the cover $ith the exterior cover of the tube. =hen the coolin( ta%es place, due to contraction the $eldin( zones are compressed to(ether. &he $eldin( procedures are realized $ith the aid of a portable $eldin( device. !ealizin( the $eldin( and resistance to pressure is conditioned by the follo$in( factors) - at temperatures bello$ ,oC a protection should be offer; - the materials, $hich are (oin( to be $elded, should be from the same material; - the personnel usin( the $eldin( machine should be properly instructed by the producer of the $eldin( machine; - respectin( the $eldin( parameters Dpressure, time..

C.. Mechanisms that can be dissembled 2re divided into t$o cate(ories) - hybrid connections; - mechanical connections.