t,tto('.t7R, I'ot. 33, ^'o.

2,200I

47

Planarwaveguide from ppv derivatives

3,C. Bubeck 3 F . F i tri l a w a1 ti,2 ', M.O.Tjia1,H. Eichner
1 Laboratorium FtSMOTS, Depanmentof physics. tnstitutTeknotogiBandung. Jalan Ganeshano. 10, Bandung40132, lndonesia Telp"022 - 251 2672, Fax. 250 6452, e-mait:motjia@metsa.net.id: fitri@fi.itb.ac.id 2 Depaftment of Physics,universitaspadjactjaran, Jalan Raya Jatinangor,Sumedang 45363, tndonesia s Max-Planck tnstitute for Potymer Researcn, Ackermanweg 1O, 551 28 Mainz, Germany

Abstract
Wc reportin this paper the resull of thin filnr fabricalion of MIlll-l'PV and MIllI-PPB havinggood opticaltransparency and low surfaceroughnesssuitable for planar waveguideapplication.'Ihe linear optical propertiesof the pcrlymers were characterized using reflectometry and prisnt coupling, while the nonlinearoptical propcrtywas measured by meansof optical third harmonic generation ('lllG)- The rvaveguide attenuation crlthepolymerl'ilmsrvasdetcmrined by cmploying prismcouplingset-upequ.ipped with a photodiotlearay dctector.'l'he MIIII-PPV wavcguicle [jlm rvasshorvn trr havea very low artenuation of 0.5 dB cm-rat 1064 nm yielrting irnunprecedentedly high tigureof'meritsof I I at I GW/cmr" Key u,ords:PPV derivotives, pltutor u,oveguidt:, rtonlinear oplit's,wttveguidt, Iineur oL,lit:s. dttenualion.

Sari
Pandu gelombang Planar dari tumnan PPV Dalun tulisanini dilaporkanfabrikasifilm tipis polimer MIIII-PPV clanMEI{-PPB yang mempunyai transparansi optik ringgi dan permukaan yang halus schingga cocok untuk aplikasipandugelombang planar.Sifat optik linier dari polimer yang bersangkutan diukur dcnganteknik rcflektometri dan kopling prismarlan silat optik nonlinier<iiukur denganmetocla third honnonir generaliotr ('I'HG;.Selanjulnya, atenursipandugelomhang dari tilm polinrer yanghersangkurtrn diukur dengankonfigurasi kopling prismadan detektordiode arrdy. Ililm pandugelombang yang dihasilkan dalameksperimen ini mcmiliki atenuasi rendahsebesar 0-5 dB cm-t paclapanjang gelombang 106zlnm dan r":nghasilkan"figure of merits" (l:OM) sebesarI I pada intensita-s t GW/cm: yang merupakan nilai terringgiscjauhini. '[ KQldkutu i: urunurt ['l'V. partdu g<:lunbang planor. optiko !itutttr.optiku nonlineur,alt'nua.si puttdu gelornhang.

Introduction

Conjugated-chain polyners such as polyacctylcne (pA), (PDA), and poly(p-phenylene polydiacelylcne vinylene) (PPV) havc long bcen recognized as potcntiallyusef'ul nonlinear optical rnaterials due to their large ofl'resonancc cubic susccplibilitics of []. Thc dcveloprnent therr applicalion.s rn lhe forrrr of thin lilnr deviceshas nevcrthcless bccn lcss Lhan cncouragingin spitc ol' advantagcsolTered by thcir rctnarkably fast rcsponsc. relativcly sirnpler ilnd less expensivc tahrication technology. Thc ntainhurdlesto ftis dcvcloprncl)( arc thc difflculties in rneetingthe figures of rnerir (FOM) lor thosc applicatlons. Forcrnostarnongthern is thc rnajor issue o1-meeting thc low loss requircnlcnt in thc l'iltn, which in (urn irnposcsseverecondition on {hc purity, hornogcncitv lutd thc surlaccsrnoothncss of the fihn. The polyrncrs having thc right cornbinalion ol-charflclcnstics for the recluiredFOM havc so far clutled rcscarchcr's attention.While PPV is recognizcdfor its high cubic n o n l i n e : r r i t y[ 2 , 3 , , 1 . 5 . 6 . 8 h 1i ,g h s r a h i l i r ya n d o p r i c l l

darnrgc thrcshold [4,9], this rnaterial is nevertheless cornplctclyinsoluhleand thereforenot amenablcto thin lihn labrication lbr producing low loss waveguide. Despite intensivecflorts in scarch of new solutions, those problems rernain the major challenges for tlre realization phot.onics of polyrncr based devices.

f\J

1-/-/
,n cl-{lo

*\rJ
/\-J

clilo

{d-v

ld'*:cH-c*:cHf
n

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 Molecular struclure of MEH-PPV andMEH-PPB One of thc recenlly proposedsolutionsfor improving processability ol' PPV, is the graftirrgof sidc chainsof rnethoxy and hcxyloxygroupsto ils rnainchain[0J. Thc basic repeat unit of MEH-PPV is rnonomcr of PPV grafiedrvith side chainsof methoxy and ethylhexyloxy

48

I'ROC.lT'll. \/OL. 3-1, NO, 2" 2001

groups, and that of MEH-PPB is a sirnilar rnolcculc Thc thickncss. d. and surlhccroushness, R,,,of thc {ihns conlaining two doublebondsin its vinyl chaints shorvn wcrc rncasurcd with I TcrrcrlrInslrurncnl. rnodcl u-stcp in Fig. l. ThesePPV derivativcs arc known to be solublc 200 prolilcr at .100prn scalcrangc" Thc lransmission and in a nurnber of solvcnts sLlchas chlorolirnn"tctrahyrellection spcctra wcrc rneAsured hy a Pcrkin-Elrner drofuran (THF), I "4-dioxane. iolucnc, chlorobenzcnc. rnodel Larnbda9" Rcliactive indices spectrophotorncter (TCE) methylene chloride.and i.1,2,2-tctrachlorocthanc o[ polyrner lllrns wcrc ntcasuredby incans of prism thc dctailedsynthescs of MEH-PPV and [01. Regarding TE polarizcdlighls of 633 nrn liorn couplingtcchnique. MEH-PPB, the readers arc relbrrcd to a previously HeNe laserand 106,1 nnr lrorn NdYAG lascr wcre uscd published report 1101. The high solubilily ol FPV in two scparatclncasurernents, whcrc thc light was derivatives offer broader ranges of conccntration couplcdinto the waveguide usinghigh indcx glassprisrn variation which can in turn trc rnorc readily optirnizcd of LaSFNltt. Thc llhn was clarnpcdonto the half-cut parirrnctcr ss i n gs p i n c o a t i n g prism nrountcd wilh thc olhcr proccssing u on a prccisionrotlry tablc and thc laser technique. Taking advantage of this new possibility, we hcanl was focuscd and directcd onto thc pcrpcndicular have rcccntly succecded in producinghigh quality tilnrs corncr ol- thc coupling prisrn.Thc coupling anglc was of poly(N-vynilcarbazolc) by means of spincoirting its adjtrstcd until a guidctl rnodc wus launchedthroughlhc s o l u t i o nw i t h t h e s u i t a b l e c h o i c eo l - s o l v c n ta s w c l l a s wavegrridc^ Thc rcl'rac(ivc indiceswcrc calculatcdliorn processing paralneters consisting of polyrnerconccnlrathe couplinganglcsnccordingto thc lorrnula of Ulrich t i o n ,s p i n n i n g speed a n t ls p i n n i n g t c m p e r a l u rle l ll. This and Turge l l-{1. Furthcr. a dispersion curvc of thc techniquehas now bcen applicd to planar waveguidc rcfractivc indcx was calculatcdusing Fresnel forrnula labrication of PPV dcrivatives such as poly[2-rncthoxy- fiorn lhc lransrnisslon and reflcctionspcctra rncasured by 5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1.4-phcnylcnevinylencl(MEHa Pcrkin-Ehncr spcctrophotolnctcr rnodclLarnbda 9. PPV) and poly[2-mcthoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4The waveguitle loss rncAsurcrncnl was perfonned by phenylene-1,3-hutadiene-1,4-d (M i yE ll H-PPB) on a ernployirtgthc sarnc prisrn coupling set-up describcd substrate of lusedsilicawith the air as the covcringlaycr. abovc. Thc losscs wcrc rncasrrrcd by the scattcrcd Thc fabricatedwaveguitlcs and resullsof their various radiationliorn a strmk of lhc guidc which was irnagcd characterizations will bc dcscribed in this papcr. Its onto a diodc arrayusinga lcns [31. Thc losscoefficient tigure ol'rncrit will be(jcterrnincd alrd estirnated was dctcrrnincd lrorn senrilogarithrnic graphsh<lwing thc cornpared with rcsultsobtaincdirrothercascs. intcrrsity dctccted as a liurcti<ln ol'thc distance traversed by the light alongthc strcak.

Experiments

The thin fihns wcre prcparcd frurnsolution of MEH-PPV (M",= 25,000(GPC)and 7, = 6tl'C)) and MEH-PPB(M", = 20,000 (GPC) and 7, = 86"C) in lolucnc.which wcre (35 rnrn x 2,5rnm x spincoated on fuscd silica substratcs I rnm) at roorn tempcraturc.Toluene was choscnas the solvent for its low hygroscopicproperty and suitahlc proccss, boiling point. Prior to the spinnirlg thc polyrncr solutions were filtcredusing0.45 prn rnicrolthore llltcr [o ensure thcir purity and hornogeneity" Thc spineonting proccss was carried oul undcr a lanintr t'low hox 1o reducecontamination by dust.particlcs" tlt addition,an alurninumsubstratc holder inset was introducctl on thc soincoatcr to kecp the air dry surrountling thc spincoatcr and thereby avoid the forrnation of intcrl'cre'ncc rirrg patternon the lllm. The wavcguidef'ilrnswcrc always anncalcdat about 78'C for 24 hours in vacuurnoven to rcmoveresidualsolvent.In ordcr 1odctcrrnine a suilllhie condil.ion l-or MEH-PPV thin [ilrn prcparation,thc polymer weight conccntration(c*) was varicd bctrvccn 3%;to 5Vorvhilc a two-speed proccss urodc spincoating was ernployed with thc nrst speedkcpt at constnnl valuc (300 rprn)lbr 3 seconds bclirrcshil'tcd to a highcrsccond speed(to) to be varied in thc rangc ol-300 - .{000 rpnr. For the detcrrnination p{utrncters o!' suitahlcprocessing lbr MEH-PPB thin lrlrn prcparation. thc wcighr concentration of thc polyrncr solution (r:",)wns varicd bctwccnl7o lo 6%;and thc sccondspinning spccdvaricd between300 - 6000 rprn.

Mcasurcnrcnlof THG hy rncans of Maker fringe tcchniquc was pcrlbrrnctlby using an activelylpassivcly rnodc-lockcd Nd:YAG lascr (Quantel rnodel YG 501) with duration ol 30 ps and frcclucncy o1'10 Hz. Thc laser bearn was lbcuscdorr thc samplcs which was placcdin a vacuurn charnbcr rnountcd on {rrot.ation tablc.

Results and Discussions

The l'ihnsol' MEH-PPV and MEli-PPB prcparedwith the chosenpararncters ol' r'*,- 5olo and rrl= 2000 rpln arc both transparcnt with a light orangccolor and red color rcspcctivcly. It trrrncdolrt that our choicc ol' toluencas {hc solvcnthls a tlorninrul roie in producingthc rnost llhn wilh Iowcsl surfhcc roughncss.Thc fransparcnt (iil ol" thcsc lllrns arc quitc hornogcncous thickncss as conllnncd hy thc ahscnccol- pcrccptihlc intcrf'crencc qunlityis r;uantita{ively liingcs.Thc surlhcc dcscribcd by lhe variation ol- its srrrlaccdcpth prolilc or surl'ace (Ra) rlctcrrninccl rorrghncss by using the graphicalccntcrlincs tcchnitluc sf l l t l l . T h c s u r l a c es r n o o l h n e so thc l'ilrns was thcn characterizcd by thcir norrnalizcd surl'accroughness rt,,lrl rvhich varics bctwccn 0.3% and 0.zl% arnong flhns ol' thc bcst c;uality,ohtained with thoscchoscnparalnctrs al r(x)rnfclnpcrature. It is worth (r/) of all lihns prcprrul by this notingthat thc thickncss tcchniquc. and thc corrcsponding spinning speeds(ro). (c*) are found to satisly the polyrncr r:onccntrillions givcnhy thecrnpirical relation crluation"

PRqC. tT'U,V0r," 3.1,N0.2,2AOl

49

-( 13 ,) ( ( 3 ) 1 6 ' 0 ) o p td ic T a b e fl s u m m a r y o f l h e l i n e a r { n ( I r ) , n ( t ra r) n)d n o n l i n e a r ( , ( aa tl aofMEH-PPV(X^^,=477nm,}"0-57Onm,n-",= 1.5 1Os cm'') and MEH-PPB(l*"* = 490 nm, Lo = 600 nm, <\,^,= 2.2 105cm-i).The refractive indicsal 633 nm and 1064 nm ar obtained from prismcoupling exprimenls, fromreflectomelry lhe resl are resulls masurement. Polymer
]"1

n(tri)
1.7639 r 0.0002 1.6415t00012
I oo / I bJz

n(113)

[nmj MEH-PPV 633 | 064 | 064 | 431 t710 MEH-PPB 633 | 064 | 064 t47A | 800

h\l/(-3ro;ro,ur,o)l [ 1 0 ' ' 'e ] su

o
t"l

1 394 1.594 1 968

18!2 21t2 17t1

1.648 + 0 0015 1.9592 t 0 0012 1.7393 1.748 1.729 1.710

180120 105r10 4r10

'|.335
t.oJ4

azv

13015

23t1
tJaz

90r1 0

2.164

d:=tt,t5 jlf.ll I r,r, I | ,"",J

\oz

iF

0)

dcterrnination of X(3) fiom the Third Harrnonic (THG) cxpcrirncnt lo bc discusscd latcr. Gcncration
MEH_PPV ........ . EH-PPB M

- 0.-50. = 2000 rprn, c,1 = 5 o/o.cx,= with ro1 F = 1.61,and dr (aI, r-,r) - 542 nm lor MEH-PPV fihns, whilc u = 0 . 5 3 .B = 1 . 1 ( ) nInlbr MEH-PPB a n d d ' ( o ' , c , , r )= , 1 , 5 0 fihns [-51. The transrnission spcctraof MEH-PPV and MEH-PPB thin flhns prepared with the salnepffameters are shown rcspcctivclyin Fig" 2"a. Thc spcclrawerc correctedlrorn thc rellcction losscs of I'ilrn-suhstratc and flhn-air interlaccs lbllowing the rncthodproposcd prcviously l9l. For thc purposeof performingthis correction, rcliactive indicesdispcrsioncurves of the PPV dcrivativcswerc calculatedusing Frcsncl forrnulit frorn tr;rnsrnission and rcflcction spcctraincasurcdby a rcllcction spcctroscopy [61"The result is shown in Fig. 2.b. It is found that in bot.hcasesthe cf'l'ect of reflection loss bcconres tlorninant at long wavclcnglh or thc tails of thc as rncasurcd absorptionspcctra.Without a propcr trcatlncnto[ the data, (hesc spectra would fail to reveal thc highiy favorahlesharp out-oft-of thc ahsorption ellcct at lhe tails. Both spectrain Fig. Z.a display broad absorption rnaximawith the rnaximumabsorption coelficicnl c[r,ax listcdin Tnblc L Thc wavclcngth 1",,,,,, andcorrcsponding cut off wavelength. &r, which is definedas the intercept bctwccn {hc basc linc and thc trurgcntto the absorption edge, does nof. show signilicant dill'crcncc bctwccn thc two spectra.The values of la as prcscntedin Table I (1, clcarlyindicatcs thc dcsirablc window of transrnission > 600 nnr) lbr waveguide applications at long wavclcngth. We have includcdin Fig. 2.b and Tablc I Ihc rcfractivc indices dcterrnincdby prisrn coupling rncthod.These figures arc the result o[ cornputer cvaluation liorn coupling anglcs md filrn thickness rncasurcdtiorn experirnent lilllowing the rncthoddcscribcdprcviously I3I. Thcsc data iuc needed lbr the subsequent ll2,
*1

2.Ox1O

' 15 x1 0

E ()

0x

(a)

600

80cr l [nm]

1000

1200

2.2 2A '1.8 16

|VEH_PPV ..-.-- IVEH.PPB

/i
1.2 10

(tr)

600

800

1000

1200

;r [nm] Figure 2 Spclra of the absorpiion coelficient <r and th retractiveindices n ot MEH-PPV and MEH-PPB films. (a) Spectrumof 51.8 nm{hick lilm of MEH-PPV (solid line) and spectrum of 58.8 nm lhick film of MEH-PPB(dashedline).(b) indicesn of MEH-PPV(solid line) and Dispersion of refractive by full MEH-PPB(dashedline) films. The values rpresented from prismcoupler. in figure(b)werelhose obtained circles

50

If Il, r/a1,"33.No. 2, 2001 t>R0(.-.

MEI.i-PPV T E Od = 4 3 9 n r n

l G r^n

) . = 6 3 3n r n r = 8 0d B i c m

|.llJ

x [cm]

MEH.PPV T E O d = 4 3 9n m

/--: =
(g

). = 1064 nm, ,r = 0.5dB/cm

ea (b)

PPV wavcguide at 11 = 633 nrn. while thc enfire length of the waveguidcwas readily travcrsedby thc light at l'y= 1064 nrn. Since lhc rneasurernents were perfonncd position of the sarne fihn" the along the same laleral to havc any contdbution flrorrt diffcrcnceis not supposed to note the surface conditiontrl' the filrn. It is intcresting yicltls an absorption howcvcr, (hat our measurenlcnl coefficicnt of MEH-PPV al 633 nm of about threetirnes that in its valueat 1064nrn. We arc thus led to suggest to the loss,tlre major contribution additionto absorplion at those two wavelengths large ditt-crcnce bctweenc[s,,'s must have cornc frorn thc difference betwccn the absorplionlails. Cornparedto MEH-PPV corrcsponding waveguide.a visual inspcction of thc CCD camera rnadcof MtsH-PPBfilm could showedthat a wavcguidc guidcd light lirr ahotrt2 Inrn At trr = 633 only transrnit nrn, whilc the light was able to travcrscthc cntire lcngth of thc waveguidc(ahorrt 3() rnrn) itt 1"1= l[)6'l rrnt without signilicantreductionof thc intensity.Bascd ort of about27 dB. of thc cyc wilh an avcrage thc sensitivity it is estirnated that thc wavcguidcloss of MEH-PPB is lnore than 100 dB/crn {tt trv- = 633 nnr, whilc the = wavcguideappcarsto perlbrrn reasonablygood at 1,710611 nrn. of For the deterrnination ol'cuhic nonlincarsusccplibility THG was ctlects carriccl lilrns. rncasrlrclncnt ol'thcir the out using Makcr fringc tcchnicltrc [6 ] tncl analyzcd in n prcviousreport l20l fbllowingthc rncthod descrihed optical densityand by takinginto accounlthc thickncss, (ot) as well indicesol' filrns al thc lundamcntal rcl'ractivc (3<o) Thc rcsultsof rvavelcngths. as the third harnronic both polyrncrfihns arc given in Tablc l- It is irnportant valucs of 1\" lbr thesc PPV to notc that the estimated as that derivativesarc of the sarneorder of rnagnitu<1e PPV [6]. This rncansthat the lound for thc unsubstituted ol the dcrivativcscim be rnorc lhvorablccharacteristics ttottlincar attaincdwrthoutsacrificingthc rnostcsscrttial polyrncr. Wc lirrther propcrlics olthc original optical notc thatI t(tl of MEH-PBB is only slightly largcr tltan lcngth L of t h a t o l ' M E H - P P V .w h i l e t h c c o n j u g a t i o n M E H - P B B i s a h o u r 4 1 3 J l ' r h a r0 l ' M E H - P P V . T h i s i s obviorrsly al variancc with lhe l-D scalinglarvcxpresscd by x't)*/-u [7i. the figures optics applications. For NLO rnd intcgrated ol- rnerit (FOM) cotntnortly atlopted frrr malerial by thc evaluation arc {he W-FOM antl T-FOM cxprcssed l i l l l o r v i r rc go r n b i n l t i o o n l 'p l u a r n c t c r [s 2()1.

00

c5

10

l0

x LcmJ filmof MEH-PPV waveguide 3 Stray Figure light of 439nmthick presenlalion for 1,r= 633nm forTEO modein semilogarithmic = 1064 (a)and7"r nm (b) as In our expcrirncnl, the loss c0efficient was rncasurcd The scattering. as well a-s the total loss due to absorption resultsare shown in Fig" 3.a nnd 3.b as stray lights of = 633 nrn tnd }./-= 1064ntn" MEH-PPV w{lveguide3t }.1respectively.The distancc scale in thc l'igure was calibrated by the nurnber of pixels per cel)till)clcr detennincdby a ruler. A statisticallinear litting was plols oi datadisplaying the carriedout on lhe logarithmic ol light inlcnsityon thc distance of scattered dependencc propagation. The slopesof the resultedlincs wcre then of loss in question^ to yield the coefficients determined The resulls show lhat the value of {t**, dcpends i.c. Gr",= (80 t 5) on lhe laser wavelcngth. sensitively dB/crn at 633 nrn and crr* = (0.510.I ) t'lB/crnat 106{ nrn it is most Ncvcrthclcss, tbr thc MEH-PPV waveguide. irnportant to note that the lossat 1064nnt givenaboveis considerablylower than that given by a previous report which cited a valueof Gr* = (4.4t0.3) dB/crnat l. = 633 nrn tbr MP-PPV [16], cls. = (1.0t0.3) dB/crnat ], = 830 nm for DMOP-PPV I 17l, cs* = I "5 dB/crnat ], = 950 nm dB/cm at l, = 1064 for DPOP-PPVtlttl, cr. = (1.010.-5) nrn for DFV-PDPV [9.l and o,n*= (79+9) dB/crn at ]. = PPV l9l. This was furthcr 106-t nm for unsubstituted thatthe lascrlight by our visualobservalion corroborated ol-5 trun in the MEHa full distance could only traverse

w = "tl 2u,,i
'1'=2a2)'
flt

(z)
(3)

ott l, thc laserwaveicngth. whercI is the laserintcnsity, the lincar ahsorption cocfllcicrrt, cQ the nonlinear lhsorption cocf'llcicntantl n1 thc nonlincar reliactivc arc givcn dircclly frorn Whilc all othcrpararnetcrs irrdcx.

V(rt,.3J. N0.2,2001 I'RO(. I',t'g.

51

Tabel 2 Figures of meril for oplical waveguides of PPV (1"e.polymer absorption edge, l.i: laser wavlength, ttn*: masured loss c o e l f i c i n to f g u i d e d w a v e ) lo l.r inzt 1cm'/W; I method
ugw

Wat I GW/cmz 11

Ref

lnmj
MEH-PPV
P4"BCMU PPV

lnml
't064 r0 6 4

["*''J
0.1

570
585
3Zl

2 4 1 A ' ' '/ T H G 1 7 1 0 nm 4 6 t0'"1THG .10.'' 9 / m-line 3 . 0 1 o ' 1/3T H G 5 1 o - t/ t m-line 7610','/THG 3010'"/THG 2 . 11 0 ' ' " / THG 'o 1 1o / interferomler

this work

1064 x064 925

10 6 4 10 6 4

0.1 0.15
I
A

124l t10l [241 [10] 124l 124l 124l [1e]

CNE-PPV DA-PPV
DPOP-PPV

514

502
447

0.1

1064 950

o.7
o.4
1

rcsults.lhc valuc of r),.was cstirnated the expcrirnental l r o n r{ h c c u b i cn o n l i n e as r uscep ih f i l i l y l 1 ' t ) l : r c c o r d i ntg o well known cxprcssion l22l 3lr"l n2(cu)=;'-R.h''"(-O;Ai' + nlt(to r,l.o:l ('t)

Most irnportant of all, thc low waveguide loss dcrnonstrated by' the MEH-PPV filrn waveguidc has rcsulted in an cnhanccrncnt of its FOM to a valuc signilicantly higher than P4-BCMU, irnplying the promisingapplicationof these polyners for photonic devices. 5 Acknowledgements

where nn is its lincar rcfractivc indcx and o is lhc pcrrnittivity This nonlinear reliactiveindcx of lree space. plays an esscntialrolc in nonlincaroptical applicalion anti it l'caturesstrongiy in the FOM's lbr nonlincar waveguidc. As rnenlioncd carlicr, thc cuhic nortlincarity valucsof thc polynrerdcrivatives are in thc sarne ordcr c f t h c v a l u eo l ' P P V . T h c F O M o f M E H o f r n a g n i t u do for laserwavclcngth ol' PPV wavcguidcwas rJctcrrnincd of I GW/cmr. using thc 106:l nnr and irser interrsrty = 0 . 1c t t t ' . X ' t ) g i v c ni n T a h l c l , n t l r n e l y G 4= G 6 w figurcs = l.tJx l0ri csu and thc approxirnatio n( t ) ( - t l ;o , - < r r . X = 01.or). The result of applying ecluation 1,11 1r3lo(3o;crJ, (2) yieldsa W-FOM of 1l frorn these data.This valucis rcported prcviouslyon signilicantlyhighcr than lhosc PPV hrscd Polyrncr l9l and lrger than thal ol' polydiacetylcne P:I-BCMLI [23] as shown in Tahlc 2. Thc T-FOM L:an not he detcrrnined hcrc Unfortunately. was nol as the t.wo-photonahstrrptionlncasurcilrcnI his rcsult c a r r i c t lo u t i n t h i s c x p e r i r n c n tN . e v c r t h c l c s(s alonc elcarlysrtggcsts thrt MEH-PPV is a prontisirtg rnatcrial lirr nonlincru opticsdeviceapplications^

groupsof Prof. H.-H We would like to thankthe rcscarch I'loerhold of thc Univcrsityof Jena ftrr providing MEHThis rcscarchwas made PPV and MEH-PPB polyrners. possihle by a grant of the Gcnnan AcadcrnicExchange Service (DAAD) lirr onc ol- us (F.R to perforrn the cxpcrinrcntal part of this work in Gcrrnany. We tcchnicalsupportgiven by A. acknowledgc considcmblc Bcst. L. Horbach.G. Herrrnann and W. Scholdci.The hclp ol'Camcllia in rctyping the rcviscd Intnuscriptis alsoacknowlcdged. 6 References

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