Goze Nomane Bernard et al.

, IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

ENGL. ET DIELS (COMBRETACEAE) IN RATS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

ANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFECTS OF A HYDROETHANOL 70% EXTRACT FROM STEM BARK OF TERMINALIA SUPERBA Goze Nomane Bernarda, Kouakou Kouakou Landrea, Blyr Nahounou Mathieua*, Amonkan Kouao Augustinb, Konan Brou Andrb, Abo Kouakou Jean Claudec, Yapo Angou Paula, Ehil Ehouan Etiennea
b a

Laboratory of Nutrition and Pharmacology of UFR-Biosciences, University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Cocody, Cte dIvoire.; c Laboratory of Animal Physiology of UFR-Biosciences, University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Cocody, Cte dIvoire.

Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and African Pharmacopoeia of UFR-SN, University of Nangui Abrogoa, Cte dIvoire.;

Received: 10-10-2013 Accepted: 19-11-2013

*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT several illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. The aim of this work was to gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, Indomethacin solution, pylorus caused significant (p<0.05) inhibition on ulcerations for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg b.w. At 500 mg/kg b.w., inhibitions attained 97.36%, 99.30%, 98.79% and 97.96% ligation and cold restraint stress in rats were used. The results showed that HE 70%. respectively on HCl/Ethanol, indomethacin, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stressTerminalia superba (Combretaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine to heal

assess anti-ulcer potential of a hydroethanol 70% extract (HE 70%). Four models of

Address: Name: Dr Mathieu Nahounou Bleyere Place: Cocody, Cte dIvoire. E-mail:

induced ulcers. HE 70% significantly (p<0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. These results suggest that HE 70% possessed antiulcer effects

probably due to cytoprotective actions. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, reduced sugar, coumarins, proteins, sterols and polyterpenes. Some of these phytochemical constituents known for their anti-ulcer effect and could explain the pharmacological effect of HE 70%. Key words: anti-ulcer, phytochemical screening, Terminalia superba. such as tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, quinines, saponins, sterols and polyterpenes are

bleyere@yahoo.fr chridandre@gmail.com

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 INTRODUCTION the gastroprotective (gastric mucus and bicarbonate secretion, prostaglandins and natural resistance of the mucosal cells Gastric ulcer is a worldwide gastrointestinal disorder. According to many authors, it is due to an imbalance between

factors) and aggressive factors (acid pepsin secretion, etc.) [1, 2, 3]. A number of synthetic drugs such as proton pump

inhibitors (Omeprazole), H2 receptor antagonists (Cimetidine) and other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are available to treat ulcers, resulting in decreasing mortality and morbidity rates. However, they are not always completely effective and some of them produce many adverse effects when compared to herbal medicines [4]. In Cte dIvoire and other third world of diseases like gastric ulcer, has increased scientific scrutiny for their therapeutic potentials and thereby providing physicians countries, increasing interest in medicinal plants which play a very significant role in health care needs, especially in treatment with data to help patients make wise decision on their usage. In the light of these and as part of research activities in validation of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Cte dIvoire, Terminalia superba Engl. et Diels (Combretaceae) was chosen. medicine of various illnesses like gastric ulcer [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Although the stem bark of Terminalia superba is used as antithe present study was aimed to investigate the real antiulcer potential of a hydroethanol 70% extract in several conventional animal models of ulcer induction and to screen for the presence of phytochemical constituents which can be responsible for the pharmacological effects observed. Plant material dIvoire in December 2009. Taxonomical identification of the stem barks was established by Professor Ak-Assi Laurent from the National floristic Centre of University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Cocody- Abidjan, Cte dIvoire, voucher n 2456, April 03, 1974 of Cte dIvoire national herbarium. Preparation of Hydroethanol 70% extract from stem bark of Terminalia superba Germany). The extraction process was implemented according to the method described by some authors [12]. One hundred grams (100g) of the stem barks powder were macerated during 24 hours in 1l ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) for 3 times until complete exhaustion. The mixtures were filtered (Whatman n1) and concentrated under reduce pressure using a rotary 45C. The concentrations to be tested were prepared extemporaneously by dilution in saline solution (NaCl 9). Animals evaporator (Bchi R110, type MKE 6540/2) at a temperature of 45C. The concentrated extracts were stored in dessicators at Albino wistar rats of either sex weighing between 200 and 215 g and approximately the same age (14weeks) were Stem barks of Terminalia superba were dried under shade and powdered with a machine (mark RETSCH, type SM 100, Terminalia superba Engl. et Diels in June 4, 1954; n 4207 in March 26, 1957; n 10477, in February 26, 1969 and n 416 in The stem barks of Terminalia superba were collected locally from the forest of Ebillassokro village in the East of Cte MATERIAL AND METHODS

This plant, referred to as frak or limbo [5], has been extensively reported as being effective in the treatment in folk ulcer agents in folk medicine, there are no or few scientific studies to explain its action and usefulness as anti-ulcer. Therefore,

selected for gastric anti-ulcer experiments. They were bred in Animal house of Animal Physiology, Pharmacology and according to the principles for the care and use of laboratory animals of the Ethical Committee of the University (Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cte dIvoire). They were exposed to 12 hours dark/light cycle. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013

Phytotherapy laboratory of the University of Nangui Abrogoua (Former University of Abobo-Adjam, Abidjan, Cte dIvoire)

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 Drugs (CytotecR, Pfizer, Germany), Ranitidine (ZantacR, Bristol Myers Squibb, USA) and Ether (VWR International-Geldenaakfebaan 464-B-3001 Leuven-Belgium). Cimetidine, Indomethacin, HCl, and Ethanol were purchased from Sigma chemical Company (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Anti-ulcer studies The negative Control 1 is the same for all the models. Group 1 composed of 6 rats received orally distilled water. Gastric lesions induced by a necrotizing agent (HCl/Ethanol) animals each. Groups 2 received 1 ml/150 g b.w. of the necrotizing solution (150 mM HCl in 60 % ethanol) (control 2). Groups The method described by some authors [13] was adopted for this study. The animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 The following reference drugs were used: Aluminium hydroxide (MaaloxR, Sanofi Aventis, France), Misoprostol

3 and 4 (positive controls) were pretreated with Cimetidine (12 mg/kg b.w.) and Maalox (50 mg/kg b.w.) respectively. Groups

5 to 7 were pretreated with the hydroethanol extract at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. All treatments were

administered orally. One hour after drug administration, 1 ml/150 g b.w. of the necrotizing solution was given orally to each rat except rats of negative controls. The animals were sacrificed one hour later using an over dose of ether and the stomachs were incised along the greater curvature. The mucosal erosion was determined by measuring the area of the lesions and then following formula: it was scored. The sum of the areas was expressed as ulcer index (mm 2). The scoring of stomach lesions was established

according to the method described by some researchers [14]. The percentage of inhibition (%I) was calculated using the

Where USC = ulcer surface area in control animals and US T = ulcer surface area in treated animals. The mucus covering the gastric wall of each rat was collected and weighed. Gastric lesions induced by Indomethacin The method described by some researchers [15] was adopted for this study. Six (6) groups of 6 animals each were

used. Group 2 received orally Indomethacin (30 mg/kg) at 1 ml/100 g b.w. (Control 2). Groups 3 and 4 considered as positive controls were pretreated with Misoprostol (0.012 mg/kg b.w.) and Maalox (50 mg/kg b.w.) respectively. Groups 5 to 7 were pretreated with the hydroethanol extract at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. All treatments were administered orally. One hour after drug administration, each animal received orally 30 mg/kg b.w. of Indomethacin except rats of negative controls. The animals were sacrificed 5 hours after treatment by over dose of ether. The stomachs were excised, rinsed with was collected and weighed. Pylorus-ligated rats normal saline and examined for ulceration. The ulcers produced were scored as described by some scientists [16, 17]. The

ulcer index and the percentage of inhibition were estimated as describe above. The mucus covering the gastric wall of each rat Six (6) groups of 6 animals each were used. Group 2 was pylorus-ligated and did not receive any solution (Control 2).

Groups 3 and 4 (positive controls) were pretreated with Cimetidine (12mg/kg b.w.) and Maalox (50 mg/kg b.w.) respectively. Groups 5 to 7 received the hydroethanol extract at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. All treatments were administered International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013 orally. Pylorus ligation was made under ether anesthesia 1 hour after treatment except rats of Control 1. The rats were

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 sacrificed 6 hours after pylorus ligation. The stomachs were removed, the contents collected, the volumes measured,

centrifuged and the supernatant measured. The ulcers produced were scored as described by some authors [15]. The ulcer index, the percentage ulcerated surface and the percentage of inhibition were estimated as described above. One milliliter of at pH 7 using a pH meter (HANNA instruments HI 9025). Hypothermic restraint stress-induced ulcers the total centrifuged gastric contents from each pylorus-ligated rat was analyzed for titratable acidity against 0.01 mol/l NaOH The method described by many authors [18, 19] was used for this study. 6 groups of 6 animals each were constituted.

Group 2 was hypothermic restraint stress-induced ulcers without receiving a solution (Control 2). Groups 3 and 4 (positive controls) were pretreated orally with Misoprostol (0.012 mg/kg b.w.) and Ranitidine (50 mg/kg b.w.) respectively. Groups 5 administration of HE 70% (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.), the rats were immobilized by strapping the hind limbs on a wooden sacrificed and the stomachs were excised. They were examined for ulceration and the severity of intraluminal bleeding according to the scale described by some authors [20]. Phytochemical screening to 7 were pretreated with the hydroethanol extract at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. One hour after the oral

plank and kept for 1 h 30 min at temperature of 3-5C [19] except rats of group 1. One hour later, the animals were then

tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, sterols and ployterpenes, reduced sugar, proteins, coumarines and repeated 3 times (n=3). Data analysis

Hydroethanol 70% extract from stem barks of Terminalia superba were screened for the presence of polyphenols,

quinones. Detection of these constituents was carried out as described by some researchers [21]. This experiment was All values were expressed as mean standard error on the mean (msem). Statistical analysis and graphics were

carried out using the software GraphPad Prism 5.01 (San Diego California, USA). The significance of the differences observed Differences between concentrations were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. RESULTS Effect of HE 70% on necrotizing agent-induced gastric lesions Ulcerations (mm2) decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 198.13 13.15 (control 2) to 5.23 0.88 (HE 70% at 500 mg/kg mean ulcer index diminished significantly (p<0.05) from 5.82 0.41 (control 2) to 0.14 0.04 (HE 70% at 500 mg/kg b.w.) HCl/ethanol produced extensive gastric lesions in the glandular mucosa of the stomach in all control 2 rats (Fig. 1A).

between the doses was achieved by analysis of variances (ANOVA) of the multiple tests of comparaison of Tukey-Kramer.

b.w.). Protection of gastric mucosa was more efficient in rats pre-treated with 500 mg/kg b.w. of HE 70% (Fig. 1A and Table one hour after administration of the necrotizing agents. Pretreatment of rats with HE 70% at doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg b.w. elicited a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent inhibition of gastric ulceration ranging from 46.82 to 97.36%.

1). Pretreatment of rats with HE 70% significantly (p<0.05) reduced the ulcer index induced by HCl/ethanol. Indeed, the

Necrotizing agents reduced mucus production to 102.13 2.47 mg as compared to rats of control 1 (Table 1). Rats pretreated with Cimetidine and Maalox showed augmentation in mucus weight with respective values of 155.93 2.13 and 169.41 2.81 mg as compared to rats of control 2. The same tendency was noticed with rats pretreated with HE 70% where International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013 mucus weight increased dose-dependently from 147.31 1.34 to 397.11 1.47 mg for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 b.w. as compared to control 2 (Table1). Cimetidine and maalox showed cytoprotective effect on HCl/ethanol induced lesions and 39.65% inhibition respectively (Table 1). Treatment Control 1 Control 2 Misoprostol Ranitidine HE 70 % Dose (mg/kgb.w) 0.012 Table 1. Effect of Hydroethanol 70% on necrotizing agent-induced gastric lesions US (mm2) UI %I 128.133.15b 39.810.63e 76.381.41i 5.970.71g

with an ulcer surface area of 63.10 1.36 and 119.57 11.4 mm2 at the dose of 12 and 50 mg/kg b.w. corresponding to 68.15 Mucus (mg)

50 40.39 72.410.31nq 125 65.510.81m 2.110.22np 48.87 67.311.34mf 250 13.860.34n 1.840.42w 89.18 89.471.79k 500 2.610.88fo 0.090.01z 97.96 149.111.47v HE 70% significantly attenuated the gastric lesions induced by the necrotizing agent (HCl/ethanol). n= 6 rats per group; US= ulcerated surface; UI=ulcer index; %I= inhibition percentage. Values with the same letter in the same column are not statistically y different at p<0.05. Effect of HE 70 % extracts on gastric lesions induced by Indomethacin

2.490.45d 3.870.52e

68.93

156.872.35z 58.130.17p 76.930.14nq

ulcerations (mm2) were dose dependently and significantly (p<0.05) reduced by doses of HE 70% ranging from 125 to 500 decreased from 5.58 0.31 (Control 2) to 0.22 0.08 (HE 70% at 500mg/kg b.w.) one hour after administration of

Oral administration of Indomethacin caused marked mucosal lesions in rats glandular stomachs (Fig. 1B). The

mg/kg b.w. Thus, ulcerations varied from 69.41 2.24 mm 2 to 1.08 0.44 mm2 (Table 2). HE 70% pretreatment significantly Indomethacin. Gastric lesions in rats stomachs were dose dependently and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited from 55.15% to 99.30% by pretreatment with HE 70% at doses varying from 125 to 500 mg/kg b.w. (Table 2) while Misoprostol (0.012mg/kg increase of mucus weight was recorded in presence of HE 70% (183.41 4.13 mg to 504.34 6.14 mg) as compared to control 2 group (87.37 4.17mg) (Table 2). Treatment Dose US (mm2) UI %I Mucus (mg) (mg/kgb.w) Control 1 156.872.35z a y Control 2 30 154.783.19 5.580.31 87.374.17k Misoprostol 0.012 48.432.72b 3.080.38z 68.71 118.113.24gt Maalox 50 69.435.89c 3.670.28x 55.14 109.452.12gt HE 70 % 125 69.412.24c 4.120.14zp 55.15 183.414.13ip f y 250 21.810.31 1.820.16 85.90 319.313.82zx q i 500 1.080.44 0.220.08 99.30 504.346.14v Indomethacin-induced gastric lesions were significantly inhibited in presence of HE 70%. n= 6 rats per group; US= ulcerated surface; UI=ulcer index; %I= inhibition percentage. Values with the same letter in the same column are not statistically different at p<0.05. Table 2. Effect of HE 70% extracts on gastric lesions induced by Indomethacin b.w.) and Maalox (50 mg/kg b.w.) exhibited respective inhibition of 68.71% and 55.14%. In addition, significant (p<0.05)

(p<0.05) diminished the ulcer index of Indomethacin-induced ulcerations relatively to Control 2. The mean ulcer index

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 Effect of HE 70 % extracts on pylorus ligation-induced gastric lesions noted (9.81 0.72 ml) in the control group as compared to positive control group (Cimetidine and Maalox) (Table 3). In the same control group, the titratable acidity, the pH, the surface area, the mucus were found to be 180.83 3.14 mEq/l, 1.57 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) produced a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent decrease in gastric acid secretion, titratable acidity, mg/kg b.w. (Table 3 and Fig. 1C). Cimetidine and Maalox increased the pH and the mucus weight. This observation is the same with HE 70% where it was found to augment the pH from 1.57 0.01 (Control 2) to 2.34 0.01 (HE 70% at 500 mg/kg b.w.). (Control 2) to 64.86 1.82 mg (HE 70% at 500 mg/kg b.w.) as shown in Table 3. Dose (mg/kg b.w) Volume pH Gastric (ml) Treatment acidity US (mm2) (gastric (gastric (mEq/l) juice) juice) Control 1 Control 2 9.810.72e 1.570.01es 180.833.14mk 135.140.76c Cimetidine 12 4.310.21ij 1.770.06e 132.162.32m 64.350.31ab Maalox 50 3.280.17a 1.860.07e 129.622.13m 56.410.53b HE 70% 125 5.820.43ab 1.840.08e 121.610.82m 76.310.58y 250 4.380.36ij 1.720.05e 101.380.73np 14.281.41w 500 3.080.22n 2.340.01kl 86.781.62n 1.630.77z Table 3. Effect of HE 70% on pylorus ligation-induced gastric lesions statistically different at p<0.05. 0.01, 135.14 0.76 mm2, 49.72 1.78 mg respectively and the ulcer index was recorded as 5.31 0.12 (Table 3). HE 70% (125, ulcer index and ulcer formation compared to the control 2 with maximal percentage of inhibition of 98.79 at the dose of 500 As for the mucus, a significant (p<0.05) and dose dependent rise was registered with a variation ranging from 49.72 1.78 mg UI 5.310.12x 4.180.14q 4.090.43q 4.680.12y 2.030.3m 0.670.1z %I 52.38 58.25 43.53 89.43 98.79 Mucus (mg) 156.8 2.35z 49.721.78k 63.412.12a 68.311.4at 51.311.40g 58.210.64f 64.861.82a When the rats were subjected to pylorus ligation for 6 h, a considerable amount of basal gastric acid secretion was

Ulcers induced by pylorus ligation were significantly prevented by different doses of HE 70%. n= 6 rats per group; US= ulcerated surface; UI=ulcer index; %I= inhibition percentage. Values with the same letter in the same column are not

Effect of HE 70% on hypothermic restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions table 4, oral administration of HE 70%, for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg b.w., significantly (p<0.05) inhibited intraluminal bleeding and ulcer formation induced by hypothermic restraint stress. Treatment Control 1 Control 2 Misoprostol Ranitidine HE 70 % Dose (mg/kgb.w) 0.012 50 125 250 500 US (mm2) 128.133.15b 39.810.63e 76.381.41i 65.510.81m 13.860.34n 2.610.88fo Table 4. Effect of HE 70 % extracts on hypothermic restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions UI 5.970.71g 2.490.45d 3.870.52e %I 68.93 40.39 48.87 89.18 97.96 Mucus (mg) 156.872.35z 58.130.17p 76.930.14nq 72.410.31nq 67.311.34mf 89.471.79k Cold restraint stress significantly produced marked mucosal lesions in rats glandular stomach (Fig. 1D). As shown in

2.110.22np 1.840.42w 0.090.01z

(Misoprostol) and 0.09 0.01 (HE 70% at 500 mg/kg b.w.) as compared to Control 2 group. The lesions (mm 2) were International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013

The ulcer index was significantly (p<0.05) reduced and reached 3.87 0.52 (Ranitidine), 2.49 0.45

149.111.47v

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 also significantly (p<0.05) attenuated and varied from 128.13 3.15 (Control 2) to 2.61 0.88 (HE 70% at 500

mg/kg b.w.) in all treated animals as compared to Control 2 group. Pretreatment of rats with HE 70% at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. significantly (p < 0.05) and dose dependently prevented the development of gastric lesions (0.012mg/kg b.w.) and Ranitidine (50 mg/kg b.w.) exhibited respective inhibition of 68.93% and 40.39%. All the tested substances significantly (p<0.05) increased the mucus weight as compared to Control 2 (Table 4). same letter in the same column are not statistically different at p<0.05. corresponding to inhibition percentage of 48.87, 89.18 and 97.96 respectively (Table 4) while Misoprostol Hypothermic restraint stress caused gastric lesions which were significantly reduced by preventive use of

HE 70%. n= 6 rats per group; US= ulcerated surface; UI=ulcer index; %I= inhibition percentage. Values with the

Figure 1. Gross appearance of gastric ulcers before HE 70% administration to the rats. The ulcerated area was larger in the A, B, C and D indicated the treatment of HE 70% at 500 mg/kg b.w. on HCl/Ethanol, Indomethacin, pylorus ligation and cold International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013 restraint stress-induced gastric lesions in rats respectively. control groups than in the treated.

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 Phytochemical screening showed positive results for polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. No alkaloids and gallic tannins were found in the extract. Constituents Polyphenols Tannins Flavonoids Quinones Alkaloids Saponins Sterols and polyterpenes Reduced sugar Proteins Coumarines Table 5. Phytochemical screening of the hydroethanol 70% extracts of the stem bark of Terminalia superba Reagents FeCl3 test Stiasny test FeCl3 test Cyanidine test Borntrager test Bouchardat test Dragendorff test picric Acid test Frothing test Liebermann test Tollens test Biuret test HE 70 % + + + + + + + + + As shown in table 5, phytochemical screening of hydroethanol 70% extracts of the stem bark of Terminalia superba

+: positive

reaction on the lactonic cycle DISCUSSION -: negative

Indomethacin, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress induced gastric ulcers. The results of this study clearly demonstrat ed

The hydroethanol 70% extract from the stem barks of Terminalia superba (HE 70%) was evaluated on HCl/Ethanol,

that HE 70% decreased the offensive factors such as gastric acid secretion or increased the defensive factors like gastric mucus

and innate resistance of the mucosal cells factors. These results are similar to those of many authors [22, 23, 24, 25] who extract of Pongamia pinnata ( Papillionaceae) possessed anti-ulcerogenic as well as ulcer healing property which might be cytoprotective or anti-secretory activity.

suggested that methanolic extract of Physalis minima leaves, aqueous extract of leaves of Piper betel (Piperaceae) and dried fruits of Cuminum cyminum (Umbelliferae), Polycarpaea corymbosa (Caryophyllaceae) whole plant extracts and methanolic HE 70% significantly reduced HCl/Ethanol-induced ulcer. This may be due to cytoprotective effect of the extract.

HCl/Ethanol-induced gastric lesion formation may be due to stasis in gastric blood flow which contributes to the development major step in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury. This leads to cell death and exfoliation in the surface epithelium [26].

of the hemorrhage and necrotic aspects of tissue injury. Alcohol rapidly penetrates the gastric mucosa apparently causing cell and plasma membrane permeability to sodium and water. The massive intracellular accumulation of calcium represents a mobilization and involvement of prostaglandin in the anti-ulcer effect of the extract. Indeed, it is known that indomethacin causes ulcer mostly on the glandular (mucosal) part of the stomach, by inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase through the synthesis by indomethacin results in increased susceptibility of stomach to mucosal injury and gastro duodenal ulceration. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013 cyclooxygenase pathway [27]. Prostaglandins protect the stomach from injury by stimulating the secretion of bicarbonate and HE 70% significantly reduced mucosal damage in the indomethacin-induced ulcer model, suggesting the possible

mucus, maintaining mucosal blood flow and regulating mucosal turnover and repair [28]. Suppression of prostaglandin

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Goze Nomane Bernard et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (5), 539-550 The effect of HE 70% was investigated in pyloric-ligated induced ulcer in rats. It is well known that the primary

therapeutic approach of an antiulcer agent involves maintenance of a delicate balance of factors controlling the synthesis,

secretion and breakdown of its proteins, glycoproteins, and lipid components, so as to strengthen the mucosal integrity [29]. In pylorus ligation model, ulcers are developed due to accumulation of gastric acid and pepsin which leads to auto digestion of gastric mucosa [30]. In the present study, HE 70% showed prevention of gastric lesions in the experimental animal models. HE 70% was found to produce a decrease in the volume of basal gastric juice and lesions in pylorus-ligated rats and significantly methanolic extract of Hbiscus rosa sinensis leaves by checking the gastric volume and its effect on gastric pH, total acidity and free acidity suggesting the anti-secretory activity of the tested plant. increased the mucus weight and gastric juice pH. It could be suggested that HE 70% affected the parameters that influence the initiation and perpetuation of ulceration in this model. Similar results were observed by some researchers [31] with In the hypothermic restraint-stress induced ulcer, HE 70% significantly dropped the ulcer index when compared to

control. Similar findings were showed by some authors [32] with the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Careya arborea. The further additional experiments are necessary to confirm it. Hypothermic restraint-stress causes disturbances of gastric mucosal circulation, alteration of gastric secretion and abnormal gastric motility which is considered to be the pathogenic inactivate mucosal prostaglandin syntheses by accumulating hydrogen peroxide, a prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, which stressed rats [35].

protective efficacy against cold restraint-stress may probably involve anti-oxidant activities of HE 70% extracts. However, mechanisms responsible for stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucus depletion [33]. Stress is reported to also causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [34]. In addition, a positive correlation has been reported between the The phytoconstituents found in HE 70% were polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, level of gastric mucosal lipid peroxidation products, a marker of oxidative stress, and stomach damage in cold restraintreduced sugar, proteins, sterols and polyterpenes. These phytoconstituents present in HE 70% could be the possible agents in reported that saponins have protective effect against ulcer by the formation of protective mucus which cover the mucosa from protecting the underlying mucosa from toxins and other irritants [38, 39]. CONCLUSION

the prevention of ulcers in the treated rats. Indeed, the phytoconstituents like flavonoids, tannins and triterpenoids are among acid damage. Moreover, tannins may prevent ulcer development due to their protein precipitating and vasoconstriction

the cytoprotective active substances for which antiulcerogenic efficacy has been extensively confirmed [36, 37]. It is also effects. Their astringent action can help precipitate micro proteins on the ulcer site, thereby forming an impervious layer and The results of this study showed that the Hydroethanol 70% extract from the stem bark of Terminalia superba

possessed antiulcer activities and could be a potential source for novel antiulcer drug discovery and development. The cytoprotective of action HE 70% may result from the strengthening of the mucosal barrier through the increase of the mucus could confirm the ethnomedical usage of the stem barks in the treatment of stomach pains and justify the use of the plant by traditional healers. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept-October 2013

production. The exact mechanism underlying this antiulcerogenic effect remains unknown, but the extract contains substances

which could increase endogenous prostaglandins and mucus synthesis. The various chemical groups present in this extract

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