Textile Testing

Fibre Length

Question Bank
A. Multiple Choice (1 Answer)

1. A high percentage of short fibers is usually associated with
a. Higher wastage in Combing
b. Higher wastage in Blowroom
c. Higher wastage in Carding
d. Higher wastage in Drawframe

2. Fibrograph is used to obtain (2005)
a. average fibre length
b. fibre fineness
c. span length
d. short fibre percentage

3. Fibrograph uses an optical method of measuring the _____ along the length of
a tuft of parallel fibers
a. weight
b. density
c. fineness
d. strength

4. Fibrograph works on
a. manual system
b. capacitive sensors
c. laser technology
d. photoelectric cells

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

5. As a general rule the longer wools are _______ than the shorter ones and in the
case of cotton the longer fibres are _________ than the short ones
a. coarser; finer
b. coarser; coarser
c. finer; finer
d. finer; coarser

6. As per the sorter diagram, percentage short fibers is
a. less than half the effective length
b. less than half the span length
c. less than half maximum length
d. less than half average or mean length

7. In case of fibrograph, __________________ approximates to the staple length
a. upper half mean length
b. lower half mean length
c. mean length
d. uniformity ratio

8. In case of wool, short fibers are the fibers having length less than
a. < 10 mm
b. 10 - 20 mm
c. 25 - 40 mm
d. > 40 mm

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

9. Short fiber content relates directly to the amount of waste extracted in ______
a. Blowroom
b. Carding
c. Drawframe
d. Combing

10. In case of Cotton, Short fibers are the fibers having length less than___
a. 12 mm
b. 12.5 mm
c. 12.7 mm
d. 12.9 mm

11. Short fibre content measured by the ______ is referred to as short fibre index
(SFI)
a. Fibrogram
b. AFIS
c. HVI
d. Peyer Almeter

12. Staple length is approximately equal to
a. effective length
b. short length
c. maximum length
d. modal length

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

13. The 2.5% span length is numerically nearer to (1999)

a. Staple length
b. Mean length
c. Short fibre%
d. Longest fibre length

14. The amount of ___________ present influences the amount of noil or waste
extracted
a. long fiber
b. short fiber
c. mean length fiber
d. modal length fiber

15. The length of the main bulk of the longer fibers is known as
a. effective length
b. modal length
c. average or mean length
d. maximum length

16. In case of Cotton,Short fibers are the fibers having length less than
a. 1 inch
b. 3/4 inch
c. 1/2 inch
d. 1/4 inch

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

17. The percentage range of the uniformity ratio for cotton fibres in general is
(2006)
a. 40-50
b. 55-65
c. 70-80
d. 85-95

18. The setting of the distances between the nips of successive pairs of drafting
rollers is depends on
a. span length
b. effective length
c. maximum length
d. modal length

19. The term __________ is not used when analyzing the comb sorter diagram
a. span length
b. effective lenght
c. staple length
d. short length

20. Uniformity Index normal cotton is in the range of
a. 55-65%
b. 65-75%
c. 75-85%
d. 85-95%

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

21. Uniformity ratio (%) of cotton is in the range of (2007)

a. 40-50
b. 60-70
c. 80-90
d. 90-100

22. WIRA fiber length machine is designed to measure the fiber length of
a. single cotton fiber
b. cotton sliver
c. single wool fiber
d. wool sliver

23. WIRA fibre diagram machine works on
a. capacitance principle
b. optical principle
c. manual method
d. photoelectric cell principle

24. Fiber length is the most important fibre properties required by ________ to
process high quality yarns
a. Rotor spinning
b. DREF Spinning
c. Air jet Spinning
d. Wrap spinning

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

25. Uniformity ratio is the ratio of (2008)

a. 50% span length and 2.5% span length
b. 2.5% span length and 50% span length
c. Mean length and upper half mean length
d. Upper half mean length and mean length

26. WIRA fibre diagram machine is designed to measure the fibre length of
a. combed wool sliver
b. single wool fiber
c. single cotton fiber
d. combed cotton sliver

27. With staple fibers, the individual fiber length is ______ important than the
distribution of fiber lengths in a sample of fibers
a. more
b. less
c. not
d. extremely

28. Uniformity ratio of fibres of equal length is approximately equal to (2005)
a. 0.51
b. 0.71
c. 0.91
d. 1.00

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

29. Uniformity ratio for normal variety of cotton is in the range (2009)
a. 0.2-0.3
b. 0.4-0.5
c. 0.7-0.8
d. 0.9-1.0

30. Uniformity Ratio gives an idea about (1998)
a. Short fibre percent in cotton
b. Effective length of cotton
c. Length variability of cotton
d. Longest fibre present in cotton

31. Proportion of short fibre does not influence________ spinning
a. Ring
b. Air jet
c. Rotor
d. DREF

32. The 1% and 2.5% span length are lengths that are needed for________
a. Roller space setting
b. Yarn Twisting
c. Comber noil
d. Fine yarn

Textile Testing
Fibre Length

33. Large proportion of short fibers also leads to considerable fly contamination &
put strain
a. on personnel
b. on machines
c. on the air-conditioning
d. above all

34. In case of __________, fibre weight per unit length is not constant but varies
with the fibre length
a. Cotton
b. Flax
c. Wool
d. Silk

35. The measurement of fibre length is mainly used for the
a. Assessment of raw materials
b. To see the effect on processing
c. To determine the efficiency of combing process
d. All of above

36. Subjective evaluation of the fibre length is done with the help of
a. Comb sorter
b. Hand stapling
c. Single fibre measurement
d. Fibrograph

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Fibre Length

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37. ________________is a characteristic of the bulk of the longer fibres

a. Effective length
b. Mean length
c. Maximum length
d. Modal length

38. In case of effective length, which of the following statement is not TRUE
a. Short fibres are ignored while finding it
b. It reduced the initial rapid change in length from maximum
c. It is sum of base line readings divided by base line length
d. Spinning Machine settings are related to it

39. Normally, cotton fiber gives the ________________ shape of comb sorter
a. Rectangular staple
b. Triangular staple
c. Trapezoidal staple
d. Stepped staple

40. Which types of comb sort diagram represent more number of short fibres?
a. Rectangular staple
b. Triangular staple
c. Trapezoidal staple
d. Stepped staple

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41. Fibrogram is produced by

a. Comb sorter
b. HVI
c. AFIS
d. USTER Stapling

42. For the measuring the fibre length, which principle is used by indirect
instrumental method
a. thickness gauge
b. photoelectric optical system
c. electrical capacitor plates
d. All above

43. USTER stapler use the _____________ method to measure the fibre length
a. Thickness gauge (Pneumatic Pressure)
b. Optical
c. Capacitance
d. Photoelectric

44. It is important that in addition to the fibre length of a cotton, the degree of
irregularity of its length should also be known
a. Short fibre percentage is same in the fibre having different mean length
b. Short fibre percentage is different in the fibre having same mean length
c. Short fibre percentage is different in the fibre having different mean
length
d. Short fibre percentage is same in the fibre having same mean length

Textile Testing
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45. Length uniformity index of cotton fiber will always be

a. 100
b. More than 100
c. Less than 100
d. ZERO

46. Cotton with the low uniformity index is likely to produce low quality yarn
because
a. Low percentage of short fibre
b. High percentage of short fibre
c. High percentage of long fibre
d. Equal length of fibre

47. An increase of ______ in fibre length increases yarn strength approx. by 0.4
cN/tex or more
a. 1 mm
b. 4 mm
c. 0.1 mm
d. 0.4 mm

48. A fibre length __________ is desirable in most cases, although this depends
upon the spinning system and yarn count.
a. above 28 mm
b. less than 28 mm
c. equal to 28 mm
d. 12. 7 mm

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49. An increase of 1% (absolute) in Short Fibre Content can decrease ring spun yarn
strength by_______________
a. Less than 1%
b. 1% or more
c. Equal to 1%
d. 0%

50. Low length uniformity _____________ unevenness and _______________ the
strength of the yarn
a. Increases; decreases
b. Increases; increases
c. Decreases; increases
d. Decreases; decreases

51. Long cotton fibre are generally more prone to forming neps during_________
a. Blow room
b. Carding
c. Draw frame
d. Combing

52. Long cotton fibre often carded at ______________
a. Higher speed
b. Lower speed
c. Medium speed
d. Regular speed

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53. For processing of Longer fiber, carding speed need to be____________ and
ring spinning speed need to be____________
a. Increased; increased
b. Increased; decreased
c. Decreased; increased
d. Decreased; decreased

54. The inverse of length uniformity also provides a measure of _______________
a. Mean length
b. Span length
c. CV of length
d. Floating fiber

55. Short Fibre Content defined by ________ is considered a more sensitive
measure of processing conditions
a. Weight
b. Number
c. Percentage
d. Ratio

56. A uniformity index of above ___ % and uniformity ratio above ____% are
desirable
a. 83; 48
b. 48; 83
c. 83; 83
d. 48; 48

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Fibre Length

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57. All fiber-length testing instruments require a minimum of ____ gms of ginned
fibers
a. 1
b. 2
c. 5
d. 10

58. Fiber length is the most important fibre properties required by ________ to
process high quality yarns
a. Ring spinning
b. Rotor spinning
c. DREF Spinning
d. Wrap spinning

59. By the keeping the same level twist, if longer fibres are used to produce the
yarn then it will result in
a. Finer count
b. Higher yarn strength
c. Softer yarn
d. No change

60. Fibre length __________ mm will only produce the positive characteristics in
the yarn
a. Above 15 mm
b. Between 12 15 mm
c. Below 12 mm
d. Above 5 mm

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B. Multiple Choice (Multiple Answers, either 2 or 3)

1. A high percentage of short fibers is usually associated with
a. Increase in yarn irregularity and ends down
b. Increase numbers of neps and slubs
c. Higher wastage in combing
d. Higher wastage in blowroom

2. During length measurement on Fibrograph,2.5% span length was found to be
25 mm. It means (1992)
a. 2.5% of fibres clamped are 25 mm is length
b. 2.5% of fibres clamped are longer than 25 mm
c. 2.5% of fibres clamped are 25 mm or longer
d. 2.5% of fibres clamped are less than 25 mm

3. More number of short fibres results in
a. Unevenness in yarn
b. More waste generation
c. Soft twisted yarn
d. Yarn hairiness

4. Fibrograph normally measures the..
a. mean length
b. short length
c. modal length
d. span length

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Fibre Length

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5. Effective length is
a. length of the main bulk of the longer fibers
b. upper quartile of the fiber length distribution
c. read directly from the sorter diagram
d. the length on which many machinery settings are related

6. From the point of view of cloth characteristics, however, short fibres have the
advantage where it is desirable to produce
a. soft surface
b. rough surface
c. hairy
d. warm handling

7. Crimp in the fiber can be measured as
a. waves per unit length
b. crimp angle
c. % increase in extent of the fibre on removal of the crimp
d. fiber length

8. Crimp, the waviness of a fiber, is important and desired because
a. determines the cohesiveness of card webs
b. the amount of fly liberated during processing
c. it reduces the effective length of the fiber
d. the hairiness of the resultant yarn

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Fibre Length

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9. Determination of fiber length by using photoelectric cells principle is done with

the help of
a. Fibrograph
b. HVI
c. AFIS
d. Digital Fibrograph

10. Mean length of the fiber can be derived
a. based on number of fibres
b. based on fibre cross-section
c. based on fibre mass
d. based on fiber strength

11. The main advantages of longer fibers are
a. easier to process
b. more even yarn can be produced
c. higher strength yarn can be produced
d. cheaper

12. The main disadvantages of hand stapling over instrumental method of fiber
length testing are
a. it is time consuming
b. it is simple and easy
c. short fibers are discounted
d. variation in density (numbers of fibers) of hand prepared tuft

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13. The staple length of the cotton is in between

a. mean length
b. short length
c. maximum length
d. effective length

14. Variations in fibre length can cause severe problems and lead to
a. increase in waste
b. deterioration in processing performance
c. yarn quality
d. shade variation in fabric

15. Fibre length influences
a. luster
b. yarn hairiness
c. productivity
d. varying Dyeablity

16. The fibre length property is useful
a. to decide draft amount
b. to decide machine setting in spinning
c. to calculate combing efficiency
d. to study breakage rate during processing

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17. The proportion of short fibers has increased substantially in recent years mainly
because of
a. atmosphere
b. water
c. mechanical picking
d. hard ginning

18. Staple length is approximately equal to
a. Effective length
b. Modal length
c. Mean length
d. Maximum Length

19. In case of effective length, which of the following statements are TRUE
a. Short fibres are ignored while finding it
b. It reduced the initial rapid change in length from maximum
c. It is sum of base line readings divided by base line length
d. Spinning Machine settings are related to it

20. The major disadvantages of hand stapling are
a. It consider the short fibre
b. It ignore the fibre extent
c. Variation in tuft density
d. Time consuming

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Fibre Length

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21. The problems with the equal length fibres are

a. It is difficult to maintain fibre length evenness in yarn
b. Spinning machines are not suitable to process it
c. Create high degree of unevenness in yarn
d. Loss in yarn strength

22. For the measuring the fibre length, which principle are used by indirect
instrumental method
a. thickness gauge
b. photoelectric optical system
c. electrical capacitor plates
d. manual observations

23. Measurement of fibre extent is more desirable as compare to measuring the
length of straight fibre because
a. Fibres are not straight at the time of processing
b. Fibres are not straight at the time of using
c. Fibres are not aligning along a common line in processing
d. Fibres are straight at the time of using

24. Fibre length variation can be denoted by one of the following
a. CV of length (by weight or number)
b. Irregularity percentage
c. Percentage of short fibres
d. Span length

Textile Testing
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25. Longer fiber enables

a. Carded at low speed
b. Low roving twist
c. Higher ring spinning speed
d. High yarn twist

26. Normally, short fibre content is defined by
a. Weight
b. Percentage
c. Ratio
d. Numbers

27. Short fibre content depends upon
a. Genotype
b. Harvesting
c. Ginning
d. Blow room

28. Fiber length is the most important fibre properties required by which spinning
system to process high quality yarns
e. Ring spinning
f. Rotor spinning
g. DREF spinning
h. Air Jet spinning

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Fibre Length

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29. The main advantage of WIRA Fibre Length Machine is

a. it gives a standard tension to the fibres
b. it involves less operator fatigue
c. it gives semi-automatic recording of the results
d. it works on the tuft method

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Fibre Length

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C. State True or False

Sr No Statement True or False
1 As wool fibres are relatively long, length is a less important property
2 Comb sorters can be used for card slivers
3 In case of cotton fiber, the length and fineness are directly proportional
to each other

4 In case of wool, longer the fiber, finer it will be
5 Longer lengths fibers contribute to the tenacity of yarn by increasing the
frictional forces with adjacent fibers

6 Staple length is closely related with the roller setting in drafting
7 Longer lengths of cotton fiber contribute to the tenacity of yarn via
increased frictional forces with adjacent fibers

8 The longer the fibre length, the lower is the end breakage rate
9 UHML is the mean length by numbers of the longer half (50%) of the
fibre by weight

10 Fibres upto about 12 - 15 mm do not contribute to strength but only to
fullness of the yarn

11 In case of natural fibre, length and fineness are related to each other
12 Fibre length determines the draft settings of machines
in a spinning mill

13 Short fibre contribute to the yarn strength
14 Most of the time, the cut length of manmade fibres is influenced by the
fibre length of natural fibres

15 Fibre length is very useful in calculating the combing efficiency
16 Fibre length is not correlated with fabric strength
17 After carding, Fibre length does not plays important role

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18 In case of Longer cotton fiber, more twist need to be inserted in to yarn

19 The 1% and 2.5% span length are lengths that are needed in setting
machines, especially roller spacings

20 Large proportion of short fibers puts lots of strain on personnel by fly
contamination

21 Fibre length is not useful to study the breakage rate during spinning
22 More number of short fibres creates problem in drafting
23 Fibres are never straight in use
24 Longer fibres give better spinning performance than shorter ones
25 Spinning machines are not suited to the processing of fibers having all
the same length

26 No variation in fibre length can produce a high degree of unevenness in
the yarn

27 In case of Manmade fibre, length and fineness cannot be controlled
separately

28 In case of wool, fibre weight per unit length is not constant but varies
with the fibre length

29 Cotton grader uses objective assessment system to measure staple
length by hand stapling method

30 In case of natural fibre, fiber length exhibits the greatest irregularity of all
the fiber characteristics

31 More number of short fibre are not problematic for air conditioners in
spinning mill

32 In comb sorter, basically, the fibres are sorted in the length group
33 Staple diagram is equivalent to a graph of length against cumulative
frequency

34 Effective length is a characteristic of the bulk of the longer fibres

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35 The distances between the nips of successive pairs of the drafting rollers
is depend on effective length

36 Short fibres are considered while finding the effective length on comb
sorter diagram

37 One of the drawback of comb sorter is that it ignored the fiber extent
38 Weight based sort diagram has a notably higher curve compared with
the numerical diagram, because long fibers have more mass than short
fibers and therefore a greater effect

39 The weight-based comb sorter diagram corresponds to the distribution
of fibers in the yarn cross-section

40 In case of natural fibre, rectangular shaped sorter diagram is possible
41 Ideal fibers should be of equal length and without any length variations
42 The Fibrogram corresponds to the arrangement of fibers at the nip line
of rollers

43 Measurement of fibre extent is more desirable as compare to measuring
the length of straight fibre

44 USTER stapler use the thickness gauge method
45 Fibrograph works on capacitance principle
46 In fibrograph, longer fibres has greater chance to get catch
47 The term span length is used in when analyzing the comb sorter diagram
48 2.5% span length is considered to correlate with the classers staple
length

49 Cotton fibre having nearly the same mean fibre length can have different
percentage of short fibre

50 Dispersion percentage is one the method to express fibre length
variation

51 Length uniformity index of cotton fiber will always be less than 100

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52 Cotton with a low uniformity index is likely to have a low percentage of

short fibers

53 An increase of 1 mm in fibre length increases yarn strength approx. by
0.4 cN/tex or more

54 A fibre length above 28 mm is desirable in most cases, although this
depends upon the spinning system and yarn count.

55 50% span length represent the mean length of fibre
56 An increase of 1% (absolute) in Short Fibre Content can decrease ring
spun yarn strength by 1% or more

57 Long cotton fibre are generally more prone to forming neps during
carding

58 Longer fiber require more amount of twist during roving and yarn
manufacturing

59 Ring spinning speed need to be high for the long fibre
60 The short fibre content (SFC) is a better indicator of the floating fibres
61 Short Fibre Content defined by weight is considered a more sensitive
measure of processing conditions

62 Fabric strength and abrasion resistance also tend to deteriorate with an
increase in SFC

63 An SFC below 8% (by weight) is desirable
64 The uniformity ratio is expressed as a percentage of the longer length
65 Fibre is the most property which need to be considered at the time of
rotor spinning

66 If fiber materials of very different lengths are blended in the wrong
proportions, then a stepped staple curve can formed

67 WIRA fibre diagram machines is designed to measure single fibre length
68 In testing of wool fibre, the application of standard tension is important