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Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX) Reactions

Unit: Aqueous Reactions/Descriptive Chemistry Skills:
write & a!ance simp!e R"D#$ reactions write & a!ance R"D#$ reactions in which %& or #%' (rom so!ution

participates in the reaction

Notes:
o)i*ation+re*uction reaction: a reaction in which one or more e!ectrons are trans(erre* (rom one atom to another,

Copyright - .//0.//0.//0.//0 Mr, 1ig!er, Permission is grante* to copy2 *istri ute an*/or mo*i(y this *ocument un*er the terms o( the 345 6ree Documentation 7icense2 8ersion 9,: or any !ater version pu !ishe* y the 6ree ;o(tware 6oun*ation< with no Invariant ;ections2 no 6ront+Cover =e)ts2 an* no 1ack+Cover =e)ts,

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions

#rigina!!y2 o)i*ation meant that an atom was com ine* with o)ygen2 an* was there(ore @o)i*iAe*B, 6or e)amp!e: . Cu & #. . Cu# I( we sp!it this reaction into two @ha!(+reactions2B we wou!* have: . Cu/ . Cu&. & . e' #./ & . e' . #'. In the (irst ha!(+reaction2 copper >which was @o)i*iAe*B? !ost e!ectrons, In the other ha!( reaction2 o)ygen gaine* e!ectrons, o)i*ation: the !oss o( one or more e!ectrons y an atom in a chemica! reaction re*uction: the gain o( one or more e!ectrons y an atom in a chemica! reaction,

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions

;tupi* Mnemonics: =here are two popu!ar mnemonics (or remem ering o)i*ation an* re*uction2 one @DemocraticB an* one @Repu !icanB,

7"# the !ion says C3"RD >@DemocraticB mnemonic invo!ving en*angere* species?: 7"# stan*s (or @7oss o( "!ectrons is #)i*ationB an* 3"R stan*s (or @3ain o( "!ectrons is Re*uctionB #I7 RI3 >@Repu !icanB mnemonic invo!ving oi! companies?: #I7 stan*s (or @#)i*ation Invo!ves 7oss >o( e!ectrons?B2 an* RI3 stan*s (or @Re*uction Invo!ves 3ain >o( e!ectrons?,B
In a re*o) reaction2 at !east one e!ement is o)i*iAe*2 an* at !east one e!ement is re*uce*, An e!ement cannot e o)i*iAe* in a chemica! reaction un!ess some other e!ement is re*uce*2 an* vice+versa, >A(ter a!!2 the e!ectrons have to come (rom somewhere2 an* they have to go somewhere,? o)i*iAing agent >or @o)i*antB?: the compoun* or ion that causes something e!se to e o)i*iAe*, >=he o)i*iAing agent itse!( gets re*uce* in the reaction,? re*ucing agent >or @re*uctantB?: the compoun* or ion that causes something e!se to e re*uce*, >=he re*ucing agent itse!( gets o)i*iAe* in the reaction,? o)i*ation num er: the charge that an atom wou!* have in a compoun* i( a!! on*s were comp!ete!y ionic,

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions Assigning Oxidation Numbers

=he o)i*ation num er o( a pure e!ement is /, >"ven i( itDs *iatomic,? =he o)i*ation num ers in a compoun* a** up to / =he o)i*ation num er o( an ion is its charge, >#)i*ation num ers in a po!yatomic ion a** up to the charge o( the po!yatomic ion,? In a compoun* or po!yatomic ion: o =he most e!ectronegative e!ement >the !ast one in the (ormu!a? has a negative o)i*ation num er that is equa! to the num er o( e!ectrons it wou!* nee* to (i!! its va!ent she!!, o A!! other atoms have positive o)i*ation num ers, o 6!uorine is a!ways '9, o #)ygen is a!ways '. e)cept in the compoun* #6 ., o %y*rogen is a!ways &9 e)cept in meta! hy*ri*es, o A!ka!i >group I? meta!s are a!ways &9, o A!ka!ine "arth >group II? meta!s are a!ways &., o A! is a!ways &:2 En is a!ways &.2 an* Ag is a!ways &9, o Ca!cu!ate other e!ements (rom the a ove, 6or e)amp!e2 in the compoun* 4a.%P#F: 4a.%P#F is an ionic compoun* ma*e o( the ions 4a& an* %P#F.', =he 4a& ion has a charge o( &92 so the o)i*ation num er o( 4a is &9, =he %P#F.' ion has a charge o( '., =his means the o)i*ation num ers o( %2 P2 an* # must a** up to '., o # G '., =here are F # atoms2 so the negative o)i*ation num ers a** up to 'H, o % is &9, 5se this space (or a**itiona! notes,

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o I( the # atoms a** up to 'H an* % is &92 then P must e &I,

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions alancing REDOX Reactions

=o (u!!y a!ance a re*o) reaction2 you must a!ance: Atoms >as you wou!* in a regu!ar equation? "!ectrons !ost/gaine* =ota! charge #(ten2 re*o) reactions are shown an* a!ance* as net ionic equations, In this case2 a!ancing them is o(ten a simp!e matter o( making sure that the same num er o( e!ectrons are pro*uce* y the o)i*ation ha!(+reaction an* consume* y the re*uction ha!(+reaction, 6or e)amp!e2 consi*er the un a!ance* net ionic equation: A!/ >s? & En.& >aq? A!:& >aq? & En/ >s? In this reaction2 A! is o)i*iAe* (rom A!/ to A!&:2 an* En is re*uce* (rom En&. to En/, =he atoms appear a!ance*2 ut En.& nee*s on!y . e!ectrons to (orm En/2 ut A!/ pro*uces : e!ectrons when o)i*iAe* to A!:&, =he two ha!(+reactions are: A!/ A!:& & : e' En.& & . e' En/

=o a!ance the e!ectrons2 we nee* to mu!tip!y the (irst ha!(+reaction y .2 an* the secon* one y :2 giving: . A!/ . A!:& & J e' : En.& & J e' : En/ I( we com ine these an* cance! the e!ectrons > ecause we have the same num er on oth si*es?2 we get the a!ance* net ionic equation: 5se this space (or a**itiona! notes,

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. A!/ >s? & : En.& >aq? . A!:& >aq? & : En/ >s?

alancing REDOX Reactions in Acid or

ase

In some re*o) reactions that take p!ace in aci* or ase2 % & or #%' ions (rom the so!ution participate in the re*o) reaction, =his makes a!ancing them a !itt!e more comp!icate*, In these reactions2 in a**ition to a!ancing atoms an* e!ectrons2 we a!so nee* to a!ance the tota! positive an* negative charges on oth si*es2 using %& or #%' ions (rom the so!ution an* (orming %.#, In or*er to keep track o( everything2 I use the mnemonic A"I#5, A G Atoms, 1a!ance the atoms >e)cept (or % an* #? in each ha!(+reaction, E G Electrons, A** the e!ectrons gaine* or !ost to each ha!(+reaction, ! G !ons, A** %& >i( the reaction is in aci*? or #%' >i( the reaction is in ase? to a!ance the charges on each si*e o( each ha!(+reaction, O G Ox"gen & #"drogen, 1a!ance o)ygen an* hy*rogen in each ha!(+ reaction y a**ing %.# mo!ecu!es as nee*e*, U G Unite, 5nite the two ha!(+reactions y mu!tip!ying a!! coe((icients in each one y the (actor nee*e* to make the e!ectrons in one cance! the e!ectrons in the other, =hen cance! anything that appears on oth si*es to get the a!ance* net ionic equation,

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions

6or e)amp!e: 1a!ance the (o!!owing reaction in asic so!ution: Ca >s? & Cr.#K.' >aq? Ca# >s? & Cr:& >aq? =he ha!(+reactions are: Ca/ >s? Ca# >s? Cr.#K.' >aq? Cr:& >aq?

Atoms in each ha!(+reaction: =he (irst ha!(+reaction is a!rea*y a!ance* (or ca!cium atoms, >LeD!! worry a out o)ygen !ater,? Ca/ Ca# Le nee* . Cr:& ions to a!ance the . Cr atoms in Cr.#K.': Cr.#K.' . Cr:& Electrons in each ha!(+reaction: Ca is eing o)i*iAe* (rom Ca/ to Ca&., =his pro*uces . e!ectrons: Ca/ Ca&.#'. & . e' Cr is eing re*uce* (rom Cr&J in Cr.#K.' to Cr:&, =his consumes : e!ectrons per Cr atom2 or J e!ectrons tota!:
Cr.+J#K .'

& J e' . Cr:&

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!ons o( %& or #%' in each ha!(+reaction to a!ance charges, =he tota! charge >ions an* e!ectrons? in the (irst ha!(+reaction is / on the !e(t an* '. on the right, Le have #%' ions to work with2 so we a** . o( them on the !e(t to ring the tota! charge on oth si*es to '.: Ca/ & . #%' Ca# & . e' In the secon* ha!(+reaction2 the tota! charge is 'H on the !e(t an* &J on the right: Cr.#K.' & J e' . Cr:& Le a** 9F #%' ions to the right to ring the tota! charge on oth si*es to 'H: Cr.#K.' & J e' . Cr:& & 9F #%' Ox"gen & #"drogen atoms in each ha!(+reaction: In the (irst ha!(+reaction2 there are . un a!ance* % atoms an* one un a!ance* # atom on the !e(t, =o a!ance these2 we nee* one % .# mo!ecu!e on the right: Ca/ & . #%' Ca# & . e' & %.# =he secon* ha!(+reaction has 9F un a!ance* % atoms an* K un a!ance* # atoms on the right, =o a!ance these2 we nee* K %.# mo!ecu!es on the !e(t: K %.# & Cr.#K.' & J e' . Cr:& & 9F #%'

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#)i*ation+Re*uction >R"D#$? Reactions

Unite the ha!(+reactions with equa! num ers o( e!ectrons pro*uce*/ consume*: =he (irst ha!(+reaction pro*uces . e!ectrons2 an* the secon* ha!(+ reaction consumes J e!ectrons, =his means we have to mu!tip!y the (irst one y :: :>Ca/ & . #%' Ca# & . e' & %.#? : Ca/ & J #%' : Ca# & J e' & : %.# K %.# & Cr.#K.' & J e' . Cr:& & 9F #%' A**ing the two ha!(+reactions together2 we get: : Ca/ & J #%' & K %.# & Cr.#K.' & J e' : Ca# & J e' & : %.# & . Cr:& & 9F #%' 6ina!!y2 we cance! anything that appears on oth si*es, Le can cance!: : %.# mo!ecu!es (rom oth si*es2 !eaving F %.# mo!ecu!es on the !e(t J #%' ions (rom oth si*es2 !eaving H #%' ions on the right J e!ectrons (rom oth si*es, =he (ina!2 a!ance* re*o) reaction in net ionic (orm is: : Ca/ >s? & F %.# >M? & Cr.#K.' >aq? : Ca# >s? & . Cr:& >aq? & H #%' >aq?

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