Translated version of INTA-Training combines and harvest efficiency of soja.

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National Institute Agricultural Technology Editions Livestock and Fisheries Office of the President Ministry of Agriculture, TRAINING COMBINES AND EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN HARVEST TRAINING COMBINES AND EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN HARVEST AUTHORS: M. Bragachini, J. Peiretti and F. Sanchez - INTAManfredi AUTHORS: M. Bragachini, J. Peiretti and F. Sanchez - INTAManfredi
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TRAINING COMBINES AND SOYBEAN HARVEST EFICIANCIA

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Bragachini, Mario Training harvesters and soybean harvest efficiency / Mario Bragachini; Jos Peiretti; Federico Sanchez. - 1st ed. - Buenos Aires: Ediciones INTA, 2012. CD-ROM ISBN 978-987-679-132-8 1. Agronomy. Two. Soya. Three. Harvest. I. Peiretti, Joseph II. Sanchez, Federico CDD 630 Cataloging Date: 06/06/2012 The cult area d million of the tive, or prime The com 24% d marias In four biodie 2011 f (720.0

Soy herbicidal Rio The pr of sie the alk The ado culture 50% at The two nomic ma is rea satelit The cos ible and ra centaj
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Prologue The soybean crop in Argentina with 19 million hectares, accounting for over 60% of planting area intended for grain production reached 50 years in normal mimillion tonnes (2011/2012), which represents an average productivity through of years of 2,630 kg / ha, with an area of 4 million hectares double cultive, Argentina ranks among the most productive countries worldwide, being the exporter of fishmeal and fish oil in the world. The soybean complex composed of flour, oil and beans, absorbs about 24% of all sales outside of the country and accounts for half of exports primarias. As there are about 26 biodiesel plants in the country with an installed capacity Argentine biodiesel reaching 3.2 million tonnes per year. Productivity 2011 was 2.4, with an export of 70% (1.7 M / tn) and a domestic consumption of 30% (720,000 tons). Soybeans planted in Argentina is genetically modified whole, with resistance to herherbicidal glyphosate. Is planted from the northern boundary of Argentina (Salta), to the southern limit Rio Black with maturity groups from 00 to 9-10. The practice of inoculation with bacteria is widely adapted to a 80% area Sowing and fertilizer application is started as usual with nutrients like Phosphorus and Sulphur.

The adoption of no tillage planting system with stubble coverage exceeds the soybean crop, 90% and planters used, possess a seed distributor Drills and 50% to 50% accuracy with monograno system. The variable dosing Soybean seed, this little known non-response agronomic, but changing line spacing of planting, planting date, group latitude and maturity under well characterized environments. The application of agro chemicals is done by 80% with self-propelled sprayers equipped with 95% guide satellite and interactive computers. Harvesting is done by 100% with specific soybean with cutter heads fleible and floating, auto header height control and all the technology of AgriculturePrecision ra to monitor performance by 50% and combines a perlower percentage of 2%, combines satellite auto guide.
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The ma tions tro coun southern ent team This co the co accompaniment gave po harvest. This m the prod nocim is the p Has s that terstic and plen more: - The efficiency the man condition na com - Co task Sunflower gives eco - That m

Agr. M. Sc Mario Bragachini National Project Coordinator PRECOP National Coordinator Precision Agriculture EEA INTA Manfredi Experimentally also exist in Argentina, NIRS sensors monitors myden% of grain protein and oil with quality mapping and segregation tion for grain quality. Threshing is done in a high percentage harvester with axial rotors that do not damage grain, minimizing mechanical damage, as in the case of semi-harvest lla, this is a very delicate detail. Harvest moisture is between 10 to 17% and higher percentages harvested with hudisease of between 13 to 14%. The temporary storage silos plastic atmospheric controlled ra (silo bag), takes approximately 40% of production and perstore grain mite valued higher than traditional storage humidity. The INTA has a CO measurement methodology of the bag, as parameter estimates tion behavior of stored grain in the plastic bag. Soy is one of the crops increased application of technology and Argentina is a country considered a leader in this growing and for that reason, the Know How to export more than 30 councountries of the world, being the direct seeding technology, precision farming and storage tribute grain in plastic bags, the three technologies increased global demand. INTA is excellence, prepared and credible institution to transfer the rest of the world that Know Howde hand machinery sales low and high complexity, plastic bags cas, inoculants, etc.. In this work INTA efficiency and soybean crop factors is a subject which has been well studied by INTA for over thirty years and this work summarizes much of the experience of countless research and experimentation conducted by the institution so far. INTA technicians in collaboration with experts from the private sector, have antecedentes that position them as a global reference plane, as in Argentina, the harvesters are used by 70% by service providers (contractors sewcha), which combines use between 1000-1300 hours / year of work, this situation Argentina puts the ideal among countries to evaluate machines and spindles. To all who have an option to read, learn and train with this work INTA, I point out that if I take notice and act accordingly with respect to what is stated in this paper low, the country gained efficiency in collecting and timely cultivation and larger area importance of Argentina. I wish you all success in learning and success in the application of technical concepts of this work. And the authors a great appreciation for the quality of information

elaborate.
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Introduction The harvesters were tasked to handle last season 100 million lion tons of grain in the Republic Argentina. Due to the nature of our tro country, where grain production extends from the provinces of NOA, to south of the province of Buenos Aires, the characteristics of each agricultural production are difent, different crops are grown in each batch, and can also offer varied harvesting equipment in each area. This combination of factors and crop harvesting equipment, the largest agricultural area the reaping each year, yields per hectare increased often not accompanied by adequate availability of equipment, causing a loss average per year in Argentina gave more than 1,600 million dollars per year for loss of coharvest. This marks the importance of better understanding the role of grain harvester agricultural production, as a member of the cycle and the importance of acquiring coknowledge on the factors that affect it and how to make them more efficient, which is the main objective of this subject. Has separated the development of themes in different modules, which are designed that the student understands the main tasks of the machine harvester, their characbasic characteristics, regulation of the different culture conditions and role-cum plen in the final efficiency of the task. These modules then walk the following temore: - The efficiency of harvest begins long before the machine enters the lot, with the previous management to be made to each culture, their status at the time of harvest, the consanitary condition, density, etc.. All this will predispose to later work of makena as explained in the first module. - The combine has the task of cutting and adequately capture the cut crop. This task, the main summer crops of our country such as Soybean, Corn and Sunflower is the main factor to consider because it is responsible for the greatest loss gives economic per hectare. - This material and cut, then must go through the following task entrusted to the 5 chini COP ission fredi e mi-

GiftsAnan semin huosfeperal. The timacountry 0 counaceINTA or that shame abotopic below expen anto, sewation INTA, and traand rea mechanics ation
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Introd Modules Consid in the c Modules Impor soya. Modules Sistem Modules Sistem Modules Factor grain Modules The role d

siemb Modules Metod cosech machine, which is the threshing. Threshing means separating the grain of natural container without daarlo and perfectly clean. - The regulations of the machine, also not affect grain materials (straw, stems, leaves, chaff, pods, etc). It does not keep this grain material conditions influence the tercer task performed by the machine combine, separate and clean the grain, as explained face in the fourth module of this course. - The most valuable product of the combine's grain. As this subject to different actions and movements inside the machine, it is susceptible to some kind of mechanical damage nico. The fifth module assessment methods will review this damage. - The combine should be the beginning and end of a cycle of continuous tillage. Plays a fundamental role in the formation of bed till and should be cocorrectly fitted to prevent damage to the system, when moving through the terrain. - Argentina lost each year more than 1,600 million dollars per year of losses sewcha. The best tool to handle this, is to work with the contractor to harvest measuring crop losses, as explained in the last module. The course takes as its theme shaft, Soybean harvest for the crop being most surface and more importance in our country. The idea is to address the issues from a basic point, to be more accessible to students with no previous knowledge of the mana combine. 1. Recognize and understand the factors that determine the efficiency of the maharvesting machine, both culture and those of the machine itself. Two. Understand the importance of crop losses have resulted in economic mico of farms in our country. Three. Acquire the conceptual tools to know when a crop is madedo in fair condition and when not. Incorporate simple methodologies and practices to control field. Macro objectives
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C ONTENT 7 Introduction Module 1

Preliminary considerations for efficiency in the soybean crop. Module 2 Importance head in harvesting soya. Module 3 Systems threshing. Module 4 Separation and cleaning systems grain. Module 5 Factors mechanical damage to crop grains. Module 6 The role of the combine in a system of Continuous planting. Module 7 Evaluation Methodology losses grain harvest. 5 9 15 55 77 87 99 119 in daleaves the terexplained authorities ECAcontinuous. ar cosewSecha ayor an hereto maIt Cone LizanPage 10

In the e to m tude), susceptible ESPACI the esp aum ties for e cas ge can cu in the i tural and Stomach cha. It elections The den and habits ity d Have tre hile DENSITY 8
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Module 1 Preliminary considerations to achieve efficiency in the soybean crop In choosing a cultivar should take into account those manifesting high yield potential for the area (latude), and planting date. It is also important to analyze the disease susceptibility seeking always adapt spacing and planting density to achieve closure space between rows at flowering, if achieved before can increase the risk of rollover and susceptibility to disease ties and do not indicate an exaggerated spacing for the cultivar and environment chosen. Among the characteristics favoring genetic cas harvest efficiency is buscan cultivars less prone to tipping, increased clearance the insertion of the first pod, lower dehiscence natural and absence of foliar retention (uniform ripening). Thus largely avoiding losses sewncha. 9

Choice of cultivar The ideal density depends on the variety (maturity group and growth habit), availability of water and fertilization of the soil (environment), latitude, and planting date. Also take into account the density, spacing inuniformity between rows and plants along the row. Seeding
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Cuand condic no ma Swimming is ceptib Missed In the Prope to d You measures fluenc To e of the one, and rank The da god d Mome Figure the losses Congress vocad 10 The goal is to harvest stem with well developed pods and more ground clearance, which permit good job of the cutter bar of the combine. This is achieved with a plant spacing, capable of make a more efficient use of light, water and nutrients. Unquestionably the importance it had in our country inintroduction of soybean cultivars tolerant to glyphosate, as this allowed simplify weed control and expand area economic feasibility of crop, batch proserious problems, especially perennial weeds resistant and / or tolerant to herbicides other chemical groups.

The maximum benefit of technology genetimind modified (GMO) can be achieved when the ininserted within a framework of crop rotation and herbicides das with different modes of action. Weeds Mature grain crops are very susceptible to sufrir changes and are constantly exposed to different ing types of damage when in the field. Each crop and grain type has an optimal window of days to be harvested. Harvesting beans that period last optical mo of days, increasing the chances that the same sufran any damage due to weather conditions, sanitary or lesions for the work of the combine. Harvesting Opportunity
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11 When grain reaches 16% moisture was found in able to be harvested and stored for industry without major difficulties. This grain moisture on the ground, has little sussusceptibility to shattering, decreasing the chances of pre-harvest losses and combine. In 1991/92, the Regional Coordination INTA Propeco the EEA Marcos Jurez (Crdoba), conducted a trial to determine the evolution, over time, of perpreharvest measures the effect of the cutting bar and ininfluence on relative income producer. This loss counts were conducted between varieties maturation groups 5, 6, 7 with 6 replicates each one in eight different times over a period of 43 days and Harvest moisture range from 21.6 to 11.7%. The data expressed in Figure 1 represent the average god of 3 varieties evaluated. Timing of harvest Figure 1. Incidence of delayed onset of harvest on preharvest losses and head and its influence on the inprogress on the producer. Note: losses proCombine convened by (100%), the head is responsible oped an one az and light the in-

to, and pliar n proauthorities ethicsthe inrbicisa suferenEach s for optical I suso lePage 14

Figure Secha ity and 1,320 k Are coupled to fi tion cuentr little d If the co pods important in the s It deb Mede It is pre Secha ods If the cu ing optical you by minuy Initiation 12 averaged 70% and 30% tail. 100% losses head, the cutter bar is causal 65%, meaning that in this test was recorded about 45% perTotal measures combine.

This paper shows that for the evaluated conditions, the most convenient humidity is between 16-17%. As we delay the start of the harvest increase the desNatural meshing and losses during harvesting by increased susceptibility to opening pods. If the harvest is delayed cause significant losses preharvest and combine. As an example it can be mentioned that the delay of the sewSoja cha causes surges in losses in preharvest and combine. For quality of soybean harvested, disrupted by honinternal and external, gos causes important losses quality and quantity. Soybean Crops Group IV present maturation as a date to March, early Corn in April coinciding with the first (peak demand harvesters), and an age of 10 to 15 days of high humidity tive humidity, temperature and rainfall causing heavy loss das quality not evaluated in its actual size. For example, the delay in harvest 12 days suspended for a temporary 10-day rainfall, high humidity and temture, I cause in a group IV soybeans decreased 1000 kg / ha in yield (Figure 2), for loss in a and mainly by percentage weight loss per attack that external and internal fungi by 15%, with drop peso hectoliter in the remaining 85%.
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13 Average of 30 ha: 47 qq / ha. Harvest day zero. Yield obtained after 12 time days that interrupted the harvest. 14 ha: 32 qq / ha Average in 23 ha: 42 qq / ha. Harvest day zero. Figure 2. Soja group IV 2001/2002, 12-day delay in the coSecha (temporary) loss of 1000 kg / ha, more loss of caity 10%. Total loss for late harvest: 1,320 kg / ha. We suggest starting with a harvest of 16.5% moisture to finish with 13.5% which is the percentage of marketed tion with no weight is lost and when the culture was inCuentra able to be harvested with low losses and little mechanical damage to the grains.

If the harvest is made less moisture 13.5, the Pods easily threshed, constituting the cause more significant losses due to the large amount of grain floor. Keep in mind that the grain can vary from very hmedo to too dry between the beginning and the end of the day. It should be noted that the losses are lower when coSecha in the morning or in the late afternoon, ie the peperiods during which the pods are wetter. If the soybean crop to harvest goes to seed, the moisture ing optimal grain is 13%. If the humidity is lower than isgrain percentage you can suffer mechanical damage disminuyen their potential as seed. If it has a Harvest Home (adequate moisture) You measures eu and pertuples, easure l desr one Ace sewn prer hontees essential os da umeloss ask temng an r attack pePage 16

Im In all food load lesson

Cuand its very during and In with sionad both e Figur Terrain Relief 14 good aeration system, the upper limit of moisture to the seed is of 14.5%. The more even and level the terrain, the lower losses and less complicated task that has to meet the head and the flotation system. Module Authors INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039 jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar www.cosechaypostcosecha.org
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15 Module 2 Importance of the head in the soybean crop Of all the operations performed by the harvester (cutting, feeding, threshing, separating, cleaning, storage, desof scattered cargo and crop residues), the recomlesson is the most important part of the soybean crop. When the soybean crop was in a position to reap, we very susceptible to shattering and requires a good treatment duduring the cutting of the plant and its introduction to the machine. Under normal field conditions, 70% loss ocasionadas by the harvester are due to head, so So is the main element to keep in mind. (Figure 1). 40% shattering 7% pods loose 13% Branches loose 10% Height

cutting Head losses 70% LOST BY COMBINE 8% Cylinder 11% Screeners 11% Sacabajas Tail losses 30% Figure 1. Ratio type of losses occur and where. age be that
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ticos d one ava An m call), ay in form Other and weakens to tonive command That inf ca or ne Leaning Figur d do Comp tro ne hydraulic and pneuma inform The losses from the head, the component principal is shattering (40%) caused by the agitation plant at the time of cutting, the friction between Plants and action reel. 7% is loose pods shed from the plant and the friction between them at the time of cutting. 13% are single branches with pods. These losses are proI convened mainly caused by the coupling

windlass and plants are dumped below the height ra cutting. The remaining 10% is for cutting height and are caused by plants entrainment cutterbar performed when the forward speed of the harvester is greater than the gospeed of the blades, or the failure of copying irregular larities of the land by the flexible cutterbar ble / floating. To decrease these values should be taken into account following aspects of efficiency and regulation: Characteristics of soybean heads 16 The ability to work depends on a harvester cutting width and speed. The important thing is to maximize the ability to work low, not exceeding 7.5 km / h of speed. Heads equipped with floating flexible cutting bar work permit copying uneven ground, absorbing the transverse and longitudinal movements Combine them (Figures 2 and 3). The maximum width of the head depends on the characteristics machine. A wider track combine (2.8 m), allows better copy irregularities and possibilities ta place a wider head. The front axle placed as close to the head allows better copied terrain and pneumatic Figure 2. Movement Crop-lateral dora (A) and copied cross bar Flexible floating (B). Figure 3. Copying lonlongitudinal bar flexible cutting flotant.
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17 ticos large contact surface combine to give progress with less fluctuation. Increased wheelbase combine (whisklla), helps the head copy uneven ground longitudinally to the advancement of the harvester (Figure 3). Other equipment that improves the copied terrain and position

weakens expand the width of the cutting head is a system auAutomatic lateral fluctuation tonivelante working tocommand information Puntones side. This information comes as the hydraulic system electrical ca or pneumatic causing angular movement 5th inclination for both sides. (Figure 4). Figure 4. Automaton lateral fluctuation. Description a moof example of New Holland hydropneumatic system. 1) Hydropneumatic compensator, 2) Hydraulic control, 3) Valve electro air, 4) Pneumatic Actuator 5) Quick couplings, 6) Cylinder hydraulic actuator, 7) Pneumatic ball valve where you take the terrain information relative to the head. nent ation between and by n proby heights s by ando the veregulated flexita the and the and tratant reindeer, dinaStatistics worship sibilirecording head Uma
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take tered Cuand forces Cuand head Stomach

Entertainment manen Figur than with co, 3) Electronic recording head Valve Knob Bar Due head loose consid this tr The bar that Another accessory that helps usually copy the field and preserve the integrity of the head and hydraulic system co Lift is a hydropneumatic device that is coupled pla hydraulic lift system of the head, with the purity to terminate rigidity circuit (Figure 5). 18 Figure 5. Hydropneumatic device to remove the circuit stiffness Hydraulic combine, allowing more efficient copied harvester head, as well as preserve the life of the hydraulic system and head. Another important development is the automatic control of heights ra head, which allows the driver to decouple the operation head up or down according to the irrelarities terrain, allowing a maximum APROVEchamiento range of flexible run (approximately mind 14 cm), to automatically keep the midpoint of its path (Figure 6). Given the uneven terrain or movement against lateral and longitudinal cough combine the flexible changes from a slope close to zero "0" (dead centertop), an exaggerated slope (lower dead point rior), Figure 6 B and C. Faced with these changes the hydraulic system reacts Figure 6. Range Flexible path
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19 taking information through mechanical sensors ubitered in skates flexible. When the runners sink into the ground, the floor sensor and forces the head will too. When a sensor goes da skate reverse order and head up automatically. Thus, the operator must monitor the operation only tion of the machine, without having to be operating perpermanently lift mechanism (Figure 7). Figure 7. Functional diagram of the electrohydraulic system automatic height control. 1) Cutting Bar, 2) mechanical Sensor co 3) Skate support; 4) transmitted bar 5) Controller electronic proximity; 6) Hydraulic cylinder lifting carecording head; 7) Head, 8) solenoid valve; 9) Hydraulic Pump; 10) Manual valve head height control; 11) Battery; 12) Knob selection of operating mode (manual or automatic). Cutting Bar Because 70% of the losses are caused by the head, of which 40% are due to shattering and pod loose, mainly caused by the cutting bar is considered appropriate to devote a special treatment this work. The cutter bar is the main element of the head, and Soybean plant that has a high susceptibility to Carreno Rauland couFinalicircuit ia rvar heights of the s irroveadaat while exible rto sulower vides

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The cu tion action against Getting Better For m good press Ab wear bracio All sit specified tions The cu cogwheels the TraR going very maturity there to the two qu etc. et char p the safety blades I parallel In short Whooping? knife a ro salt to inte 20 shelling during the time of cutting, the fibrous stem and low cutting height, producing lateral movements and haforwardly, causing friction between plants and Permeasures for pod shattering and spalling. In the country one of the systems used alternative is cutting do 3 "x 3", which takes a cut acceptable, has good resisI tance to breakage and low maintenance, because cutting forces are diminished by alternating in the position of the placement of the knives on the bar

court. After the appearance in 1996 of RR soybeans, which constituted the disappearance of weed growing Soja, the trend of five 90/95 by cutting alterwave 3 "x 3" reverted to the present wrought punton ta better agronomic work the alternate cut of the Figure 8 A and B Figure 8
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Blades should be sharp, and proper regulation tion of the press blade clamps, to ensure the free drive off and prevent the blade counterblade, causing poor cutting with Accordingly shattering loss (Figure 8). To keep the edges of the blade and counter blade in good cutting conditions should be regulated the clamps Press blades with a 1 mm. (Figure 8A). Good regulation and maintenance of the plates wear allows the cutting work without vivibrations. (Figure 8A). All of these bar components are pre-cut set design features and quality of materials very particular, as well as be in optimal conditions tions maintenance. The blades need to Soja parts to lose toothing court granted a no-slip at Encon TraR of the contrafilo punton. The frequency of replacement is highly variable and depends on several factors, including the mamaturity and stem diameter of soybean, stones and logs existing on the lot, how to work flexible when input to the earth mounds and caves hairdressing two ground cause income to the cutter bar, etc. etc. It also affects the parts of the fact-sewn char by rows, or to 30 to the seed, in the second case the wear is distributed across all cublades and not as timely harvest occurs when paparallel to the rows. Summarising when it is convenient Replace-A Cure Whooping? When this lost part of the teeth of the edge, if the blade is a very hard material wears less pero more easily onto the teeth, ideally a punto intermediate hardness of the blade. 21 and so

and ha and Perernaresisthat elderly rra of or that vo of alteressential of the

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Figur pa In the p duce or and to you dec Princip so ang In the F over no late Chopping qu The men knife a accel of such ce. Figur plant Importance of the edge and the braking system in court Shear Soybean stem is very hard for the high percentage of cellulose sa containing, causing premature wear of blade sections. The alternative court system only makes the cut stem shear, which is why it is important that the blade this fiand the braking system (teeth), so that the cutting proI duzca without slip, preventing movement of the plant shelling with increased (Fig. 9 and 10). 22

Figure 9. Court without slipperylation: knives and guardas toothed system braking, the plant do not receive Scrolling be advancing the harvester dora. Figure 10. Court with resoverspeed by absence the toothed blade and guards, plant increMint movement theorich cut its index. Tilt the stems during the cutting process It can be seen that the inclination of the stems located side, is much higher in the conventional cutter bar tion (even at low power levels), (Figure 11). A tilt of the stems, especially when short at low altitude, produces excessive churning of plants, causing additional losses rubbing tion between them. It also increases the tendency to roll forwardly you bar cutting, cutting the stems at higher altitudes Real losing in some cases stem, branches and pods. Figure 11. Lateral movement of the floor with three cutting system x "conventional" 3.
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23 Figure 12. Lateral movement of the plant with the cutting narrow passage 1.5 x 1.5 ". In practice, the cutting system using 1.5 x 1.5 "proproduces less movement laterally plants and forward in time to cut, with the consequent will reduce losses. Principle of operation of the cutter bar paso narrow for a cut at low altitude In Figure 13 the differences between the observed system more cutting regarding the movement of the stem in the plano side. In the lowest cutting height is shown the great advanadvantage that represents the cutting bar narrow passage. The slightest movement of the stem at the same rate of blades and the same cutting height is: a) less acceleration b) less broken grains c) less real height

stem to the same cutting height d) advance faster ce. Figure 13. effect of cutting height on the lateral inclination of the plants for two court systems evaluated: 3 x 3 "and 1.5 x 1.5". rte eluloro and stem nte fiand proplant ed to nven11). do it to the rubfrontheight rte 3
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4) Perm ce of l Missed Sistem recom The system diciona lateral tamien meshing. The system greater level SPEED sistem There of cor machines signal. The large superi gosto 1 was ad

com fared front char d of the argent A so In figure 14 between A and B can be seen the increase moving the plant to lower the cutting height to one system 3 "x 3". Between B and C the same, but from 2 cutting systems 1.5 "x 1.5" and 3 "x 3". 24 Figure 14. Comparison between the two court systems. In Figures 11 and 12 can be seen lateral movement ral stem, showing the great advantage of the system coryou narrow passage on the lateral movement of the stem, mainly when the bar works at low altitude, lowereven do the actual height of the stem, reducing losses by cutting height and decreased movement of the plant. Advantages of the narrow passage cut 1) Less lateral movement of the plants at the time cutting any speed. 2) Low tilt forward plants, princimarily in over 6 km / h. 3) Decrease of the ground motion at the time of cutting, less acceleration and friction between them. This reduces shattering losses with lower bar cutting.
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25 4) Increase the maximum speed limit of advance Combine ce by 25% while maintaining the levels of losses cutterbar. Cutting System 1.5 "x 1.5". Conclusions and recommendations The cutting bar system exceeds the narrow passage work conditional because it produces a cut with less motion lateral and anteroposterior plant, reducing coldtreatment including consequential losses and desmeshing. The court system can work to narrow pass mahigher speed with the same loss rate or to the same

speed with lower losses than the cutter bar Traditional system. There in the Argentine market manufacturers of these bars cutting and harvesting plants that fit their macutting machines with system 1.5 "x 1.5" as opsignal. The big question is how after 12 years of proven agronomic superiority step cutting system angosto 1.5 "x 1.5" on 3 "x 3" traditional yet Argentina was adopted. The answers that explain such market behavior are varied, but the main they were motivated by frequent mechanical break to the presence of woody weeds in the batch-cose char during the 90 'to 95', before the widespread Soybeans and the RR weeding today holds Argentina with 99% of RR soybeans. One solution is to place Puntones 1.5 inch secent for etween two lateand corstem ajanYou measures of the ent rincito the them. bar
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efficiency the veil or Figure rrido d Height The development tra cuc two carry ava

East that Adelan produ Figur wrong. 26 tions 3 inch blade thus achieved significant benefit without the risk of breakage blades. Development in agricultural mechanization, SECTION sewcha, must accompany and timely developments in developing genetic varieties have shown modern crop. Thus progress in capacity work, which includes higher engine capacity, large widths and copying systems work the land and cut more efficient, are the line that developed followres of agricultural machinery. Referring to Figure 15, it is important to make a cleartion that this system can work with Puntones 1.5 "blade and 3" but can not work cuchiTthe 1.5 "and Puntones 3", given the mismatch dead center of the path of the cutter bar. In 2003, the company launched John Deere a new series of flexible heads, called "Hydraflex F 600 series." They exhibit several improved ras techniques over previous models in this company, improvements that can be found on your system ma leveling in their turnstiles with memories electronic, over his broad work, etc.. One of innovations in these heads was the launch of a new blade design, we name this punas an alternative to the traditional system improvement 3 "x 3". This new design features of John Deere knives 2 ", which are bored in your body to give the whole lower weight, as seen in FIG Figure 16. The Puntones are 2 "step, therefore, comby combining these Puntones guards 2 ", with blades 2 ", a doubling of the cut and an increase is achieved Figure 15. cutting system I 1.5 x 1.5 inches
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27 same efficiency (enabling a theoretical increase forward speed of the machine during harvest), losses or less equal speed. Figure 16. Vista designs cutting bar 2 "x 2" rectravel of 3.5 "(600 series heads). Source: John Deere company. Ideal cutting height The theoretical development of the alternative system (blade and withtra blade), indicates that for shear rates used two soybean harvest, the cutting bar makes a implant bearing displacement in the same direction advance of the combine. This shift may increase the losses due to that in the cutting process, the ground moves forward and strikes the next in the same row producing shelling (Figure 17). Figure 17. Shift the ground for a rate cut norwrong. achieved ra sewng in ades capacity ndes court opedcleartones uchience I rcado ed improved this systems orias na to the and punional those arle to the ficom-

those of the
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Recom worked 1) No low, pla At some pods by fro Best Quality not here 2) Ma To re das not 3) Man OD gives the c mome 21). 4) Other Whooping s The go While Running Figur What affects the cutting height? For the same displacement rate cut is contant. Lowering the cutting height, the plant increases the inclination nation, acceleration and friction between plants not cut, resulting in increased shelling (Figura 18 A). In the second case (Figure 18 B), the movement of the planta is smaller, reducing shattering, which is the factor most important head losses. This indicates whether to sacrifice some pods cutting height, avoiding further loss by rubbing tion between plants. As the direction of movement of the plant is equal to Combine advance (Figure 19), there are few positive bilities that shattering is picked up by the punt head (Figure 19). Figure 18. Effects of dif-

ent cutting heights soinclination of bre plants, for the same rate cut. 28 Figure 19. beans falling out of the pan head Instead, the windlass, which also causes rubbing and threshing, the grain gives an opposite direction to advance of the combine, with great potential for fall within the catchment area of the head. (Figure 20).
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General recommendations to streamline the work cutterbar 1) No lowering cut below the pods more low, because the losses are increased by rubbing Plant. In some situations it is desirable to sacrifice some pods by cutting height, avoiding excessive shattering rub. The best bar is not one that cut lower if shortnot one that has lower loss. 2) Hold the toothed edge and the original blade. To make a good cut with minor losses, guardas should be free of cracks or wear. 3) Keep the right gear control mando the cutting bar. This is achieved by making coingives the center of the blade with the center of the guard, in the neutral point of the control system. (Figure 21). 4) Another factor to consider is the riveting of the cuchilla on the strip. Blows to the riveting process causes the elongation treatment of the cutter strip. 29 Figure 20. effect on shattering reel. Figure 21. adjusted Success you cutting cycle coincidence point Deaths bar (centro blade with the centro of punton). cons-

inclined tas not (Figplanr s by rubl at position ea ent at is igure

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2) Incl Incl 1 and A Table Figur OD Regulates In est low to Cuand mint nete d Figur This causes a gap to occur at the location of them and to compensate for this difference, we suggest the blade path is 3.3 "(84 mm) in place 3 "(76 mm) (Figure 22). Another solution is the use of screws with nuts hinder selfing instead of rivets, for securing the blades to the bar, this solution is already adapted for 100% of the manufacturers because it avoids harvesting tees lengthen the strap holder cublades and avoid taking the bar to change blades You damaged. 30 Figure 22. diagram mosstrating the path of the blades and their distances

you advised. Regulations reel Possible regulation of a reel are: 1) Position: A) Horizontal: forward and backward. B) Vertical: up and down. 2) Tilt the teeth A) to combine B) into the culture 3) speed 1) Position the windlass A) Horizontal For cultures of normal height without tipping, it is advised that reel shaft remain displaced about 10 to 20 cm front of the cutter bar (Figure 23). B) Vertical For a normal soybean crop height without tipping the tip I ta tooth must enter the culture about up to half the height of the plants (Figure 24). Figure 23. regulation hozontal. Figure 24. regulation ververtical
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2) Tilt the teeth The inclination angle of the teeth shown in the Table 1 and in Figure 25. 31 STATE CROP Alturasuperioralanormal Alturanormal Dump POSITION OF TEETH Levementehaciaelcultivo Vertical Levementehacialacosechadora Table 1. Angling teeth Figure 25. teeth position reel according to thisdo crop Regulation of the dumps Cultivator teeth In these culture conditions the windlass should work low, front teeth and laid back. When harvested in the same direction of roll must au-

mented harvesting speed up index mills nete 1.5 (Figure 26). Figure 26. regulation windlass dumps crops. ng nseja place enantiomeric bar, ricanta-cu Hillas efore: that m punentity
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Abacus Figur For the to Trave Ejemp dora (8 cross ferent From to e can the Poster the TraR Sint ce of m 48.2 vu Ind the c 32 Rotation speed A suitable rotational speed is one that allow you achieve proper fulcrum of the plant in the motion cutting and uniform delivery of material shortdo the worm without producing excessive agitamientos that provothe shattering volley or plants. There is a relationship between the tangential velocity of the mills

nete and the forward speed of the combine, called nsaid vane (IM). () () sec m sec m Hadora Co the of advance of Speed Whirligig of Tangential Speed IM sec = This index can be verified by counting the revolutions / minute reel, measuring the radius (m), (Figure 27), the speed ing forward Combine (m / s) and at the ABAco reel index (Figure 28). When the forward speed of the combine and the velotangential reel capacity are equal, this index da 1 (One). Returns / minute = are determined with account turns and cropressure gauge, a tachometer, or counting the laps which gives the reel at a given time. Figure 27. Determination the radius of the reel.
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33 Abacus to calculate index windlass Figure 28. abacus to calculate index windlass To achieve the desired rate can reel guide through Figure 28. Example, knowing the ground speed of the harvester dora (8 km / h), climb vertically on the abacus to cross the lines inclined to the left, indicating the di-

ferent indices reel (1.25). From the intersection point is horizontally inclined to find the right lines, which indican the different diameters of the turnstiles (1.1 m). Later, descend vertically to EnconTraR the corresponding rpm (48.2). Briefly, for a forward speed 8 km / h, an indice twirl 1.25 and 1.1 m in diameter, are 48.2 rev / min. Rates depend windlass recommended for Soybean of culture conditions (Table 2). hermitage l moshortrovomolida nI inuto elociAbaveloda 1 and croEltas
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Figur cabin riacio Figur mo Holdings tion d Secha 34 Culture conditions IM Description Tall, erect and in good stand plant 1.15 15% faster than the forward speed Low, stand erect and Regular plants

1.30 30% faster than the forward speed Normal and erect Height 1.25 25% faster than the forward speed Rollover in sense cross sowing 1.35 35% faster than the speed of advance Overturned in the direction of the sowing. 1.05 5% faster than the speed of advance when Overturning harvest sense otherwise. 1.50 50% faster than the speed of advance when harvested in the same direction of roll. 100% of the machines made in the USA count in Today hydrostatic continuous variable transmission nua forward speed of the harvester and turns of the reel. In this national harvester equipment is optional for some years now. As culture conditions can change in a same run, you need to change the speed of advance ce combine and reel. To achieve stepless speed mills nete, the combine must be equipped with a variable hydraulic, electrical, mechanical or hydrostatic control co, with regulation from the command post to achieve rapid response of the settings. To facilitate this operation on the market provisions tive electronics capable of maintaining Index Windlass constant against changes in the speed of forward (Figures 29 and 30). In Argentina the signature "Sensor" desa few years ago, this type of development provides for innational industry harvester with a modern valve the 'electro' which has the particularity vary the flow rate at constant pressure hydraulic ca, both the drive motor and the reel-retor no, this in order to maintain constant torque reel hydraulic motor and also avoid the generation of heat to the hydraulic circuit. Table 2. reel index for different culture conditions Technological advances in turnstiles

Page 37

35 Figure 29. Detailed regulation index from the reel cab. The IM is kept constant automatically by vavariations of the forward speed of the combine. Figure 30. Der. controls reel from the cabin (1) index windlass, (2) speed automatic or manual windlass (3) horizontal reel. Left: Schematic showing the position tion of the mechanisms that control the pinwheel on a costandard harvester. in the contiof the s this na advanced moliiador statiachieve sposiand of ad of "Desthe inAlvuad of Raulretortee nerative
Page 38

multifu tar one tion p an Any-to cos Moline low v The crop very ba

Being c plant bre the c this oc This lim mint that provoc among h First and modified Place plus Ferrer's Cuand are placed load 36 These mechanisms allow once the machine ista working and once the system is selected automatic control index reel (Item 2, Figure 30), select a reel index suitable to the condition of the crop (Item 1, Figure 30). After selecting the This reel index is automatically maintained even to changes in the feed rate of the sewchadora. Note: automatic systems for speed ing vane must be recalibrated when changing Wheel size or type of head. Different regulations and vertical speed and horizontally according to the culture conditions, we indicate the need in the cockpit with a hydraulic control with levers well marked that allow for continuous variation of the principal regulations reel: vertical position cal / horizontal and rotational speed (Figure 29). One of the improvements that the American company John Deere incorporated in 2003 when it launched its newHe laughs flexible heads "Hydra" was the windlass with programmable memory is electronically controlled you from the cab by the operator. This gives the possibility to user of the machine to give the reel features position and rate of reel three times disred, this means that for example you can program Memory 1 to sea growing conditions of the hill, then program memory 2 to the culture conditions

tive low and let the memory 3 to give you the speed and reel position necessary to avoid losses by cothe machine when the head rotates. Memory 3 activated when the key head height in HEADERras. Lowering the head again takes on a selfmatic to the previous report. These three reports are changed from joystick
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37 multifunction cockpit combine with only appreciable ing a button when the combine harvester working in every situation tion owners (Figure 30). This equipment is no more a development of hard and software that can be adapted any domestic machine having hydraulic controls cos reel governed by electro valves. Figure 30. Lever "Command touch" mulfunction meter. A) memory program control mable, B) Control windlass, C) Control head, D) Stop Emergency E) Rotation unloading auger, F) Endless coupling, G) Warning Light para auger operation ment. Winch adapted to soybean harvest Soybean low volume The soybean crop can reach at harvest with plant height very low and very close to the ground pods. When harvested with a floating flexible cutting bar, the plant must climb a small slope and glide sobre veneer flexible. In normal culture conditions this occurs for help reel teeth. This limitation on the minimum height produces a lack of food mentation by the windlass, mainly due small plants to escape between teeth causing the loss of whole plants for space between crop rows. In this situation different alternatives tested modifications, the most desirable as follows:

Place a rubber band 35 cm wide and 10 cm longer than the tip of the tooth reel to baFerrer plants that could fall between rows. When harvest rows, 9 rows a head 9 straps placed helically, not overReel load bars (Figure 31 and 32). is naautofigure ondiado the Attica sewelocimbia rtical I inction s well continuous vertical John will benetes menad to Statistics s disograhill and culity and or coto 3 beceautoando
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Figur cosec low v 2004. In re

tas of of colo two tip the des Kit d cial tooth (Figure Under the principle of placing alternating paddles on the mills nete tested by INTA, a manufacturer of Rio III, develment one commercial kit whose advantage lies in the ease of placement and removal of the winch, to adapt the reel in a few minutes and remove batch problems in normal batch. The Efficiency Project Harvest and Postharvest Grain in 2004 took place in the province of Crdoba, one evaluation returns this test kit paddle developing gums commercially built (Figure 32) placed in the millnete a flexible / floating head soybean latest generation ration, the assay was performed in a soybean crop profarm water stress and an average yield of 1000 kg / ha (Figure 33 and 34). We worked dividing a conventional reel, placedole to one half pallets kit gums and other half I leave work normally (Figure 33). The results show that the average head losses, when it served as conventional, was 164 kg / ha, whereas when winch kit work with rubber paddles losses were reduced to only 56 kg / ha (Figure 34), with 108 kg / ha the difference by working kit. 38 Figure 31. straps small Soybean plants when coSecha parallel to the rows (Scheme). Figure 32. Leashes Soybean plants smallsized (Vista) with kit Loading and Unloading in forQuick ma "System Cobra ". Figure 33. Vista Kit rubber strips Cobra placed in the coharvester evaluated.

Page 41

39 Figure 34. Comparison value of head losses in Soybean harvest with and without the kit rubber blades soybeans low-volume plant. Source: Bragachini et al. INTA Manfredi 2004. Regarding the problem of collecting planSoy tas low volume, there are the option placing the reel teeth combine modified two vane type as seen in Figure 35, these padeveloped in the USA. UU. fulfill a similar function the rubber paddle kit. The number of these teeth special tions to place depends on the width and spacing Original reel teeth and crop need (Figure 35). Figure 35. tooth modified type "palette" pacollecting ra Soybeans low volume vegetative. Source: EE. UU. molideveloping ad of tar the I aerlo nitrofurans to a developing moligenen proio ocanand 33). io orm do the You measures kg / ha coPage 42

ma form you perm zone c mint It seems Argent mejen Figur amer and B = approached tion Figur ssue In the f tion of such Ree 40 Orbital windlass As is known, the one-way turnstile, finger parallel those with large diameter tapered fingers and plastic design, has good mechanical and agronomic performance in soybean, especially when soybean growth is lush vegetative treatment, as are soybeans grupo long maturity intermediate 5.5, 6, 7 and up to 8, or, soybeans crop plants having more than 90 cm height with large branching. However, the genetics of soybeans was changing in Argentina towards shorter maturity groups, with lower growth vegetative treatment, lower height at harvest, that is, a planta harder accompanied by the windlass, and harder still effectively cover the dead space between the nonand finally the windlass. This feed desuniformiza carecording head, and thus filling the combine, the fedtion to organ harvesting, usually occurs as tight buns and are shattering, this is detrimental to the efficiency of threshing (mechanical damage grain) and also affects the system capacity threshing separation and cleaning of the combine. Given this problem in the United States, soybean country exexcellence, where soybeans and maturity group's longgas seeded group are 3.5, with detachment enmost common between 38 cm planting, as windrows soybeans to coSecha with average body heights 80 and 90 cm, and in some

cases less, and in which tolerance of loss is very low, head the new developments point to solve aforementioned problems, such as the development of orbital windlass. This reel of American origin with orbital motion teeth, is designed with larger diameter, 6-spoke with plastic conical teeth, the big news is in the forFigure 36. Detail operation Conventional reel and the problem of food tation due to blind zone of accumulation training.
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41 ma in and out of the tooth, having eccentric to special way that gives a variable course, which, allows you to get closer to the host, thereby eliminating the blind spot of traditional reel, causing food more uniform and harvester head supply. Appears to be an interesting solution to assess Argentina, since our group soybeans short-ase mejen the U.S. Figures 37. orbital Detail windlass "Orbit Reel" source american. A = Detail of the way and out of the tooth, and B = Modification of eccentric or guide the tooth to allow the reel closer to the head, eliminating the accumulated area relationship. HCC, Inc. - www.hccincorporated.com Figure 38. Comparison between the orbital windlass and winch work conditional. In Figure 38 we can clearly observe the differences tion of travel of the tooth between the orbital reel ("Orbisuch Reel ") and a standard reel. aralenico, monkey growth and groupis, m ntina growth

plandifficult the nothe caenta; This ico to threshing or exlar oreor ina coabout low, ar the developing rbital yos and the forPage 44

tooth The symphysis diameter so e While niente maner lezas and notion ca ralela d observ Figur court tas of with so I1 The veil to rel step provoc In order to dor (b host two

To re pa He POSITION focuses The reco ma salt not mint The auger head is another cause of shattering or Permeasure of grain. Its operation is associated with two moalmost opposite movements: the reel bearing material back and the endless self wearing it sideways. An efficient worm should avoid shattering moving the mamaterial of the cutter bar quickly to avoid cutting repetido plants by Blades. The lateral transfer material cut made by the nonAnyway, have to do it evenly, and smooth the upright plant to prevent shattering, resulting Grain returns in central part of the head. The plant must only change position in the central part tral, which is taken by the willing retractable fingers parallel or helically (new trend) (Figurera 39). Sinfin 42 Figure 39. Example endless head and standard sizes. The latest trends in diameter augers for culSoy tive drum diameter is 400 mm and wings 130 mm, thus giving an external diameter of 660 mm, detwo retractable along its length, with its retractable fingers middle and arranged in straight lines with 4
Page 45

43 teeth arranged at 90. The host must have a dimension of not less than 400 mm drum diameter, 100 mm height and wall turns so of turns of 500 mm. (Figure 40). Although once thought to be more conve-layout niente tooth helical auger was for this avoid whatever way possible winding malezas at the entrance of feederhouse, at present this idea to change and is considered the best available paralela tooth auger and four rows, as

seen in Figure 41 and 42. Figure 41. Disposition of the retractable fingers worm seen in lateral cut. Left: new layout with four rows rectas retractable fingers, 4 planes to 90 . Right: previous design with only two rows of helically arranged retractable fingers I at 180. Figure 42. worm Vista with retractable fingers displaced in parallel form the four planes 90 , where he also destacan plastic fingers optional steel co. Figure 43. A) Correct reregulation of the teeth reauger in contractile feeding part, B) Distance between the host and tray, C) Location remove the sheet withoutfinally or retention. The auger speed should be well regulated and guarprovide direct relation to the speed of advance and with the pitch and diameter of the coils. Overspeeding causes grain shattering and fall out of the tray. To achieve good power threshing cylinder dor (beater bar) should prolong the turns of auger 250 mm on both sides of the feederhouse (Figure 39). To make a good supply of no return, the chapa remove or trimmer must be placed in a very close to the endless position below the part feederhouse central drum (Figure 43). The route of the retractable fingers of your maximum ma salience, should exceed 40 mm outer diameter not auger. Thus is achieved a proper food mentation of the carrier (Figure 43). or Pers momattnte. l marte rethe noon the lowing

centhese (Figstandard. the culthose , Dein its Ace

Page 46

The acar auger and For u should t us his bocad 45). The ac case q of colo ro the re mint bad work of the c The cad bar m Adem enter (Figure Acarre The pu perfec vo without tegien The me We yr It is with Point 44 During tests conducted by INTA has been deshown the desirability of augers have with retractable fingers across the width of the head. When an auger with retractable fingers used to its

width, better produced and more even power Combine the teeth are more efficient for guide to avoiding the endless drive material alternative and inefficient reel. In heads with augers finger across its width (Figure 4a), the reel is required to a lesser extent, or is that same power efficiency can achieved with a windlass under v / min, with higher and more out, ie work with very low windlass aggression, achieving lower losses and higher efficiency ing power in the uniformity of the combine. These augers also outperform conventional in sidump crop situations. Trends in soybean augers for heads Figure 44. auger with retractable fingers across its width
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45 The carrier serves to make the material auger and take it to the threshing area. For proper cylinder feeding the carrier should work smoothly and evenly, without return of graus loose, causing the drop of grain against emBocador that run off the pan head (Figure 45). Auxin chains are most appropriate. In the If problems arise grains can return placed a curtain at the entrance of feederhouse pero return bead is usually due to poor food mentation feederhouse the threshing cylinder or a despajador bad job of that straw does not get it desof the cylinder and this returns it to the carrier (Figure 46). The chain carrier must have a voltage such that the slightly lower bar touches the bottom of feederhouse. Moreover, it is advisable to place a baffle between the two chains to prevent rolling of the material (Figure 47). Carrier Figure 45. Packer tines Figure 46. Curtain prevent the return of grawe. Figure 47. chain carrier

The lateral head of the soybean Puntones be separated perfectly the last row to cut the rest of the cultivo, without producing bindings, or shattering losses, protegiendo the head drive mechanism. Top side are those who are Puntones liviaus and adjustable. (Figure 48 and 49). It is desirable that the floating movement is as Puntones side of the head (dividers) orn with do your ion for alterncho way, or ith a and and low iciendora. in ifPage 48

The look science cau ava Feel bocad and all You padas den one finally. This is tion po tre otr While two p adapted porand Recent jar the v best Figur

na 46 I parallel to the ground as possible, aided by a compression spring compensation to neutralize its weight. The lateral punton law that always works on the parharvested is advisable do not design it very fiAcute and not separating plants without producing unforne (Figure 48). In current machines, the trend is to design head it increasingly lighter to take this decrease tion with a higher weight width work. This is obtained by reserve the tendency to produce side Puntones in plastics tico and increasingly narrow, with an ultralight design, com is observed in Figure 49 and 50. Figure 48. Punton lateral constitution or li-divider Viana and adjustable. Figure 49. pun-View ton right side Figure 50. Puntones plastics side with new design. Note the ultralight design thereof, as well also its low dimensions. These heads called FLEX lack DRAPER HEADERS endless supply, possess a flexible cutterbar stable and can function in soybeans are also articulated in To 3 sensors, 1 center and 2 side, which are supported by double-wheel suspension, which allows you to copy the macro uneven terrain (Figure 51). Technological advances in head Headers soy wide web work with fedtion by tarps (no host)
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47 The advantages of this type of head are given by the effectiveFeed Science and uniformity by tarpaulins rubber 2 side that rotate transversely to forward and central feeder which rotates in the same Direction of travel of the harvester, feeding the emBocador uniformly without rolls and plants all in the same direction, in wheat harvesters equipadas with this type of head as manufacturers ringive 15% more than those fed with non-head finally. It is important to clarify that the heads with fed-

tion by tarpaulins, also have the JD, AGCO, Laberda enamong others, both in EE. UU. and Europe. While this type of canvas heads were designed rigid two for wheat (AGCO, JD, Case / NH), the people of NH Case adapted such spindles the soybean crop, incorporating the flexible rod and wheel articulation, meI reciendo be evaluated in Argentina, because it would bajar forward speed of the combine and feed better the axial rotor. Figure 51. Schematic operation at powerna 40 foot head, articulated and flexible. comparuy fiesgraheadminutes is obtained plastics or covo pray flexiyears in as for opy entaPage 50

double putting control of These c double ac Figure lla ys and dob levels Windmills only focuses (F) In

48 Figure 52. Closeup of NH and Case combines with head plies 36 and 40 foot cutting width respectively, also wheels that support and guide the lateral articular observed sides. In recent photos the double pinwheel design is appreciated Built-orbital series. Figure 53. Spindle CASE powered by tarps working in the cultivation of soybeans, observe how they are moved plants hatowards the feederhouse, which feeds the cylinder so uniform me without buns or shattering. Another new heads wide web work for food To intend combines large capacity for soybeans, the conlast amended by Class / Cat 40 head footing with frameworks single, sustained by hydraulic system feederhouse Nuevoscabezalesflexiblestradicionalesde40piedeancho
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49 Double acting center closed high speed response put up by the sensors and selfheight control. These heads have flexible dual blade, Double Auger, double reel, ie, all 20 foot double head on a 40 foot wide. A B C D E F Figure 54. (A) Combine CAT / Claas 516 HP tri-system lla and hybrid separation. Mega Trilla conventional accelerator and double axial rotor separation. Flexible head, floating selfleveling of new generation. (B) Lateral head with dual winch, dual blade and dual auger mounted on a frame only 40 feet wide. (C) Detail of the dual blade part Central superimposed. (D and E) Detail 20 foot double pinwheel. (F) Detail of Double Auger with central bench. l of also icuEno do s ha-

rali-ra consstidor ico ncho

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slig relief skid Fencing Figur the pen - Indic view d - Punt court well pu that of die produz plant - The system Tadic Motion at a out of SPEED either the system 50 When harvest heads work great width and These heads have no mechanical parts or friction copriate soil surface, such as head soy wherein the flexible floating head is glued to sueit is difficult to maintain a level head, therefore to solve this problem, the new trend is sensors use the same boot-self-leveling today lion of self-propelled sprayers (sensors ultrasnicos) which placed 1 inch at each end of head, instantly read the height difference inbetween both ends of the head, by maintaining constant electro orders or cutting height

well facilitate leveling it (Figure 55). New ultrasonic sensors for self leveling head Figure 55. Outline Ultrasonic sensor positioned ed at both ends a large head working width. Source: www.norac.ca - Cutting width that allows you to maximize the working capacity of the combine in yields normal, but not exceeding 7.5 km / h speed advance. - Separators side floating, narrow, sharp, Lightweight and adjustable as possible. - Flexible should be long and not less than 450 mm, for its variation between top and bottom dead center no exaggerate the slope. A high slope retards rise plants necessitating increased aggressiveness reel, increasing losses shattering (Figure 56). The runners must support the General Considerations for an equipment right of a soy head (Summary)
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51 enough to the ground to capture micro and macro reliefs without binding. The new trend indicates that Skates must submit a copy center as close as possible to the cutting bar. Figure 56. Comparison of long and short flexible regarding pending. - Position indication of flexible floating toolbar to view of the operator. - Puntones blade sections and high efficiency cut (Puntones 1.5 "sections of 3 inches or While sections Puntones and 1.5 inches). It is important submit the blades sharp, and a braking system Tooth (sawn) for cutting the stalk I landslides occur without preventing movements increased shelling plant. - The cutting of narrow pass (1.5 ") exceeds the traditional because it produces a cut with less plant movement in lateral and longitudinal directions

to advance, reducing friction and losses by shelling. This system allows you to work at higher speed (2 km / h) with the same loss rate, or While at the same speed but with the lowest losses the conventional system. Also appears interezante the bor and co-eo recording head sue-l so cia is bootis ulor ra ena program of rte or of the mo ents d of Udo, To ior not the rda to the s by what ar
Page 54

light prefer easy in 6 blade diameter should cosech recom similar placed avoid - The pu return moline

If we gather C that pe inferio S all s E between Dead articul only 58). Figur Parallel 52 new cutting system John Deere 2 "x 2" 3,5 path ". - Auger with an outer diameter of 600 mm (where possible 660 mm), a drum diameter not less than 400 mm, retractable teeth in its central part and around the long worm (ideal for Soja fall). - Automatic Header Height Control, adjustable from the cab (hydraulic ripper, electro-hydraulic or pneumohydraulic). Detaches the operator to raise or lower The head according to the field, allowing a maximum Flexible use of path (About 140 mm), to keep it in shape automatically at their average levels. - Leveling system automatic lateral fluctuation copying improves ground, allowing inclination of 5 degrees for both sides. This equipment is essential to work as efficient harvesting over 5.6 m width macro head and land with pronounced relief. - The cutting height should be slightly below the lower pods, cut down unnecessarily increases losses. In some cases it is preferable to sacrifice some pods by cutting height, which cause shattering by rubbing. The best cutter bar is not cutting lower but causing minor losses. - Windlass unidirectional plastic conical teeth and

uniformly variable angle, for gentle treatment and crop. - The reel should have the following characteristics: a)
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53 Lightweight and durable b) in soybeans are highly developed Preferable 5 blades in place of 6, because they allow easy entry and exit of material; Normally those Soybeans 6 blades cleaned the bar with less speed, c) more recommended diameter is 1100 mm, d) rays should be closed and not match the rows harvesting e) in case it has steel spikes are recommended to cover the spring with a pipe or polyethylene Similarly, if harvest underperforming Soja placing rubber blades sweep the cutter bar avoiding losses. - The command post should be provided with variable rev / min and height adjustment and advancement of windlass. If we stop at the floating flexible, they must have the following characteristics: Having a long, larger sheet of 450 mm., What that allows for a low slope in neutral lower. Being lightweight, soft and uniform movements their length, with roller large footprint. The angle of the cutter bar should range between 12 to 17 from the top dead center point bottom dead. This is achieved with a suitable design parallelogram linkage (Figure 57) or with an arm only with remote joint cutter bar (Figure 58). Figure 57. Flexible rod with floating hinge design type parallelogram 2 "and ossible s 400 do the lable lic or

lower aximum ible form lateral, a This form ho of the ta the gunas and by cutting ales and form as: a)
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S The great one ub mind Cualqu their quality The trill with steam fundam ity m 14% It deb design of tril Several ble in following - Sistem - Sistem - Sistem 54 - Possess pressure adjustment spring buoyancy flexible to adapt to different conditions ground, or a pneumohydraulic / active system as John Deere Hydra.

- Have pending "0" or negative in the upper dead point rior This allows for an ideal 140mm travel a minimum slope. Figure 58. cutting bar type hinge design parallel logramo single-arm and pivoting away from the cutter bar. Module Authors INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org
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55 Module 3 Threshing Systems The Soya bean has a delicate outer membrane and a location in the very particular radicle, which makes it easymind vulnerable to mechanical damage. Any damage caused during harvest watchful against quality, especially when it goes to seed. Threshing Soybean is a simple operation when working Valued desirable moisture, the seed of soybean and basically its integument resists better aggressiveness ity when mechanical threshing grain moisture exceeds 14% humidity. Avoid damaged grain through a grain good design and good regulation of the organs threshing. There are several designs of threshing and cleaning available in the world market. The three most important are the following: - Traditional system (longitudinal / tangential). - Traditional system with throttle. - Rotor system with axial flow. ad of is the as higher m with aleYou. fredi, r;
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ity and jas. For u no vo d Cuand out of ma, the separates Gerada In this it for u Any ssue that F 56 Traditional system (longitudinal / tangential) Traditional threshing system consists compocomponents seen in Figure 1. A good threshing cylinder is one that works as vowheel (high inertia), absorbing efforts threshing-score them without losing laps to specific requirements of food tation. For 1.20 m wide cylinder weight should not be less rior to 300 kg. The mixers used for Soy bars are the same as are Corn used to, but now there are new dibreasts with greater depth and spacing of blades (Figra 2) which are undesirable. The maintenance and replacement of the control rods and balanced cylinder are three aspects that must bebe considered for efficient threshing. To improve the cleanliness of the concave, when harvested Soybeans with green stems, can be set to Bars Mixers cylinder body with conical head bolts (Figure 3). These bolts protruding bars Mixers 8 to 10 mm and are intended to clean the concave, improving pasage therethrough grains. Grain moisture varies throughout the day's work low, so it is necessary to combine with count a continuous variable turns / minute cylinder in driving position that allows you to move from 12.7ta 22.3 m / s speed, according to maturity and hudisease Grain and Soybean plant. The concave most used is the one used for corn, which

has a separation between wires 12 and 16 mm, although there are newly designed concave greater depth Figure 1. Bodies trilla. (1) Cylinders (2) Concave, (3) Despajador. Figure 2. shake-Bars flush with blades larger separation and depth dad Figure 3. Bolts for fijar beater bars
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57 tion and separation of blades that would give some advanjas. For proper operation of the threshing concave vo must not be twisted, blocked or worn. When the edges of the bars are rounded concave wear lose threshing capacity. Faced with this problem ma, the operator increases the turns / min and decreases separation between cylinder and concave, causing exaGerada straw breakage and mechanical damage to grain. In this case it is advisable to rectify or replace the concavethe new one. Examples of harvesters threshing work with sistemade conditional, which can be seen in our country are named in Figure 4. Figure 4 mpoor vontuaimenlower r ue I di(Figol enerSecha ras al ra 3). 0 mm

the paand traand with at 7 haand huz, which Evenmolten

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No = num r = radi Ejemp locida Entertainment A cylinder chand Ejemp High ob Entertainment Pulley v 58 Drive around the cylinder (top operation) The motor (1) transmits the movement of three belts, conventional (2), to an intermediate shaft (3), which is oneof the CVT pulleys (Figure 5). The latter (3) transmits power at high speed towards the other variator pulley via a belt variable dora (4) large. Thereby said belt (4), is not affected by the great efforts, reducing the possibility of skating. Secured to the last variator belt pulley there is a cocommon with conventional three belts (5), which transmit reduced to the threshing cylinder (6), (Figure 5) motion. The importance of the process of threshing a system subject variation around the cylinder includes mebetter to analyze the power formula as vary the requirements of the variator pulley two regimes differcough. Figure 5. Outline continuously variable vespeed of the cylinder

intermediate shaft and little requirement for the covariator belt. (1) Motor, (2) 3-straps conventional, (3) axis inintermediary, (4) Strap variator, (5) 3 straps conventional, (6) Y the threshing cylinder accionado for 3 or 4 coconventional belts. Analysis power formula N = power F = resisting force, measured on the periphery of cylinder Vt = tangential velocity
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59 () ( ) () () min min 60 2 sec Returns sec m m r n Vt = p No = number of revolutions per minute (unitless) r = radius of cylinder () () ( ) ()

() . . 1 75 1047 ,0 .. V C sec kgm sec m r n kg F V C N = () () () () . . 716 . . V C sec kgm sec m Vt kg F V C N =

Example of two power transmission schemes vedifferent speed to display the difference of formal ment of the belt variator () () () sec m V C sec kgm Vt V C N F . . 716 . . = A cylinder of 1.20 m wide, 0.56 m in diameter, sewSoja Chando requires power from 30 to 50 hp. Example 1: This 40 hp (average) can be transmitted high or low number of revolutions / min, changing the requirements of strength for the variator belt. Variator pulley rotating at 1400 rev / min () () () () kg V C kg F sec m V C sec kg 493

58 716 . . 40 . . = = s withl is to variation or the heh. a cothe ten . n system and meI reIstinPage 62

count openness speed closed sig dor. Stomach aggression nando that no I oping to c Table Example 2 Variator pulley rotating at 700 rev / min 60 () () 29 716 ..

40 = V C kg F () () () () kg V C kg F sec m V C sec kg 5, 987 29 716 . . 40 . . = = In these examples, you can see the difference in strength redear in the variator belt when the speed is changed tangential ity without modifying the transmitted power. This new drive system eliminates the high rate mechanical problems and permits incorporation into the coArgentine sechadoras continuous variable speed ing cylinder as standard equipment without problems skating, warm up and stretch strap variations dora. Currently the market offers some harvesters us models that incorporate a speed reducer rotation of the cylinder (high and low), or whether two ranges of variation can drop below the minimum laps of the 280

RPM, which to harvest soybean seed (low hugrain disease), can be advantageous. Another use of this equipment is in harvesting Poroto where the be destined for direct human consumption to the leveltolerance of mechanical damage is very low. Basic equipment and system regulations Traditional threshing Moisture conditions, degree of maturity and enmaledisplacement, can change throughout the work day. This is necessary and indispensable to combine
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61 count in the command post, a mechanism opening and closing of the concave and continuous variation of the vespeed of the cylinder with corresponding tachometer and flag concave opening in the light of operational dor. In this way the operator has the possibility to adapt threshing aggressiveness at all times, since inspections nando straw through the straw walkers and quality of granot reaching the hopper obtains information as the trioping the combine, since it can correctDriving to (Table 1). Terms Crop Rpm cylinder Speed Cylinder (M / sec) v / min cylinder (RPM) Separation cylinder / concave (Mm) Separation Concave wires (Mm) Shale: (mm) alveoli 510 560

610 660 Forward Back Dry grain <14% moisture 12.70 475 433 400 367 25 15 12 to 16 9 to 12 Grain wet> 14% moisture 22.30 835 760 700 645 18 12 Table 1. Regulations cylinder (values). re-za elocithe na as coelociAce variation some ad of ation s 280 hu-ha so of at of tomale-

labor. worship
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Table cylinder As nico at to be This ci cosech pair without Front Car Mechanic planch contrary to Cilindr This c INTA Rafael Duran ras fre one is 10 mm The do (Cylindric 62 Beater bar: We recommend using blow bars with grooves spaced not less than 20 mm. Despajador, combs and dust sheets despajador For best performance of the threshing and separating ration, these three elements must be regulated and mantaken in its correct position. The beater despajador aims to divert and slow the flow of material from the cylinder, effecting a labor of threshing and separating additional through-pei ne, which presents different rules according to the culture conditions. For Soybean harvest is advisable to work with comb in its lowest position (point C in Figure 6). Figure 6. Despajador, despajador and comb dust cover plates. Plate (1) overall,

(2) Whisk despajador, (3) fixing points the height of the comb (4) Comb, (5) position cocorrect the despajador. Soy Cylinder conical teeth The design is exclusive to conical teeth and Soy Bean (Figure 7). The concave has 4 bars with 12 conical teeth and knowration between wires concave rectangular opening lar, is 15 x 22 mm. The length of the conical teeth of the cylinder and concave is of 55 mm. This cylinder has advantages over conventional in As for better treatment of the grain, but practically mind was allowed to use, for its impracticality of rechange to other crops and also because when the Soja this uneven ripening (green plants), threshing are deficient (Table 2). Figure 7. soy Cylinder beveloid
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63 CYLINDER TOOTH TAPER BARS Physical state grain % Healthy 81.87 93.12 % Cracked 7.50 4.25 % Broken 10.62 2.62 Power germination % 91 93 Vigor % Germination Energy 79.50 85

Accelerated aging 67.25 77.25 Table 2. Comparison between the cylinder and conical teeth cicylinder conventional bar As seen in Table 2 there is less mechanical damage nico, this cylinder being advised to harvest Soybeans seed. This impact mainly threshing cylinder and when Soybean harvest ripening unevenly, can scarce unthreshed couple more green pods. Against this, to improve threshing and reduce damage mechanical to the point, a cylinder type of teeth is advised planchuelas 45 mm long, inclined in direction withcontrary to the rotation of the cylinder (Figure 8). Cylinder type teeth planchuelas This cylinder was evaluated by the Regional Coordination Agricultural Experimental Station INTA PROPECO Rafaela (Santa Fe) in 1991. During the test cylinder was compared smoothie barflush against one type of planchuelas teeth, using separation cylinder and concave 17 mm forward and 10 mm backwards. The two cylinders were covered with the same opening (Concave cylinder), and tangential velocity (14.1 m / s). The huFigure 8. cylinder tooth type planchuelas s with Olvos separation manrenar ando l-pei to comb Soy separation angular vo is al, in Practiceand redo the rdes)

Page 66

%P % Tot Tota Total Table tooth Speed Table dro of to Table dro of to 64 grain disease was 12.9%. Both cylinders were matched in weight and placed Vassalli 316 combines two twins, harvesting in simultaneously during the assay. This type of cylinder can be converted into conventional bar, bars removing teeth and placing conventional bar without removing the cylinderdro combine, which makes it more versatile adapt quickly to the threshing corn for example. The concave is the corn with conventional separation between teeth 12 and 16 mm, plus the addition of 2 sticks 9 teeth each, located in the latter part of the condig, leaving a section of cast between the two bars of teeth (Figure 9). The cylinder rod teeth plus the added inertia the tine bars being heavier than conventional them, the factories that supplied these kits also produced vochelating to transform the traditional high inertia cylinder cia. This design was tested cylinder where evaated: 1) Efficiency threshing, separation and cleaning of ambas harvesters at 5.3 and 7 km / h, 2) Feed Rate and 3) Mechanical damage (Tables 3 to 7). Figure 9. cylinder flat teeth, and Short inclined. Note: schemes Cylinder ma

316 used Vasalli assay. CYLINDER BARS TEETH % Straw shakers 83.21 85.53 % Straw shakers 16.79 14.47 Total straw (t / h) 8.16 10.85 Total grain (t / h) 7.71 7.71 Total harvest (t / h) 15.78 18.56 17.6% Highest Table 3. Comparison between the feed rate cylinder planchuelas teeth and cylinder type conventional bar, a speed of 5.3 km / h. Source: INTA Propeco (1991).
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65 CYLINDER TEETH BAR % Straw shakers 88.69 87.87 % Straw shakers 11.32 12.12 Total straw (t / h) 12.90 12.54 Total grain (t / h) 10.18 10.18 Total harvest (t / h) 23.08 27.74

20% increase Table 4. feed rate comparison between cylinder planchuelas teeth and cylinder type conventional bar, a speed of 7 km / h. Source: INTA Propeco (1991). CYLINDER TEETH BAR Shakers: kg / ha 146 60 % 4.93 2.02 Reduced losses: 59% Zarandn: kg / ha 17 13.6 % 0.57 0.45 Reduced losses: 20% Total the tail; kg / ha 163.25 73.6 % 5.5 2.47 Reduced losses: 55% Table 5. comparison tail loss levels between cyldro planchuelas type of teeth and cylinder conventional bar, at a speed of 5.3 km / h. Source: INTA Propeco (1991). CYLINDER TEETH BAR Shakers: kg / ha 295 157.8 % 9.98 5.3 Reduced losses: 47% Zarandn: kg / ha

27.98 21.7 % 0.94 0.73 Reduced losses: 22.3% Total the tail; kg / ha 323.8 179.6 % 10.9 6.05 Reduced losses: 44.5% Table 6. Comparison of levels of tail loss between the cyldro planchuelas type of teeth and cylinder conventional bar, at a speed of 7 km / h. Source: INTA Propeco (1991). tered do in ional Ndole l cyll to ple. ation arras l conarras ing to ionan voinert evaand amation This is ayor ro a
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dor of Plus cient

type during and and May the large Summaries AC damage Sistem Other m ssue ceptib This is that zal ye mind Then are tri Figure 1 FIG CL Metalf also in (Figure 66 TEETH BAR Speed = 5.3 km / h Broken 7.97 6.33 Total Damage 24 17.00 Power germination 76.67 79.67 Speed = 7.0 km / h Broken 7.57 6.16 Total Damage 24.33 19.67 Power germination 76.33 86.00

Table 7. comparison of the quality of grain and seed between ciplanchuelas tooth cylinder type and cylinder rods conventional signal. Source: INTA Propeco. The results show that there is no interaction between the two factors (type of cylinder velocity), and singlewas significant mind cylinder type, while the feed rate has no effect on the quality ing the grain or seed. The paper concludes that the cylinder teeth-type plan chuela produced less mechanical damage occurs to the soybean and its efficiency is not influenced by the speed of advance ce. The short teeth tested cylinder has advantages with regard to the maximum capacity of the combine, para tolerable loss values tail. Combine with teeth cylinder has a larger feed rate and a significant reduction in permeasure total tail: 55% at 5.3 km / h, with a greater reducnucin shakers in losses. Besides these short cylinder and concave teeth tradition does not have the problem of loss pods badly beaten (green), which caused the tapered teeth. These cylinders present as functional impact threshing nan well when placed on combines with variable
Page 69

67 dor of turns, when the cylinder has good momentum and Combine also is regulated by an operatorcient change turns (aggressive threshing) as crop type, stage of maturity and time of work duduring the day which causes changes in grain moisture, and varying susceptibility threshing and mechanical damage the point. Summary: cylinders teeth are a type planchuelas important alternative against the need to reduce mechanical damage to grain. Traditional threshing system with throttle Other separation mechanism consists of a working cylinder ditional accelerator and rapid burn their grainsusceptible to mechanical damage. This scheme improves the traditional threshing system, since the more dry and brittle grains and be beaten inzal and the cast feederhouse are accelerated and fast-

mind, with minimal invasiveness speed without friction. After the wettest grain and resistant to deterioration are beaten with progressively more aggressive (FiFigure 10). Figure 10 shows a threshing system is original CLAAS in Argentina and incorporates the signature Metalfor. In the case of soybeans, the master cylinder can alsoalso incorporate the kit bar type teeth planchuelas (Figure 11). Figure 10. System tricall to accelerator and tailProgressive do grain. the cinciore the nicaue the to caliplanoja and advanced advantages a, ssayor and perismitraditional Ainas mechanics. nciovariation
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Figur Ind.): threshing randa Figur cylindric tidora of of captures This cylinder has some advantages over systems more cross flow because progressive makes a threshing

It decreases the mechanical damage to the grain. There are various provisions in the market and numbers Axial cylinder (Figures 12 to 16) 68 Figure 11 Threshing and separation system using rotor flux axial Figure 12. Schematic of a harvester with axial flow system (CASE Ind. EE. UU.). 1) rotor, 2) concave threshing, 3) separate concave ration 4) download despajador 5) cleaning screens, 6) turbine na cleaning, this new system has separate tailings.
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69 Figure 13. Schematic of axial flow harvester (John Deere Ind.) 1) cone input, 2) rotor, 3) blow bars, 4) concave threshing 5) concave separation, 6) despajador discharge 7) zarandas cleaning, 8) air turbine. Figure 14. Schematic of a combine threshing system with two twin axial cylinders (New Holland Ind.). 1) rotor, 2) Bar-ba tidoras 3) concave threshing, 4) separation concave 5) despajador discharge, 6) despajador tray, 7) cleaning sieve, 8) collector of stones, 9) return. systems Gresirano. Eros axial separation urbiYou.
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The prin paraci mind to 16 The trill mater and this piralad tor susceptible that

to s of the tion as u mite do the p ity of The with one efe clusive ity in One sees effect stations The cylinder dispos ada na Argent res of Figure 1 It can material and tive, in by ele 70 Figure 15. Schematic of a harvester with axial threshing system transversely to the cylinder (AGCO Ind.). 1) Feederhouse, 2) chains of the carrier, 3) Turbine, 4) driving Fins air toras 5) Auger accelerators, 6) Tray precleaning, 7) Rolls distributors, 8) chaff spreader, 9) Trap stones 10) Straw Spreader, 11) return of tailings, 12) spaced concave tion, 13) concave crossbars, 14) sector input item 15) knob cylinder, 16) window for sampling, 17) electrically adjustable from the cockpit concave. Figure 16. Schematic of a combine threshing system with flow axial (AGCO Ind.). 1) carrier, 2) Accelerator material 3) food feeder, 4) hydrostatic rotor command 5) concave separation tion, 6) threshing concave, 7) and zarandones cleaning screens, 8) turbine.
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71 The operating principle of this system and threshingcomparison is based on one or two rotors arranged normally longitudinally in mind the combine. (Figures 12

to 16). The axial threshing and separation is progressive because the material is accelerated without friction, then the friction appears and this is progressive as a trajectory ispiralada, grain can give one to seven laps in the sector threshing rotor. In this progressive threshing grains more susceptible and fragile slip immediately, while that are more resistant wet spinning to be beaten. The material passes several times over of concave gratings and its journey through the rotor. This action ensures thorough threshing and separation, and also perallows greater openness between the cylinder and concave, due do the multi-pass threshing, which results in better quality ity of grain. The cone input also produces some machines a suction effect, improving the material inlet and inclusive achieves a dust extraction, improving visibility ing in front of the combine. Once the material enters the set, is beaten by effect of friction with the moving cylinder and concave stationary. The cylinder is equipped with different configurations and provisions of the bars threshing and separation. The of good na adaptation for Soybean crop conditions in Argentina is one that consists of multiple sectors res threshing separated and arranged helically (FiFigure 17). You can vary the length of stay and cast the mamaterial in the separation zone under the terms of cultive, exchanging in this sector threshers sections by elements designed for this purpose. At the end of the roFigure 17. rotor coaxial harvester. axial ). 1) duca, 7) rocks, arato the , 17) flow ) Aliaraa, 8)

Page 74

The system cylinder c Any separates Figur Figur Figur 72 tor has some accelerator fin material to achieve a quick exit. The concave, generally three have over 150 wrap, increasing with ento the surface of threshing. (Figure 18). Concave come equipped with adjustable guides on the sector separation, in order to modify the time of the material in that area. The cleaning system part is equal to the cylinder combines with conventional tional. Although the new models of Case and New AFX Holland to increase the capacity of the combine prinmarily Soja I choose to be a concave separation larger cast, forcing the system to oversize Cleaning theme. A breakthrough in these axial systems constitutes the aution of the outer diameter of the rotor and hence the velotangential capacity in the separation zone, achieving a magreater ease and efficiency of the system (Figure 19). Figure 18. concaves Combine threshing axial (usually dispositions in three sections). Figure 19. Schematic showing axial cylinder showing consulscavos larger diameter in the separation zone (John Deere Ind.), and also note that the detail in its concave part top loses its circular shape, which improves the breathing of the material.
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73 The cleaning system is equal to combines with ciconventional cylinder. Examples of harvesting and threshing with axial separation is observed in the following figures: Figure 20.

Figure 21. Figure 22. achieve entity on isat po and cleaning nvenNew a prination the system the auvelon mangre rte the
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Figur Author Project Crdob www.c 74 Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25.
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75 Figure 26. Module Authors INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org
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If The shows that no

with the The cap the c the system tas of that ob The Soj encue mome In est tion, f increase tion q madur Separate 76
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77 Module 4 Separation and cleaning systems grain The straw walkers intended to separate the 20 to 25% of the degree not that slipped through the concave and is sent along with straw. The separation efficiency depends on the length of the straw walkers, the number of jumps and slope, as well as grid system used and turned and number of turns tas crankshaft to prevent a thick layer is formed hindering the free casting grain. Soy has difficulty of separation when the straw is is very wet or green for lack of maturity to harvest time (some leaves and green stems). In this situation the shakers not produce enough agitation tion, forming an impermeable layer for grains with increased losses Combine cola, situation tion that occurs at the beginning of the harvest season (lots inMature and foliar retention). Grain separation. Shakers
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Two. Broken Aume against the nation

Partici I postco Zaron Make tion d des of das po INTA (B culture was Ind t / h pa ra 4). L and 1 without different Figur the ra 78 In these cases it is advisable to lower the feed rate Combine, decreasing the feed rate, which for the case of Figure 1, it would work with a feed tion straw 9.7 t / h with 3% loss of pre-set hand as the tolerable limit. Figure 1. levels normal losses from a combine and influence of each component depending on the feed rate. There are systems on the market that increase the caseparation capacity of the conventional shakers. 1. Canvas grain retention In order to retain the grains projected by cidespajador cylinder and should be placed on shakers one or two rows of tarps thus taking advantage of all the capacity shakers, to start separating from the first jump. Soybean harvest in these tarps should slope slightly backward to allow the free passage of the straw (Figure 2). Special separation elements Figure 2. canvas retention tion of grain
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79 Two. Rotor cross-shaker Increases casting beads, to make a stirring ex-

against a straw in longitudinal and transverse direction, the inclined nation lateral teeth (Figure 3). Project Participants and Harvest Efficiency Postharvest Grain (EEA Concepcin del Uruguay), carried They Zaron one test evaluation returns cross agitator rotor. They performed 18 measurements combine with and without the action remover on a soybean crop two speeds des harvest, 7.2 km / h 9.1 km / h. They measured the loss give the tail of the machine according to methodology proposed by INTA (Bragachini, M. et al 1992). The estimated yield culture was 2840 kg / ha, average grain moisture was 14.7% (Pozzolo O. et al, 2004). Feed rates were 24.3 Combine t / h in the case of 7.2 km / h and 29.1 t / h to 9.1 km / h (Figra 4). The tail measures losses were 105 kg (3.7%) and 147 kg / h (5.2%) respectively for each speed without actuating the stellar remover meeting Significant differences between losses Figure 3. Rotor agitator transversal. Scheme side view (above). Picture of view posinner (bottom). Figure 4. feeding index values and pa-tail losses Combine ra evaluated without the use of stellar remover. 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 losses tail (kg / ha) 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22

21 index power (t / h) 105 24.3 29.1 147 7.2 km / h 9.1 km / h tail losses (kg / ha) feed rate (t / h) ng Which entaprethe n. the cathe cis one gives of the entity 2).
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Three. Sacu Make one or su, au Sacapa The equ separates October 1 tees. Figur Rotat April. Sep mint of p straw. E as encue wave

this cr step d 80 When evaluated Remover drive the loss They were give 109 kg / ha for the lowest rate (3.8%), and of 118 kg / ha (4.1%) for high-speed, not detected significant differences between them (Figure 5), and alsobit remover with no losses at low speed. Figure 5. tail loss results combine with the use or the cross-stirrer rotor, two speeds des different advance. Conclusions: Improving the use of stellar removers revealed when the harvester he was having a vehigh speeds resulting from their higher rates of ingesment possibly beginning to overwhelm the system withthe conventional shakers. With low use of such Accessory no performance improvements. This information is found according to the crop of higher feed rate for rice as well como recommended by the international literature. It is noteworthy that to achieve high speeds harvest must be verified to have controlled the main source of Permeasures in this crop produced by the particular head for its cutting system.
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81 Three. Intensive shaker shakers on Performs additional foam material through one or two rotary axes motion crankshafts alternative do, increasing the efficiency of casting in the middle of the shakers (Figure 6). The equipment in Figure 6A, in extreme situations separation reaches shakers improve performance in 10% to 20%, according to tests manufacturers tees. Figure 6. intensive shaker shakers, A) Alternative, B) Rotary escondibles retractable teeth. A B April. Centrifugal separator cylinder works as a supplementary commentary. Increases the efficiency of the separation of the grain straw, with a certain independence of moisture straw. At present there are machines that work

as an additional concave when supplemental sieve I found in the bottom, making a strong unforAdditional swim. In the case of very dry and brittle straw, turns this screen in the upper position, leaving more space for the media path and reducing separadoran action (Figure loss 8%), and dose tamwith tolares to seeingesa conand type in staos other coSecha and pericular
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The vent orient inferio and great Soy clean great This p practice Cuand impos by za mint A lim It Rando all s it ra cuentr Mient 10),

superf Design Part and The file ra arrived sion and form za (Fig In cos for the vent The reg Vent 82 7 D). Under the centrifugal separator is the sucrose alternative conventional straws, which maintained its long orimarginal (Figure 7). A B C D E Figure 7. centrifugal separation cylinder stirring intensity will: A) Scheme B) Model Deutz Fahr (fixed concave and variation stirrer height), C) and New Holland Model Don Roque RV 170 (fixed concave and varying RPM), D) Model Laverda mobile screen showing the top position, E) Model CLAAS Rotoplus 580 dual-rotor axial spacing. The cleaning operation is to separate the wheat from the chaff and straw comes from the concave cast and shakers. This separation is caused by the combined effect of motion alternative treatment box screens and passage of a coair stream through the sieves (Figure 8). Cleaning System Figure 8. Bodies system Cleaning theme. 1) Tray Beads concave, 2) Drawer oscillating lante 3) Shaker higher rior, 4) Auger return 5) Sieve bottom, 6) Grain Auger, 7) Fan, 8) Valves Framing the air.

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83 The fan is responsible for generating an air stream uniformly oriented along the zarandn and shaker lower, in order to maintain straw free sieves and pellets. Soy no major difficulties in separation and cleaning, due to the great difference in specific weight between grain and grain material. This allows working with fan combine almost full ( of its maximum speed). When the grain and chaff cake on zarandn, preclude settling grain and cause "loss by zarandn "and in these conditions it is necessary auTo intend the airflow of the fan. Efficient cleaning starts with a drawer design zaRandon and shaker, which allows for uniform air flow all the way. This is accomplished through proper design, para the "steaks" of air generated by the fancuentren free path (Figure 9). While cleaning equipment poorly designed (Figure 10), does not allow a good utilization in whole sieve and zarandn surface. Designs as in Figure 10 causing cleaning difficulty piece and high tail losses. The air streams are limited by the shaker para zarandn reach only through a strong flow, presion and reoriented valves, air channel is achieved in turbulent way towards the rear of the system cleanza (Figure 10). In harvesting over a meter wide cylinder to achieve a uniform flow of air, it must duplicate fans by incorporating a central air intake. Regulating fan airflow can be carried Fan Figure 9. Good design cleaning equipment. Figure 10. Bad design cleaning equipment. sucrose or orinsin and

, AS nce and straws. l motion na coPage 86

The zara librem In the m cough that pe all s If za retorn levant If e das is I Tando do the z For c modified which Recom - The ele EVIT grain - Debid distint the fourth - The diameter char 84 czar adjusting side or inputs via a continuously variable speed that allows modify revolutions / minute. If the air flow is exaggerated, the grain is carried by the airflow outside the zarandn. By contrast, if the coair flow is weak, not clean the screens and the pellets obstruct ye alveoli. In both cases losses occur granot. When you need to reduce air flow, it is recommended: 1) Lower rev / min fan. 2) Entries Close

air side. (This alternative may generate turbulence cia). To improve the orientation of the airflow and adapt cleaning to different culture conditions, should valves regulate the Guide generally guiding the more air to where it is recharged see shaker or zarandn and logically there is the beginning of same. Figure 11. System new generation cleaning ration. Ignoring the deviations in the recomtravel of the air, which procauses a separation 1st air for different tion of weight inbetween the grain and chaff. Figure 12 . System new generation cleaning ration. Ignoring the deviations in the recomtravel of the air, the higher surface cleaning Use a table of preair separation and screening bas and uniformity of Delivery by air turbine. Figure 13. System new generation cleaning ration. Sample flow uniform air graences to the turbine, which very difficult to achieve with fans. Adjustable zarandn must be regulated so that the current fan air separate the grain and plant material not allow to much pellets to the shaker. Adjustable zarandones three sections-regulation ben fit front to back: one more open to the second and the third slightly closed, which generally mind's return, more closed. This regulation is logical ca when threshing is 99% efficient, however if you spend more than 2% of cases without threshing, in that case should be recovovercome by opening the return to produce tailings that ma-

material. Zarandn and shaker

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85 The shaker (adjustable or fixed), should allow the grain pass freely. In most of the harvesters have three points zarandn cough height adjustment. The correct position is that that maintains a uniform thickness of material its entire length (Fig. 14). If zarandn and sent too clean grain sieve to return, it should open in the two initial sections or lift in the rear. If there are long straws and many bad pods on the threshing-return das, can you fix this: 1) improving threshing, 2) increase Tando airflow Fan, 3) closing or changezarandn do the shaker and other minor cast. To achieve the desired effect and not make mistakes, changes must be made of a to know what was which gave the result. Recommendations to improve the cleaning efficiency - Choosing the screens should be oriented according to avoid the return of grain thresher cylinder since all Grain returns surely be damaged. - Due to the large variation in the grain size of the different cultivars of soybeans, it is necessary to change or addition fourth the screens according to the size of threshed grain. - The diameter of the alveoli of the screens depends on the crop characteristics and varies from 9 to 12 mm (Figure 15). Figure 14. Zarandn adjustable. Figure 15. Diameter the alveoli of the zaYou randas. an ar by the cobstruand graenda: You harbors ulen-

Aptar eben do the see io of laughing anus and nopen nerals logic pass recovand maPage 88

Fact The sem tructu the amb ration tructu tiledon Minac and incidents call / gra nation cases of held The useful run-down diag ra tion No I form that co The Hurts tructu human development and When l Introd 86 Travel 100 meters combine with the regulations

according to the manual for Soja. Stop the combine, open the zaRandon and shaker to ensure that being cleaned. Then close the shaker completely leaving zarandn open carry in those conditions Soja (extracted from hopper), all sieve, slowly open the shaker until grain falls sharply, that is the degree of openness of the sieve, then measure the opening benchmark zarandn to open up 50%, leaving the section of the rearound a 100% increase is inefficient threshing or more closed when the grain is very dry, threshing efficient and / or the degree not present high mechanical damage. Rule of thumb for adjusting a harvester with zarandn and adjustable shaker: INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org. Module Authors
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87 Module 5 Factors mechanical damage at harvest Soybean Seed / Soya bean is susceptible is altered inphysical structure by various factors, which originate in the environment and the management of the production lot. These altered rations can physically affect the embryo, and isstructures and hedging reserve, represented by cotiledones. Any type of physical damage, affect not only the gertion, but also the production of normal seedlings and directly affects the longevity of the semicall / grain throughout the postharvest. The loss of germinal nation in the seed, also came with different process sos deteriorative in the grain, as the alteration of the concontents of protein, oil, etc. The use of rapid methods, indicators of the degree of current physical impairment and / or potential, are useful para diagnose damage and make decisions as to the regution of the machine harvester and destination of the batch. The damechanic not to the grain / seed Soybeans can be expressed in form visible and invisible to the human eye. The visible damage is is commonly called split grain or broken. The invisible damage refers to damage those isInternal structure of grain / seed, which are not visible to the eye human but equally committed to developing

development and metabolism of the grain / seed. As agricultural production in Argentina, as professional Introduction ions zampia. ndon of the that ra ence reI Erasin the degree ndon fredi, v.ar;
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1 - Cilin Added in return more to jo imp das, CO ma is less wave cylinders sem a Tooth very ac 2 - Cilin If pr Miss, l accelerates jar the d s fuels the ma ness d princip 3 - Cilin If d in the d

consultation or tour tion, or stability dry, shall al may That is, what 88 nal and competitive, we must not ignore the work of the harvester, and invest time and effort in doing increasingly efficient. In pursuing efficiency in any type of task, the first thing that must be implemented are the mecontrol means to achieve that are increasingly made of mebetter quality. Regarding the work of the machine harvestdora, producers, technicians and contractors have the simple and practical methods for disseminated by the INTA evaluar harvest losses in both quantity (kg grain perdido per hectare), and quality (different methods to evaluate the mechanical damage to grain or seed caused by the different processes carried out by the harvester). As Soja bean known when wet (> 16% moisture), more easily withstand the mechanical stroke co unaltered. To the extent that it loses moisture, acquires fragility and susceptibility to mechanical damage. In the harvesting process more importantly, the culture presubmitting a uniform maturation and allowing moisture-ba jar, the aggressiveness to a minimum for mechanical processes tricall and the internal movements of the machine. However when the crop comes with high-desunifor ance, low aggressiveness always be threshing it which is capable of threshing soybean pods greener and wet das, deteriorating the drier and mature. However, starting from a normal batch Soja, the principle Combine regulation leads to success is the iffollows: all subject to grain threshing process, should receivebir the least possible friction and blow, or the design of threshing must be thought to be threshing be progressive, meaning that the beans and pods more susceptible must have a different (less aggressive) treatment, the more wet and immature. Hence combines new generation must consider the following:

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89 1 - Traditional Cylinder High inertia, long cylinder weight, this allows lower turns (threshing speed) to a minimum, without causing problems more to the belt drive, have a bath-despajador jo impact blow bars of deep grooves and spaced das concave large cast (and progressive type regulation or forward to more open back) and always work with the slower threshing grain is possible when the intended wave seed. If you want to improve the performance of the citraditional cylinders, and lower the mechanical damage at harvest seed soybeans combines traditional, cylinder to teeth planchuelas types (high inertia) is a solution highly advisable. 2 - Cylinders with accelerator If it is intended and has the ability to evolve in the diMiss, harvesters threshing systems possessing a accelerator cylinder prior to casting grain, allows bajar mechanical damage since the driest and grains susceptor fuels are cast on the throttle almost frictionless and the rest material (wetter) acquires a speed and aggressive threshing progressive cavity as far as entering the cylinder principal. 3 - Axial Cylinders If you want and have the ability to evolve further in designing progressive organ threshing rotor axial reconsultation a good alternative, since generally the material turns six laps in threshing and six laps in the separation tion, that is, facing a growing uneven, with susbility of very different threshing grain and soybean pods very dry, mature and fragile, and in the first round threshingshall cast the concave, and the wettest and immature, may give 5 or 6 laps before being beaten and strained, or That is, this design has the ability to give each grain of the I SLORC lquier I meand mecheckand the evaor per-

all mile by Mede ecniage, . In the or preta baof triNIFORUella Umeprinciple s the sireceivenot of should fuels s more ew
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the large prime grain To q semi of damag tod dora Motion PRECO reading from% d rigirse The objective that depos seeds a Swimming is (Speed factor Divide

Metod As submitted the pop what men 90 the treatment it deserves, according to their susceptibility or resistance to being beaten and upset. Threshing but is not the only operation of the harvester damaged to the point, there are shallow augers, etc.. if they are not designnied, regulated and maintained with knowledge and care, they are very dangerous for mechanical damage that may occacause injury. Regulating the combine cleaning, is also trying to eliminate key make the most of the regrain around the central cylinder, since the grains returnees have great possibility of suffering mechanical damage. There are other mechanical elements of the harvest that are dangerous to the integrity of Soya bean as are the self-unloading auger hoppers, augers of bagging and then extracting augers (almacenaje silo bag). In traditional storage, the wheels and augers, as well as the height of free fall grain silos at a high altitude, it is a threat to physical and biological integrity of the grain. The methods available to assess quality (mechanical damage co), obtained by the grain combine, are divided into methods all physical (to assess visible mechanical damage) and methods chemicals (unseen to assess mechanical damage) (Figure 1). If a random sample of grain be taken anywhere of the harvester (iron, hopper, etc.) in the same ma healthy and clean grain will be found, or broken grains broken and damage apparently healthy on the outside, but with mechanical damage to its internal structure. If you want to properly assess all the damage Physical methods
Page 93

91 to the point, by the physical processes of the harvester, first be separated from the sample the percentage of grain or seed with visible mechanical damage (match). For producers, contractors, technicians, assemblers and seed, can have a quick reference of this type

damage and thus work to prevent and / or correct it, along all the way traveled by the grain / seed (harvestdora, storage, transportation, drying, sorting and all mechanical movement that can cause injury), INTA PRECOP designed a kit container - easy to use and shaker Reading quickly to obtain comparative data Party of% of a sample of Soja, without dirigirse to a laboratory for analysis (Figure 2). The aim is that the user evaluate the entire process from the grain / seed is taken up by the windlass is deposited in the bag for storage, or the seed is deposited into the hopper of the drill. With these data you can control: aggressive threshing (Opening speed and concave) for example, and how these factors influence a higher or lower percentage of grains Soya bean games. Methodology As the kit works with a sample, it should be as representative possible. The data collected will be representative of population provided the sample is the average of At least three tests. ity or that designgiven, ocaESI is res that or. Secha as purposes as (althat is, the re the za to Canin: I method all 1). part myGone or or with

swim
Page 94

In the b pe 100% ( 4 - Vu no / wk evaluator 5%), and of trill vamen ra and rep This ev ra don so me could the c take ber qu discharge The m the damag Zarand No I by m damage m its corito The imp Method One 92 Figure 1. Mechanical damage in soybean seeds. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2006. Figure 2. evaluator Kit of broken grains, soybean PRECOP INTA. 1 - Stop the combine and all internal mechanisms before removing the samples. 2 - Take a sample on the prep table below the threshing cylinder (sampling point, step 1), being flush toINTA container tally the evaluator, this sample represents the value 100% (1) (Figure 3). 3 - Separate the grains / seeds using the game matches shaker / tray accompanying container (steps 2 and 3).

Page 95

93 In the lower tray (blind), they will all halves and pieces of grain / seed sample containing 100% (step 4). 4 - place these halves and pieces again grano / seed captured by the blind in the container tray evaevaluator (step 5), and read the value of matches obtained (for example: one 5%), this value represents the damage produced by the system threshing (step 6). If the value is higher, regulate new tively the threshing cylinder with less RPM and opennessra and repeat evaluation. This assessment should be done in every part of the harvestra where grain has passed through a process be so mechanical thresher. That is, by way of example You might be taking a sample in the grain tank Combine, Give you the assessment and subsequently sample in monotolva for difference, saber party what percentage of grain is occurring Combine download. The sample obtained at the foot of the machine, then to separate visible damage or broken by physical methods, such as the Appraising INTA PRECOP shaker, you should evaluate the danot visible, apparently healthy grains, mechanic did not by chemical methods. Chemical methods for assessing mechanical damage are many, but the most widely known and for its simplicity and practicality, it is the method called hiplochorus (or bleach). Implementing test hypochlorite is Chemical Methods OP, COP. ernments I ebajo to-do EPREgo to and 3).
Page 96

By otr ne the with the as

nothing Figur na co 2005. Metod 1 - p is is tom 5.5%) prefer 2 - It was t is dec is sum 3 - It is e 5 - Comprehensive or between 2 and mind 94 a simple, inexpensive and fast tool to deternar the level of physical damage to the seed / grain Soja at different stages of the production process and manipulate I read. Involves immersing 100 seeds / grains appearance-saSoy-na in a hypochlorite solution (bleach) and obpreserve the size you acquire seeds submerged luego from 10 to 15 minutes. Seeds / grains that have altered physical structures in any portions, swell increasing significantly in volume. In this way seeds / grains larger are computed, percent is obtained and is directly related to the mechanical damage level present in the sample and the batch. Figure 3. Steps for evaluating the use of sieve used da Soja bean to separate party. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2006. This simple analysis can be practiced during harvest at the foot of the machine, being able to establish necessary corrections sary in variables such as speed, aggressiveness threshing dad (speed and cylinder-cylinder separation dro / concave). Furthermore, this analysis can be used para test the efficiency of the operation of machinery in any time during harvest lot (Figure 4). Figure 5. Method Hypochlorite Assessment percentage chemistry mechanical damage Soya.

Page 97

95 Moreover, the knowledge of the level of mechanical damage that tiene the bundle allows you to make quick decisions, related with the flow of water to be employed for special treatments, and curing and / or inoculated, in the case of seed distilled planting anything. Figure 4. Performing Test Hypochlorite the foot of the mana combine. Source: Laboratory of INTA Oliveros seeds, 2005. Methodology 1 - hypochlorite solution 0.5% is prepared for it and take 5 ml of a solution of commercial bleach (5 5.5%) and made up to 100 ml with tap water or distilled preferably. 2 - 100 seeds to represent random process are taken, ie apparently healthy on the outside structure and immersed in the solution. 3 - is expected 10 to 15 minutes maximum. 5 - We observed and counted the seeds that have been achieved inbetween 2 and 3 times its size original.5 He directly states mind the percent (%) of physical damage of the sample. Figure 6. Closeup of semiles / grains hydratedose during the test Hypochlorite. Source: Laboratory seed INTA Oliveros, 2005. Figure 7. Seed / Soya beans swollen damaged physical cally. Source: Laboratory seed INTA Oliveros, 2005. Figure 8. seed / grain Healthy Soy (bottom leftCOVERS), surrounded by other damage. Source: Laboratory seed INTA Oliveros, 2005. hermitage not nipusa-ia

and oblue-s altechan this year with the iza06. Secha necessary esivicylor paias in ra 4).
Page 98

great dismin such t nor nu shall be laid v co to g tral, tie nico. Is the Argent dence the im EVIT ra us, and PRECO Project Cordo www.c Author 96 In the harvester, it should consider the folfollowing aspects of its operation, to control and reduce mechanical damage Soya beans. - Shelling in the head, unprotected grain, less hudisease and increased fragility. - Shelling in feederhouse, unprotected grain less

humidity and increased fragility. - Mechanical damage during threshing cylinder for admission to degree We already beaten the previous processes. - Damage from excessive impact (excessive RPM cylinder trilla). - Damage due to excessive friction dysregulation of cyldro/cncavo.- concave cast Delay (beans and trioped the threshing process continues). - Excessive return (grains and beaten in the continuing threshing process). - Damage augers and wells combine shabby worn, dented, etc.. Since the acquisition by the harvesting machines Soy a grain quality is a concern at global, technological trends in the field-crop APUN ta to decreased mechanical damage in the process of threshing, through the use of axial rotor system or the placement of accelerators, with grain cast before the conventional threshing cylinder, to make beads drier and more fragile are cast before reaching the cylindermain drug and suffer the least mechanical damage. Another ally cylinders are high inertia, or placing flywheels to lower the RPM of threshing without damaging the covariator belt or cylinder type or call-planchuelas two teeth. The internal motion of the harvester and download worm are other factors to mechanical damage Concluding Remarks
Page 99

97 the grain in the combine: unloading augers will decrease the mechanical damage to the more horizontal grain such work, the larger diameter and having regard menumber of turns nor work; sensors offer returnshall be laid significant advantages in reducing the mechanical damage co to the point, since all grain returns to the cylinder central, has a high chance of getting some kind of mechanical damage nico. Quality standards in Soja, for this campaign Argentina, will be more demanding, so you will have greater incidence in the income level of farmers. Awareness of the importance of handling grain during harvest para avoid mechanical damage in growing soybeans and other grains us, is one of the fundamental tasks of the project INTA

PRECOP. INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org Module Authors the fololar and r huenormous and graand tricyland triat I state, Doras level APUNthreshing in the tee nitrofurans l cylng the colamaand ra for
Page 100

The role Soy to m topics len po The prim chado cho qu Figure 1 Debid cho, it rado and the c cough

ture one Mane Figur 98

Page 101

99 Module 6 The role of grain harvester system Continuous tillage Soy and Wheat are extensive planting two crops in the Most work has been done in our country to improve system issues and distribution of crushed straw and chaff that salen by the tail of the combine. The first attempt was the incorporation in the tail of the sewchadora of two spreaders up to 6 pallets cauthat turning cho distributed straw and leaves the straw walkers (FiFigure 1). Due to the low efficiency of the spreaders of caucho, producers demanded that this material was crushed rado and distributed more evenly across the width combine to enhance the work of the implemencough vertical tillage fallow and achieve an apuniform structure, allowing direct seeding Management of crop residues Figure 1. Double spreader six rubber paddles.
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Figur The ale priate despe that ou To q latest rastroj rastroj tribuc contin Despa tas of Another g that sa an

cobert tee m from a chado siemb one one the cul Childr 100 Faced with this demand, the solution was to incorporate crushedres with deflector blades spreaders, itchy straw and scattered evenly across the field (Figure 2). Garbage straw spreaders Figure 2. Crusher straw spreader that leaves the sucrose straws. A) Rotor, B) Blade, C) with adjustable blade, D) shockpneumatic dampers for regulating baffles and wall ra disconnect breaker, E) Shakers, F)-through metal straw. To make an even cut into size, the garbage spreader must possess a high inertia rotor chopper to prevent falls turns to non-uniform supplies of material through the straw walkers. It is important that the blades of the shredder possess form Pallet, for generating an air flow to increase output speed of chopped material (Figure 3). Breaker fins must be long and with a smooth curve curvature to allow the material to be oriented edges of the cutting width of the head without losing speed or orientation. The horizontal curvature of these fins, be be modified to suit the characteristics of culture and the direction and intensity of wind when crop (Figure 4). Figure 3. cleaver vane type grinder, generating greater airflow, magreater output speed of chopped material and improved uniformity of distribution.
Page 103

101 Figure 4. Designing the marshmallows breaker.

Spreader fins must have a vertical angle adepriate in such a way to achieve the maximum range of the material dismissed by the tail and not represent an area of chothat or a hindrance to this material (Figure 5). For coverage will continue into the future, it is important to reby the decomposition of the material. This is achieved with a long stubble, for which we recommend using the grinder without stubble against knives, prioritizing efficiency disdistribution. Faced with this new requirement of direct seeding continuous, it is advisable to replace the breaker for double straw spreader, plate type design with paletas adjustable rubber (Figure 6). Figure 5. According Angelsgulo of fins spreader, the greater the material reached fired, and better coverage obtained. Figure 6. Pa-spreader ja plate with type design paddle to goadjustable ma. Another great part of the waste consists of the pellets departure from the top sieve, which must be distributed Centrifugal spreader a tire, in order to achieve coverage as homogeneous as possible across the width of corlike head, avoiding the accumulation of material forming ma dense lace in the passage of the tail of the sewchadora. This is extremely important for the Direct sowing of the subsequent crop and thus achieve uniform planting depth and even development crop. Centrifugal spreader of pellets radoja and acatiand padora tor ercia is orm entity

and curia the or ad aceace to the

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Figur Develop cia: Sis ity of bezale tions worked Figur Gulac the dis you r 2007. 102 If the distribution of residues is uneven, then duduring planting, in the greater accumulation of residuos correct placement of the seed becomes difficult to concontact with the ground, since the drill blade notgra cut all the material and pushes the bottom of the furrow, imasking the good seed contact with the soil (Figure 7). Figure 7. uneven distribution of surface residue produce irregular planting depth. Another drawback of the excessive concentration of waste is a suitable planting depth is not achieved and these, to form a cushion, increasing the spacing between the ground and the limiting wheel planter, reducingdo the planting depth, causing faults in implantation. These spreaders have one or two albums that revolve reverse direction and each is driven by a in-box gears in bracket, which receives the motion from the pulley crankshaft. In the lower part of the disks incuentran leaflets that function as turbines and generate a air stream which helps to transport the residue to greater distance (Figure 8 and 9). Figure 8.

Centrifugal spreader fugo of the pellets that zarandn action leaves hi-shaped cionado draulic.
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103 Figure 9. centrifugal chaff spreader tire. Innovative Development: Waste Management of high efficiency ence: Systems management straw and chaff with capacity ity to work across the working width of the new catrigueros recording heads with the ability to adapt to variations tions of the condition of the residue throughout the day work (Figure 10). Figures 10. New distribution systems of waste, reregulation of hydraulic rotation, allowing to dim distribution by state and distributed correctly stubbleI stubble work in large widths. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2007. or duresiwithnotor imigure roiduos da and n incent the imin an and inpulley and inna ayor
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Plan respect Soybean and floor.

Com that of ta one pores. retainer im Adem In est ces pa reduced Com of the m ticos s tees Incremental Debid meno plican tions comes or in the P part d solutions the cul Recreational na on a chado me Comp 104 A good crop of wheat allows efficient Direct Seeding Soybean. For proper operation of the drill, the Wheat stubble must meet certain requirements. Tillage equipment present difficulties of imwhen planting the seed line matches the footprint Combine that lie stubble and soil compaction. This also occurs when matches tread tractor and hopper trailer, since for the same line pass the wheel das front and rear of the tractor and trailer. Problems also arise when a seed train coincides with the tail of the harvester, and pi-disposer ca and distributes straw leaves the straw walkers with a large conconcentration in its core, to which must be added the matematerial leaves the zarandn and falls freely in the queue.

The mulch should be presented as follows: 1 - With little trampling of wheels. 2 - The chala finely chopped and evenly distributed. 3 - greater number of vertical stems. To achieve efficient Soybean tillage on wheat, at the time of harvest, it is necessary that: 1 - The combine does not work around. 2 - the cutting head as high as possible. 3 - Combine have an material spreader exiting the zarandn. 4 - heads of large working width is used to decrease the number of passes over the batch. The seed line does not match the tail or the footprint of the coharvester. For this you must cross the line of planting 30 degrees relative to the previous crop. Efficiency in Soybean tillage on stubble Wheat
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105 When planning direct sowing of the subsequent crop, an aceimportant relative to Consider While Picking Soy is Team trafficability and compaction floor. Soil compaction resistance is expressed as I offer the floor to be penetrated by an object and represuch a reduction in the number and volume occupied by the pores. This decreases the amount of air and water which may retain the soil, reducing infiltration capacity, which that prevents normal root development. It also makes the distribution of water, air and nutrients. Under these conditions, the plant has fewer raices to explore and extract soil water and nutrients, reducing the final yield. Compaction occurs mostly with traffic agricultural machinery. The pressure exerted by the pneumatic ticos on the ground increases the densification of horizontal ing soil for agricultural use. This gets worse as it increases the size and weight of the equipment. Due to climate changes, abnormal years (phephenomenon "El Nio"), in which autumn rainfall duplican and triple normal, leaving 1-3 million lion hectares with serious lack of flat, as been happening in recent seasons of heavy harvest

in the Province of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba and Southern part of Entre Rios. Against this must be studied and seek unconventional solutions to avoid total loss of crops. Among the solutions available for harvest, he mentioned na increased buoyancy and walkability of the sewchadors through special adaptations. Buoyancy ability by reducing the specific pressure (kg/cm2) of the Compaction and trafficability lowing ra, the and imISADA decoy. actor s wheel mbra or piwithmattWheat material inuir the co30 of
Page 108

Recreational lack d sitabili cial. fica (kg ten do sechad will dur Pisa It tractional tica om sitabil Outfit flat - Neum sion

direct transit transit Figur conve direct Branz 106 Ground tire. For this there are two ways: reduced duce the combine weight (light harvesters, not more rando 50% filling of the hopper during harvest) or auTo intend the width and length of tread front and rear Combines simple traction. The equipment Dual hydrostatic or mechanical traction is essential to increase the walkability of the harvesters. In recent years, producers, technicians and manufacturers concerned with achieving efficient harvest will reduce the huellado maximum surface compaction and two proimportant problems to be considered in the schemes ma continuous direct seeding, which dominates Argentina (Figure 11). But in abnormal years due to climate change (Child years), doubling and tripling autumn rainfall normal values, leaving 1 to 3 million hectares with serious lack of flat as occurred in the camcampaign 2007/2008 in the Province of Santa Fe, south of Crdoba and part of Entre Rios and Buenos Aires. Against this must be estudiar and seek unconventional solutions to avoid Total crop losses. Adaptations of harvesting equipment for coltion of grain in situations of lack of floor areas flooded
Page 109

Among the solutions available for harvest in batches with lack of floor increased buoyancy and tran-mentioned sitabilidad combines with special adaptations cial. The buoyancy is improved by reducing the pressure speciFICA (kg/cm2) of the tires on the ground, for it existen two ways: one is to reduce the weight of the combine (cosechadoras light, and not exceed 50% filling of the hopper going during harvest), and the other is to increase the width and length of tread front and rear of the harvester Simple traction. The equipment wheel drive hydrostatic

Mechanical or policy is essential to increase the transitabilidad combines. Equipment combines fault situations Floor: - Terra Tyres Tyre type, broadband and low preinflation pressure: adapt well to planting situations direct where the goal is to prevent and increase huellado walkability, but when the floor has mud or water walkability is reduced to form a loop in front of the Figure 11. Footprints made by Combine hopper with wheels conventional continuity complicating situation sowing Continuous, as the compacting effect and the needtillage to erase traces, which cancels the effect of coverage. 107 reduced higher or auasero to the ental ing is to do s prosqueto in penthouses plican areas camrdoba in isavoid lessons
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being sub tion, c do the s s rights problem high co maximum c counseled

for q transit training. D of sie Between R Molten chado easy Metallu the last ment d that ra Be mo Fits Crawler arroce tweeted tions - The s cauch cific s science functions tire, lacking this grippy as blocks usually do not have this tire self-cleaning by low angle and depth. (FiFigure 16 and 17) - High flotation radial tires with studs to 45 and good width tires are a little less expensive than Terra Tyre, take some more pressure inflation. They are an excellent choice given that increase buoyancy over traditional radial tires, reduce bone oped in direct seeding, and if the cue is deep and 45 have good trafficability. These tires raHigh buoyancy dials at 23 blocks are used in self-unloading hoppers and harvesters for auincrease its walkability. (Figure 16). - Conventional radial tires: improve walkability and buoyancy with respect to one traditional to exert less pressure on the specific sleepit due to a lower inflation pressure and greater deformation of the tread. These may den be lugged at 45 for traction in mud with such cos at 23 and closer to sandier soils without ta-

cos, rhombus type, for self-unloading hoppers. (Figure 16) - Conventional Tires: these are used by its low price. Possess high specific pressure sober the ground, lower walkability and buoyancy the above options in the order listed, but often useful to improve the performance of sewlight chadors inexpensive which is placed can dual shot. The other alternative is the transfer of half-tracks steel that are used in harvesting rice 108
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109 be very useful to achieve walkability when the basement has hard floor where achieved sustion, as in rice fields, but are not as useful when subsoil do not offer sustainability and murights waterlogged soils of the pampas. Another proproblem is its poor agility Shuttle paths, their high cost and the state that leaves stubble for Prostatemaximum crop. For this alternative use advised to change out the rear of the combine so that does not become a bottleneck in the Combine walkability lacking direction training. Since the province of Santa Fe has an area rice planting and is neighboring provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, where this crop is more dimolten steel tracks to equip sewchadors are an alternative with availability and readily available (Figure 12). Argentine factories that export to Venezuela in recent years gained experience in the development of rice machines equipped with caterpillar para that market, therefore Vasalli / Don Roque, coBernardin and Marani mo / Agrinar harvesters have adapted to work in the mud systems metal tracks, but have characteristics that rice, in these situations and the appropriate headpriate be harvested soybean, corn and sunflower in situations tions lack of floor (Figure 13). - The transfer systems with band type tracks rubber are designed to reduce pressure special

cific on the ground, increasing buoyancy and efficiency traction science but have little adaptation run in the mud. The main advantage with respect Figure 12. Combines with caterpillars gas metal type arroprovides good waxtion to situations water harvesting surface. Figure 13. Crawler metlicas harvesting with lack of grain national origin floor signal. or that seen d. (Ficos a enes ession given ct to l bone and cos razados ra auan the traditional sue-l ayor may on tawithout such igure s by ca sed that but sewcoloAce rice

Page 112

Figur pre ja tion a device I agricultural Cualqu matic should s stability signific ble tra 19) Within sitabili chado chado so, it x 32, or dora, and 50% 70% d shovel. (F 110 to a steel tracks lies in the flexibility of transbearing, for its higher top speed. His biggest desadvantage is the high cost and poor adaptation to sewchar in the mud. (Figure 14 and 15). Within this alternative, rubber bands bais triangular seem to have something more than providing para work on rice fields, or in the mud, but Like the previous are not designed for such fiality. (Figure 14) Figure 14. Caterpillars rubber band were designed two to reduce specific ground pressure, but have regularly adapted to run in the mud. Are a good solution for soil work situation hMedes avoiding fingerprints. Figure 15. Combine with band equipment caucho low profile. Good provision for transit sueavoiding the wet track, but low functional adaptation cionar in the mud. Transitabili thus-obtained good ity, combine stability, better adaptation roads to move on steel tracks and ma-

greater maximum travel speed.

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111 Figure 16. tires high flotation radial carcass, baja inflation pressure. Huellado and reduce compaction tion of the soil surface. This type of tire exists a special design for every need and type of machine agricultural Any transfer system combine, neumatic or half-tracks located in the front, must be accompanied by the improvement of the fleetstability of the rear tire, and the whole system improves significantly when the combine has doble traction, hydrostatic and / or mechanically. (Figure 18 and 19) Within the Ideas put into practice for you to achieve transitabilidad situations floor for lack of harchadors group 1 and 2 (over 200 hp) and when the sewchadors having sleeves that allow differential so, ideally placed in the front dual 30.5 x 32 or double the normal tire-harvest dora, if possible with radial casing and the outer with 50% of normal inflation pressure, the internal 70% of the normal pressure as possible with drawing type shovel. (Figure 18, 19 and 21) Figure 17. Pickers 4x2, neuTerra matic Tyre, of low inflation pressure, ideal for reducing bone oped in land rules ills. Good buoyancyity, low compaction but little traction soils lack of flat and mud. transr dessewand ban-pa ero to such fi-

toor on hcausueuniion toPage 114

In the c placed rights c higher Figure 2 transm I placed cosech constit transit more (F Figur oped one ma d double const clarifies may CANIC tria n Figur to ide ras, in traction 112 Configuring dual front-harvesters ras 8 x 4 and 6 x 2 Figure 18. advisable Equipment: 8x4 hydrostatic with Dual front and in rear, both with neumatic type inside scoop with 70% of normal pressure Conventional external inflation and 50% of the normal pressure bad inflation. Combines over 250 hp.

Figure 19. harvesters in simple traction: 6x2 trainLantero dual interior blade type, with 70% of the pressure Normal inflation, and conventional outer 50% of the Normal inflation pressure. Rear axle with tires High flotation tacos. Combines over 180 hp.
Page 115

113 In combines with simple traction is important placed on the rear tires and an higherrights and radial lug casing, giving them by giving them better walkability greater tread (FiFigure 20). Ideally possess that combines 4x4 hydrostatic drive and the bridge is back put dual tires, inner blade type. These 4x4 combines with dual front and rear are equipment constitute the ideal regarding the walkability and buoyancy for extreme situations more (Figure 21). Figure 20. The Brazilian industry "Massey Ferguson" developed a combine high trafficability on the platform ma a MF 5650 (very light) to which places a kit Dual front dual mechanical traction. This team is a good low cost alternative. It is clarification that a similar kit was developed in Argentina can be placed in any harvester transmission memechanical means that there is already a set of 4 x 4 mechanic industrial National tria available. Figure 21. Harvester 8x4, rear view of an equipideal to move in extreme situations. Dual rear Flush internal blade type front and idem. Buoyancy and high traction. Combine 280 hp, the ideal equipment. lantewith neuand nordeion of V.
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One sees

ity d extraction gar af Rarian the dream counseled sews average hoppers contin Differe topics Extraction Figur footprint 114 Figure 22 . Combine 6 x 2 with dual front large diameter and width with radial float and tacos at 45, shot large diameter rear width which substantially improves mind their buoyancy and reduces fingerprints on situation falla floor Figure 23. Harvester Maxi, equipped with dual 6 x 4, doble traction with maize reduced width for evitar excess weight and lateral oscillations of cawide recording head.
Page 117

115 Once solved the problem of walkability and buoyancyity of the harvester is to solve the problem of removal of the grain from the field. An alternative is to avoid cargar a full grain tank of the combine because higher Rarian specific pressure values (kg/cm2) supporting subsurface soil and moisture laden. Therefore it advised not to exceed 50% of the capacity of the hopper Combine always downloading in place less compromised, avoiding the traffic of tractors and trailers self-unloading hoppers, which destroy the soil should remain in continuous tillage Different alternatives hoppers equipment system Shuttle topics high flotation. Removing grain in batches with lack of flat Figure 24 . Never ingresar trucks to

stubble. Tire Truck has a mamaximum inflation pressure do, therefore the maximum ma ability to comcompaction. Figure 25. 's engagement two hopper must be pulled by tractor tors 4x4 articulated or in 4x4 asisitidos possible dual in the rear. Nothing achieved with coupled Tyre hoppers High flotation if the tractor does not form a team accordingly. The equipo photo is harmonic nico. Figure 26. rubber band low profile, high buoyancy, low footprints, excessive cost and poor adaptation to the mud. ran or ialfa, DoevicaPage 118

The equ mud mind should duced pr I inflated, maximum c tractional them, 8 asistid them transit footprint

Project Cordo www.c Author 116 Figure 27. radial tire large diameter and width. Ideal to increase buoyancy and walkability. When lack floor should be working at half load. Figure 28. Der. radial tire low to the ground assault, drawing type diamond. Ideal for coupled hoppers. Left: Detail radial tire high buoyancy, high bandwidth and long flat tread of your tire tread. Figure 29 . Der. Radial tire for dual hopper placed in swing for point charges on the ground and huellado. Left: Different alternatives for co-radial tires sechadoras and hoppers. Diameter and radial casing that extends the helped by the flat tread profile tread. All these tires support high loads with low preinflation pressure, which reduces the specific pressure on soil and hence the traces, increasing transitabilition in moist soils with low support.
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117 Convenient equipment to move the cereal in mud are coupled single-axle loading dynamically mind the weight on the rear axle of the tractor. these coupled should be equipped with high and wide tires, reduced duced specific ground pressure, low pressure ininflated, which in these cases may not be charged to your mamaximum capacity (Figure 27 and 28). Ideals tractors pull the hoppers are those 4x4, articulated with duathem, 8 wheels low inflation pressure or traction dual power in the rear and possibly radiation them low inflation pressure. these tractors achieve good walkability, good traction reducing huellado ground (Figure 25). INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org Module Authors deal high it,

lle rgo do do. coto nto. rebre iliPage 120

The p balance campa ba Per INT portab PANAD than logic of The pro 2012 and Prxim 168 m the cir sews The p evaluation medium campaign in February which, s campa Regulation year. Evaluation 118
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119 Module 7 Loss assessment methodology in the grain harvest

Losses during harvesting soybeans can decrease exportable balance of $ 1,126 million during the 2012 campaign. But this situation is not hopeless and eviba of this is the 15% reduction in the average of Soybean crop losses, working in campaigns INTA PRECOP (2003 - 2011), which increase the balance exPortable country of 168 million U $ S per year and was accompanied also companied by an increase in quantity and quality of parArgentine that combines and updates it technological Same logic. The current proposal PRECOP INTA, phase II, for 2012 is to reduce the actual values by 15% in next 3 years, increasing the exportable surplus in other $ 168 million. Also the proposed reduced PRECOP cir current losses of mechanical damage to grain during harvest and post-harvest by 40% over the next 3 years. The soybean harvest losses of the season 2011/2012 evaluated by the INTA PRECOP in 7 provinces, indicating a proaverage of 141 kg / ha, in contrast to 166 kg / ha of the camcampaign 2002/2003, decreasing the same at 25 kg / ha, figure which, when multiplied by the area of planting this 2012 year of 16.6 million hectares, an increase dation of exportable surplus of 168 million dollars year. Assessment of crop losses Soy
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The p complicated 2012 is Tacion the values (Including full p Table Argen Table Argen Clarifies PRECO i nerse rancid any r

and are pre vo 120 Substantial improvements in the levels of losses in soybean is detected in the last 2 years, but you can still reto reduce significantly, given the rejuvenation of the pairthat combines 11.5 years average age 2002 to 8.93 in late 2011. Furthermore, the amount of cosechadoras available increased in the last 10 years, from 18,000 in 2002 to 25,594 in 2012. To meet the objective is proposed among other things, adelantar the beginning of the harvest, better regulate and co-heads sechadoras, reduce by 10% the rate of progress and assess permanently crop losses with the methodology ogy PRECOP INTA. Figure technologically specialized contractor and actualizado appears as an ally to achieve this goal. Table 1. Objective PRECOP Phase II project for 2010, resrespect to reduction in crop losses in Soybeans. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2008. Such losses Average value kg / ha% yield Total losses 141 4.86% Combine Losses 121 4.17% Table 2: Evaluation of PRECOP in 7 provinces. Campaign 2005/2006. Tolerance: 90 kg / ha. Value updated INTA PRECOP Campaign 2006/200. Source: Rating 8 losses Coordination of INTA PRECOP. Average data: EEA Anguil, Parchment EEA, EEA Balcarce, Concepcin del Uruguay EEA, EEA Rafaela, San Luis EEA, EEA Oliveros. INTA PRECOP Proposal 2012-25 kg / ha loss reduction Actual 2012 Actual 2014 141 kg / ha of total losses 116 kg / ha of losses Total Estimated benefit to current values of 168 millions of U $ S / year of exportable surplus
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121 Losses during the soybean harvest of 141 kg / ha, multiplicadaspor the planting area of 18.8 M / ha Campaign 2012, representing 2.65 million tons of grain left in the stubble, reducing the balance amount of export tions in approximately 1,126 M / U $ S. Definitions: the value taken for economic calculation was 425 U $ S / t (Including payroll), as the country perceived value fuller ton exported. Table 3. Average loss of crop losses in Soybeans Argentina and tolerance. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2008. Table 4. Losses average losses in soybean harvester Argentina and tolerance. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2008 Note: the new values of tolerance set by the They PRECOP in 2012, are 80 kg / ha. This value must be mainnerse independently to crop yield, the tolerance will always be 80 kg / ha which combine toany crop yield. These values are approximate and are fixed for good growing conditions, if the cultivo has many natural shattering susceptibility (PerSoy Preharvest Combine harvester Total kg / ha 20 121 141 Losses % Of yield 0.75 4.5 5.3 Tolerance to 2,900 kg / ha kg / ha 0 90 90 % Return 0 3.1 3.1 Combine harvester Head Tail

121 kg / ha Tolerance to 2,900 kg / ha 50% 60% 63 27 2.1 0.9 oja is in rel parat cos, of , Ades coaluar doloyou ac. res: P il,
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of a To d as the das, you gram da. Figur B) - Gl Missed parcid Is det head jo 3 to the pas So for blind In this

in form lished. 122 High pre-harvest measures, etc..), tolerance for harvester should be increased. To verify efficiency of harvesting operation and a combine, you need to assess losses (Figure 1). We recommend performing this task together with the concontractor. For this there is a precise, fast and simple method. If the analysis yields losses exceeding the tolerated values ance, we must determine the causes and make regulations needed. Soy beans that do not enter into the hopper of the harvestdora pesos are left in the stubble. Figure 1. types of losses occur and where A) - pre-harvest losses Are those produced by native plants and shattering voled that can not be collected by the head of the coharvester. To assess these losses must use the following methodology: In a representative area of the lot put 4 rings of 56 cm diameter each (1 m2), collecting the loose grains, vainas loose and we believe that being attached to the plant, will not be collected by the head to be below
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123 of cutting height (Figure 2). To determine pre-harvest loss in kg / ha, junas loose grains and pod shells obtaineddas considering that soybeans medium 60 or 10 represent grams per square meter to 100 kg / ha of loss da. Figure 2. Evaluation of pre-harvest losses B) - Combine Losses Tail losses (with crusher equipment is morespreader) Are determined after throwing four rings blind Pass head before falling material by the tail, one for debate Crate jo combine sieves (central zone), and the remaining 3 rings in the area that covers the head and before Step breaker and chaff spreader.

For Soja 60 grains or 10 grams collected in the four rings represent blind 100 kg / ha for line loss (Figure 3). In this evaluation of losses, the combine should work normally, with spreader that is positioned and spreader lished. worship to the igure the conCillo. tolestraightchecks volthe colowing 6 cm the sheath the sa I ebajo
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Figur das. How The maq servan The p of whether Impor Argen Figur 124 Head losses Collect all loose grains and pods obtained threshed which have fallen short of the four blind rings, thus obtaining the sample of 1 m2 including head loss and the loss of preharvest (already I was lying on the ground before the passage of the tail of the sewchadora). Subsequently, for head losses, is must subtract the pre-harvest losses. To express the values obtained in kg per hectare loss task should be performed at least three repetitions of

I according to the unevenness of the crop, averaging assessments for a more reliable data. They should be placed loose in the container for grains evaevaluation of losses, considering that I-60 grit Soy dianos weigh 10 grams and that 10 g/m2 mean 100 kg / ha of loss (Figure 4). Figure 3. evaluation of losses combine.
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125 Figure 4. container designed by INTA for loss assessment das. How to determine the origin of the losses? Drivers must detect failures of your combine observando stubble cultivation. Losses caused by the machine can be detected as follows: (Figure 5). Importance of crop losses in Soybean Argentina Figure 5. types of losses. Ainas uatro uence the ue and sew, You r hecs, of or evas-me ifican
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Figur mu 19 pectiv Missed (A) Gl precos the cab Low cho

The aro C be that po Hoops p the four m2. Within all l Tadas p consid a) Espi are re das co Summary of crop losses in Soybeans By shattering: pods and loose soil grains. Rollover: pods attached to stalks that are overturned by below the cutting height. By cutting height: pods attached to the stems that were not cut. For blade: pods attached to the cut stems below cutting height, usually a forward speed higher than the cutoff. By fall: pods attached to stalks cut but the fallen machine. More (+) Per cylinder: unthreshed pods that come out the bottom of the machine. Removal: Loose Beads leaving the tail machine. LOST HEAD Equal (=) COMBINE LOSS More (+) Husking pods loose, falls plants which can not be recovered by the head Equals (=) TOTAL LOSS LOSSES COLA Evaluation of losses in maize crop Preharvest losses In a representative batch sector define a rectangle width about equal to the number of rows of the head that will use, and a length that depends on the distance-

between crop rows. If the corn is planted at 70 cm, the rectangle should be 14.3 meters long, and if the Corn is planted to 52.5 cm between rows, the rectangle mustwould be 19 meters long (Figure 6). 126
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Figure 6. Evaluation of pre-harvest losses in maize. Sector sampling is of a width equal to the grooves of the head and a long 19 m 14.3 m if the crop is sown at 52.5 cm or 70 cm restively. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2006 Combine Losses (A) losses cola: In the same area where it evaluates the preharvest, four blind rings are thrown after step head before falling material by the tail, one deCrate low screens and the other three in the rest of the ancho working head (Figure 8). The blind ring is a ring of 56 cm diameter bottom (can being replaced by the top of a 200 liter drum which has the same degree), (Figure 7). Each of these rings has an area of m2, so that in total, the four rings, provide a surface sampling 1 m2. Within this sector of sampling, and should be collected all pins which we believe will not be colTadas by machine in any way. For this reason, considered: a) Spikes detached from the ground and falls on the floor: no are recoverable in any way and must be collecteddas as loss by 100% within the box 127 angle ue ia incm, the l Corn bePage 130

Figur zal in The gra by in tail. P

chado container If d tre (The cu submitted sampling. b) adhering to spikes dunks floors at this point is imbearing the following observation: b.1) dunks Plants transverse to the Drill (45 to 90 ) are recoverable by 100% by corn header, therefore, should not be taken as preharvest losses. b.2) Plants dunks in the direction of the row: are recovered by 50%, because they combine rises only those fallen stems in the forward direction of the coharvester, introducing a support for decisionforagers two chains. Therefore, collectedRa only half of the pins of this type in the sector sampling. Once lost ears were collected (spikes felldas and 50% of the adherent upturned ears in plants the direction of the row), they must be transformed into kg / ha of pre-harvest losses by applying the following formulas, Mule: * 150 is an average index referring to weight grams of beans a spike. For calculating more accurate, it is best to take a sample of 10 spikes proOur lot, threshing, weighing grains, dividir by ten to obtain the average value and replace the coefficient obtained by the value 150. 128
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Figure 7. Aro blind. Figure 8. evaluation of losses and shattering the tail bezal in Maize. Source: INTA PRECOP, 2006. Grains and unthreshed remains, found above the blind rings represent losses tail. For kg / ha lost tail sewchadora, weighing, counting beads, or use the receiveevaluator container provided by the INTA PRECOP (Figure 4). In If count or weigh beans Corn remember the rule Three simple: 33 grains of corn on a square meter

(Blind four rings) or 10 grams per square meter, rea loss on tail of 100 kg / ha. 129 It is imto the by as ilera: vanta the codecisioncatchector s fellas in as in formulas youOS more s pro, Divithe czar
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(B.2) P what delim ra 9) and gas qu that The kg / In this There qu zal (pu ma zal Author Project Cordo www.c B) head losses (B.1) shattering losses: determining retaking the materials located below the four rings ciegos above (Figure 9). In the case of maize, this material shattering losses represents the head. This type loss is caused when the pin makes contact

the gleaners rolls, having inadequate (excessive va) separation of the Gleaners plates. For kg / ha lost shattering for the fitzal, despite beads, counting them, or use the container evaluator (Figure 4). 33 grains of corn in a square meter of calendering (four blind rings) or 10 grams per square meter drilled, representing a loss of tail 100 kg / ha. Figure 9. evaluation of losses volley of spikes in the harvest Corn and formula to convert the number of spikes colTadas in kg / ha. * Is an average index referring to weight in grams of grain from an ear. For more accurate calculation, would be best to take a sample of 10 ears of our average tro lot, threshing, weighing grains, obtained dividing by ten toner an average coefficient value and replace the 150 by vavalue obtained. INTA PRECOP, 2006. 130
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(B.2) losses volley of spikes: in the same rectangle defined to assess the pre-harvest losses (Figra 9) and after the passage of the machine, pick up all the pins gas that remained unharvested and apply the same formula that in the case of pre-harvest losses, to obtain the kg / ha broadcast losses pin head. To this value of loss head pin volley, must add the kg / ha lost by shattering the fitzal (b.1) to obtain the kg / ha-be-missing zal maicero. Module Authors INTA Project PRECOP. Route 9, km 636, (5988), Manfredi, Crdoba. (03572) 493039. jpeiretti@correo.inta.gov.ar; www.cosechaypostcosecha.org 131 an res ciematerial and type touch xcesibelowing fourfour.

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