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Bearing Behavior of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Composite Laminates--Part II: Failure Mechanisms

Claire Girarda; Marie-Laure Danob; Andr Picarda; Guy Gendronb a Department of Civil Engineering, Universit Laval, Quebec, Canada. b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universit Laval, Quebec, Canada.

To cite this Article Girard, Claire , Dano, Marie-Laure , Picard, Andr and Gendron, Guy(2003) 'Bearing Behavior of

Mechanically Fastened Joints in Composite Laminates--Part II: Failure Mechanisms', Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 10: 1, 23 42 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/15376490306738 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376490306738

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Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 10:2342, 2003 Copyright C 2003 Taylor & Francis 1537-6494/03 $12.00 + .00 DOI: 10.1080/15376490390118111

Bearing Behavior of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Composite LaminatesPart II: Failure Mechanisms
CLAIRE GIRARD
Department of Civil Engineering, Universit e Laval, Quebec, Canada

MARIE-LAURE DANO
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universit e Laval, Quebec, Canada

PICARD ANDRE
Department of Civil Engineering, Universit e Laval, Quebec, Canada

GUY GENDRON
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universit e Laval, Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT

The bearing response and failure mechanisms of mechanically fastened carbon/ epoxy laminated composite joints were investigated. Some results of the experimental study on strength and local strains were presented in Part I. The investigation on failure mechanisms is summarized in this paper. The major focus of the second part of the experiments was to determine the effect of the stacking sequence and the inuence of clamping pressure exerted by a bolt on the bearing failure mechanisms. External damage was examined on a macroscopic scale and internal damage was evaluated using optical microscopy. To evaluate the extent of internal damage, polished cross-sections of the specimens were taken from a bearing plane and from a shear plane tangent to the hole boundary. Fiber orientation has an inuence on the location around the hole circumference where failure initiates. Micrographs of the cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminate specimens showed the importance of the 0 ply behavior. Intensive shear delamination appeared between the 0 ply and the adjacent inner ply. The pattern of bearing damage under the washers is similar for different clamping methods, but the ability of the joint to sustain damage increases with the level of clamping pressure.

INTRODUCTION Numerous experimental studies have been published on bearing failure of mechanically fastened carbon/epoxy laminated composite joints. Some of them have been reported in Part I [1]. These experimental studies focused on the maximum bearing strength evaluation, considering the effects of various parameters. It appears that the stacking sequence and the clamping pressure have the most signicant effect on the maximum bearing strength.

Received 15 October 2001; accepted 1 April 2002. Address correspondence to Prof. Marie-Laure Dano, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universit e Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada. E-mail: Marie-Laure.Dano@gmc.ulaval.ca

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Little work has been published on the evaluation of external damage on a macroscopic scale [24]; however, the knowledge of bearing damage mechanisms in bolted composite joints is quite limited. Due to their anisotropy and inhomogeneity, the strength and failure of bolted composite joints are signicantly inuenced by the damage accumulated inside the composites [5]. Fundamental characterization of the bearing damage mechanisms is necessary to develop an analytical model for the prediction of the bearing response of bolted composite joints under lateral constraints. A limited number of experimental results have been published on the study of failure mechanisms and damage progression in bolted carbon ber composite joints [47]. In these studies, tested specimens were x-rayed and sliced along the centerline, sometimes at different load levels, to examine internal damage under a microscope. Hamada et al. [4] studied the effect of stacking sequence in quasi-isotropic carbon-epoxy laminates. Wang et al. [5] tested three-ply orientations and four different levels of clamping force for the tests. Camanho et al. [6] tested one type of quasi-isotropic lay-up with a nger-tightened bolt. To evaluate the extent of damage, micrographs were taken on several planes, parallel to the bearing plane. Maikuma and Kubomura [7] investigated the effect of the reinforcing ber properties on the bearing strength of pin-loaded joints made of quasi-isotropic laminates. They also studied the effect of in-plane geometrical parameters. Wang et al. [5] observed that shear cracks induced by compression failure appeared to be the primary failure mode responsible for bearing failure. Lateral support suppresses the shear crack propagation and changes failure from a catastrophic to a progressive failure mode. Following this study, Hung and Chang [8] proposed a cumulative damage model based on the damage mechanisms observed to simulate the bearing failure in laminated composite joints. Camanho et al. [6] found that bearing failure is characterized by the accumulation of subcritical damage mechanisms, delamination, matrix cracks, related ber microbuckling, and internal delamination, resulting in through-thickness shear cracks that lead to nal failure. The objective of the present paper is to determine the effect of the stacking sequence and the inuence of clamping pressure exerted by a bolt on the failure mechanisms of carbon/epoxy laminated composite joints. The evaluation of external damage on a macroscopic scale is done with photographs; internal damage is evaluated using optical microscopy on polished cross-sections along the loading axis. The damage mechanisms observed in this experimental study will be useful in completing the validation and further development of a numerical nite element model presented in [9]. This predictive failure model takes into account all the essential mechanical aspects: contact model with friction and clearance, nonlinear shear behavior, large deformation theory, progressive damage via a failure criterion, and property degradation. This thorough experimental validation of the numerical nite element model will be presented in a forthcoming paper. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In the experimental study presented earlier [1], the effect of the stacking sequence and the inuence of the clamping pressure exerted by a bolt on the bearing strength of mechanically fastened carbon/epoxy laminated composite joints have been studied. Effective bolt displacements were recorded on each side of the specimen with extensometers. Detailed local strains have been measured around the hole, close to the hole edge. Three different clamping methods were used. The rst series of tests was done without any clamping presssure, using a dowel pin; the second series was carried out with a nger-tightened bolt (negligible initial clamping pressure); and the third one was carried out using a torque-tightened bolt. For the third series of tests, the effective clamping pressure was evaluated with a sensor lm.

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Different symmetric lay-ups were chosen for the study: cross-ply [(0/90)4 ] S and [(90/0)4 ] S , angle-ply [(+45/45)4 ] S , and quasi-isotropic [(0/45/90)2 ] S . Micrographs taken from all different lay-up specimens are considered in the following discussion. From the experimental results presented in the rst paper [1], it was found that, for the tests done with a dowel pin, the maximum bearing stress corresponds to the rst peak bearing stress. For the series performed with a nger-tightened bolt or with a torque-tightened bolt to induce clamping pressure, an important increase of the average rst-peak bearing stress has been observed. After the rst peak, additional load can be carried by the joint because the clamping pressure that prevails under the washer delays the delamination and enhances the post-peak behavior. The strain eld around the hole depends on the laminate, and bers oriented at 45 improve the bearing behavior. A total of 27 tensile tests were performed in the experiments described in Part I [1]. To assess the damage mechanisms, one third of the tests were stopped prematurely after the rst peak was reached and the specimens were unloaded. The experimental results reported here are summarized in two categories: external damage observed on a macroscopic scale and internal damage examined under optical microscopy. A synthesis of these two sets of results is presented afterwards in a short section, where the external damage mechanisms are correlated with the internal damage observations.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: EXTERNAL DAMAGE After specimens have reached the maximum failure load, bearing damage on the surface of the hole boundary becomes visible. Through-the-thickness expansion of the composite in the bearing zone is clearly visible and can be felt by nger touch. Two tested cross-ply laminate specimens are shown in Figure 1. The one shown on the left was tested with a

Figure 1. [(0/90)4 ]S laminate specimens subjected to bearing.

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Figure 2. Bearing zone of the ([(0/90)4 ]S ) laminate.

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dowel pin and was instrumented with strain gauges and a 0 / 45 rosette placed around the hole on both sides of the plate. The specimen shown on the right side was tested with a nger-tightened bolt and was instrumented with the outer gauges only, due to the presence of washers between the laminate and the xture. The same gauge arrangement was used for the specimens tested with a torque-tightened bolt. The inner diameter of the washers was 17 mm and the outside diameter was 30 mm. For all tests conducted, the shank diameter was 15.875 mm and the hole diameter was 16 mm. Enlarged views of the bearing zone for each clamping method are shown in Figures 2 (plane view) and 3 (angle view). For the laminates tested with a dowel pin (DP), the lateral expansion of the laminate bearing zone appears along the longitudinal axis, over a distance approximately equal to the hole radius. The delamination process is quite different for the tests done under nger-tight or torque-tight conditions because of the lateral constraint provided by the washer. As shown in Figure 2, the washer footprints are clearly visible on the surfaces. Damage appears on the bearing surface, both inside and outside the washer area. No visible damage can be found directly under the washer. As shown in Figure 3, the lateral expansion beneath the washer inside circumference is also quite important for the nger-tight and torque-tight specimens, but is limited to a smaller distance along the hole circumference and to a smaller zone on the bearing surface (Figure 2). Fiber orientation has an inuence on the location around the hole circumference where failure initiates. This is shown in Figure 4 for specimens tested with a nger-tightened bolt and in Figure 5 for specimens tested with a torque-tightened bolt. One can observe that failure initiates on the loading axis (i.e., = 0 ) for the cross-ply lay-up ([(0/90)4 ] S ) and that failure initiates on the hole circumference at 45 from the loading axis for the angle-ply lay-up ([(+45/45)4 ] S ). Similar results were reported by Collings [2] after testing crossply and angle-ply laminates with variable ply orientation, indicating that failure initiates at points on the circular boundary where bers are either tangential or normal to the boundary. For the quasi-isotropic laminate, failure is initiated at = 0 in the 0 plies and at = 45 in the 45 plies. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: INTERNAL DAMAGE To examine internal damage, micrographs were made of through-thickness sections of the specimens at two different locations. After testing, the specimens were cut using a diamond saw and the samples were placed in epoxy resin. The surface of each specimen was polished and examined using optical microscopy. As shown in Figure 6, one section corresponds to the bearing plane (located on the centerline of the plate, along the loading axis). The second section corresponds to a shear plane also oriented along the loading axis, but tangent to the hole boundary (i.e., at = 90 ). The letters A, B, and C in Figure 6 correspond, respectively, to the upper edge of the specimen, the contact surface on the bearing plane specimen, and the center of the shear plane specimen (i.e., transverse axis). These letters appear on the different micrographs referred to in the following discussion. Stacking sequence effect The bearing plane micrographs of specimens tested with a dowel pin are shown in Figure 7. One can see that the laminates all have similar damage patterns. Matrix cracking is present in all laminates but is less evident in the angle-ply specimen. Matrix cracking can be observed in the outer 90 ply of the cross-ply and the quasi-isotropic lay-ups. Interlaminar

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Figure 3. Angle view of the bearing zone of the ([(0/90)4 ]S ) laminate.

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Figure 4. Bearing zone of specimens tested with a nger-tightened bolt. shear delamination and compressive shear failure of inner plies can also be observed on all laminates. For the cross-ply and the quasi-isotropic lay-ups, the outer 0 plies are deformed outward due to the compressive pin force. This observation is in agreement with the results

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Figure 5. Bearing zone of specimens tested with a torque-tightened bolt. published by Hamada et al. [4]. This deformation has produced important shear delamination that is concentrated between the 0 ply and the subsequent inner ply, in the cross-ply, and the quasi-isotropic lay-ups. For the angle-ply laminate, the out-of-plane deformation and the subsequent inter-ply delamination are less pronounced. In this particular case, a

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Figure 6. Micrographed planes.

nonsymmetric outward deformation was produced during testing and induced more delamination on one side of the specimen. The shear crack patterns are quite similar for all laminates. The shear cracks are oriented at 45 with respect to the loading axis and are all related to a delamination. The results of the damage examination are in agreement with observations made by Wang et al. [5]. They noticed that shear cracks are the primary bearing damage mode and are formed by the accumulated in-plane compression failure in each individual ply of the laminate. Damage propagates where two shear cracks merge and initiate an unstable delamination growth or where shear cracks reach the free surfaces and the laminate loses its integrity. One can also observe that two shear cracks merge inside the laminate, close to the midthickness of the specimen, particularly for the angle-ply and the quasi-isotropic laminates (Figures 7b and 7c). For the quasi-isotropic laminate, it is clearly seen that shear cracks reached the hole edge at about one quarter of the laminate thickness. Wang et al. [5] also made this observation on cross-ply and quasi-isotropic lay-ups. In the present study, the cross-ply laminate exhibits multiple shear cracks toward the outside layers, probably due to the important out-of-plane deformation and the delamination found between each group of (0/90) plies. In Figure 8, bearing plane micrographs of two different cross-ply laminate specimens are shown. It is interesting to see that, like the [(0/90)4 ] S lay-up, the [(90/0)4 ] S lay-up exhibits important out-of-plane deformation and interlaminar shear delamination that is found at the same location (i.e., between the 0 ply and the adjacent 90 inner ply). This particular failure mechanism shows the importance of the 0 ply behavior. Shear plane micrographs taken from three different laminates tested with a dowel pin are shown in Figure 9 to evaluate the extent of damage. The vertical line on each gure indicates the center of the specimen, corresponding to the hole center (transverse axis, see Figure 6). In each case, the section on the left side of the vertical line corresponds to the bearing zone. Matrix cracking can be observed in all laminates. Interlaminar shear delamination is mostly present near the laminate surface, adjacent to the hole center. The extent and the intensity of damage are quite similar for the different laminates.

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Figure 7. Bearing plane micrographsspecimens tested with a dowel pin. Clamping pressure effect Quasi-isotropic laminate Bearing plane micrographs of quasi-isotropic laminate specimens are shown in Figure 10. To evaluate the clamping pressure effect on the failure mechanisms, different

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Figure 8. Bearing plane micrographscross-ply specimens tested with a dowel pin. clamping methods were used for these specimens. To evaluate the extent of damage, shear plane micrographs taken from the same specimens are shown in Figure 11. For the test performed with a nger-tightened bolt, the washers simply constrain the specimen laterally; as a result, the initial clamping pressure is considered negligible. For the specimen tested under torque-tight conditions, the range of initial clamping pressure varied from 13.1 to 28.0 MPa across the washer surface due to the fact that the washer is not perfectly at [1]. Bearing damage under the washers depend on the level of clamping pressure (see Figure 10). The damage pattern is similar when comparing the specimen tested with a dowel pin to the specimens tested under nger-tight or torque-tight conditions, but the intensity and the extent of damage are clearly enhanced. Matrix cracking, interlaminar shear delamination, and compressive shear failure intensify and appear on a larger zone.

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Figure 9. Shear plane micrographsspecimens tested with a dowel pin. Shear cracks appeared in the specimens tested under tight conditions (nger or torque tightened) despite the lateral constraint provided by the washers. Multiple shear cracks grew outward, propagating and eventually reaching the surfaces of the laminate. For the specimen tested with a nger-tightened bolt, a second set of shear cracks appeared, as shown in Figure 10b. For the specimen tested with a torque-tightened bolt (Figure 10c), the growth of shear cracks progressed and eventually reached the laminate surface outside the washer

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Figure 10. Bearing plane micrographs of the [(0/45/90)2 ]S laminate.

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Figure 11. Shear plane micrographs of the [(0/45/90)2 ]S laminate. area. In this case, the out-of-plane deformation and severe delamination of the unconstrained area (outside the washer area) are clearly visible. At this point, the specimen has reached the maximum bearing stress, the lack of lateral support for the damaged material preventing any load increase beyond that point. Similar failure mechanisms were reported by Wang et al. [5], who stated that clamping pressure does not change the nature of the mechanisms of bearing failure under lateral constraints. A stage-by-stage growth mechanism of shear cracks is repeated until the damage reaches the free surfaces beyond the washers.

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The shear plane micrographs taken from the same specimens (Figure 11) show the progression and growth of interlaminar delamination when comparing the micrographs taken from the specimen tested with a dowel pin to the specimens tested under tight conditions. The center of the sections micrographed (plane tangent to the hole) corresponds to the hole center and is indicated by the letter C and a vertical line. For the specimen tested with a dowel pin (Figure 11a), delamination occured under the rst layers, mainly under the exterior 0 plies in the bearing zone. For the specimen tested with a nger-tightened bolt (Figure 11b), shear cracks appeared and progressed through interlaminar delaminations to the inner layers across the 45 and 90 plies. This failure mechanism is enhanced in the specimen tested under torque-tight conditions, where shear cracks have spread into the mid-thickness 45 plies (Figure 11c). Severe internal damage is present over the entire bearing zone, but no external damage was visible under the washer surface (see Figure 5c). One can also clearly see the microbuckling of 0 bers that is related to the intense matrix cracks and shear cracks, present in the adjacent plies. As reported by Camanho et al. [6], with increasing distance from the bearing plane, ber microbuckling in the 0 plies occurs over a greater length. These authors suggested that bearing failure is characterized by the accumulation of subcritical damage mechanisms, delamination, matrix cracks, and related ber microbuckling and internal delamination, resulting in through-thickness shear cracks that lead to nal failure. The failure mechanisms and the extent of damage observed on the cross-ply laminate specimens are quite similar to the ones observed on the quasi-isotropic laminate specimens. Therefore, the micrographs taken from the cross-ply laminate are not shown in the present paper. Angle-ply laminate Bearing plane micrographs of angle-ply laminate specimens are shown in Figure 12, where one can compare the progression of damage in the angle-ply laminate specimens with the quasi-isotropic laminate specimens (Figure 10) under different clamping methods. Shear plane micrographs taken from the same specimens are shown in Figure 13. As mentioned in a previous section, matrix cracking, interlaminar shear delamination, and compressive shear failure is present in the angle-ply specimen tested with a dowel pin. This specimen presents a set of shear cracks and severe delamination in the rst plies. A nonsymmetric out-of-plane deformation was observed during testing. For the specimen tested with a nger-tightened bolt (Figure 12b), the out-of-plane deformation and subsequent delamination is less pronounced than for the specimen tested with a dowel pin, due to the constraint conditions under the washers. As the load was increased, a second set of shear cracks started to grow away from the hole edge along a 45 axis. For the angle-ply specimen tested with a torque-tightened bolt, the range of initial clamping pressure varied from 14.0 to 43.2 MPa across the washer surface [1]. The shear cracks progressed along a 45 axis and eventually reached the laminate surface under the washer, on one side of the plate. After this point, the shear cracks progressed along an opposite 45 axis to the mid-thickness of the laminate. The outer 45 plies near the hole edge were completely crushed and torn off when the specimen reached the maximum bearing stress. The damage pattern of the angle-ply specimen is quite different than the damage pattern observed in the quasi-isotropic laminate specimen under similar clamping pressure. This is clearly visible on the shear plane micrographs of the angle-ply laminate

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Figure 12. Bearing plane micrographs of the [(+45/45)4 ]S laminate. specimen tested with a torque-tightened bolt (Figure 13c). Prominent shear cracks appear on a plane distant from the bearing plane and extend over a wide area. For the specimen tested under torque-tight conditions and subjected to higher stresses, shear cracks have reached the laminate surface. As for the quasi-isotropic laminate (Figures 10c and 11c), the

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Figure 13. Shear plane micrographs of the [(+45/45)4 ]S laminate. angle-ply laminate presents severe internal damage and multiple shear cracks spreading all over the bearing zone. As observed for the quasi-isotropic laminate, bearing damage under the washers of the angle-ply laminate also depends on the level of clamping pressure, but because of the different stacking sequence, damage progresses on a larger scale. This phenomenon may

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explain the differences noted between the laminates behavior [1]. The angle-ply laminate offered the lowest stiffness, showed a nonlinear behavior when the stress was increased over 60 MPa, and offered an average maximum bearing stress under torque-tight conditions slightly lower (4%) than the average maximum bearing stress of the quasi-isotropic laminate. Furthermore, from the local strains measured in the hole vicinity, a smoother behavior was observed for the angle-ply laminate. CORRELATION BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DAMAGE As shown on the rst photograph in Figure 2, the lateral expansion of the laminate bearing zone for the specimens tested with a dowel pin appears on a distance approximately equal to the hole radius. The same observation can be made on the bearing plane micrographs shown in Figure 8. Important out-of-plane deformation and interlaminar shear delamination can be seen on a distance of approximately 8 mm, starting from the contact surface. As mentioned previously, the delamination process for the test done with clamping pressure is different. The intensity and the extent of damage are enhanced. As shown in Figure 5, the washer footprints are clearly visible on the surfaces, and damage appears outside the washer area. The out-of-plane deformation and severe delamination of the unconstrained area, outside the washer area, are also clearly visible in Figures 10c and 12c. Compared to other laminates under similar clamping pressure, the angle-ply lay-up presents a different damage pattern. Because of the different stacking sequence, failure initiates on the hole circumference at 45 from the loading axis, as it can be seen on the second photograph in Figures 4 and 5. As shown in Figure 13c, more damage appears on the shear plane of the angle-ply laminate than on the shear plane of the quasi-isotropic laminate (Figure 11c), and prominent shear cracks extend on a larger area. CONCLUSIONS In this work, the bearing response and failure mechanisms of bolted carbon/epoxy joints under tensile loading was investigated. The major focus of the experiments presented here was to determine the effect of the stacking sequence and the inuence of clamping pressure exerted by a bolt on failure mechanisms. To assess the damage mechanisms, some tests were stopped prematurely after the rst peak bearing stress and the specimens were unloaded. The evaluation of external damage on a macroscopic scale was done with photographs. Internal damage was evaluated using optical microscopy on polished through-thickness sections of the specimens. To evaluate the extent of internal damage, samples were taken at two different locations near the hole. One section corresponds to the bearing plane (i.e., centerline of the plate, along the loading axis) and the second section corresponds to a shear plane tangent to the hole boundary (i.e., at = 90 ), also oriented along the loading axis. The experimental results lead to the following conclusions. After specimens have reached failure, bearing damage on the surface of the hole boundary becomes visible. For the laminates tested with a dowel pin, the lateral expansion of the laminate-bearing zone appears along the longitudinal axis, over a distance approximately equal to the hole radius. In the case of tests done under tight conditions, the washer footprints are clearly visible on the surfaces and the lateral expansion appears outside the washer area.

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The ber orientation has an inuence on the location around the hole circumference where failure initiates. Failure initiates at points on the circular boundary where bers are either tangential or normal to the boundary. In the cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminate specimens tested with a dowel pin, the outer 0 plies are deformed outward due to the compressive pin forces. This deformation produced important shear delamination that is concentrated, in all cases, between the 0 ply and the subsequent inner ply. The shear crack pattern is quite similar for all laminates. Shear cracks are oriented at approximately 45 from the loading axis and are connected with a delamination, and thus eventually merge close to the mid-thickness of the specimen. The pattern of bearing damage under the washers is similar for different clamping methods, but the intensity and the extent of damage are clearly enhanced with the level of clamping pressure. Matrix cracking, interlaminar shear delamination, and compressive shear failure are intensied and appear on a larger zone. Shear cracks appeared in the specimens tested under tight conditions (nger or torque tightened), despite the lateral constraints provided by the washers; they grew outward, propagating to reach the surfaces of the laminate. Shear plane micrographs taken from the same specimens show that severe internal damage is present over the entire bearing zone. The damage pattern of the angle-ply specimens is quite different than the one observed in the quasi-isotropic laminate specimens under similar clamping pressure. The quasi-isotropic laminate presented multiple shear cracks spreading all over the bearing zone. Due to a different stacking sequence, damage progresses on a larger scale for the angle-ply laminate. For specimens subjected to higher stresses, prominent shear cracks appear on a plane distant from the bearing plane and reach the laminate surface. Fundamental characterization of the bearing damage mechanisms is necessary to develop analytical models that can predict the bearing response of bolted composite joints. The experimental results and the observations on failure mechanisms presented in this paper will allow further development of a numerical nite element model used as a predictive failure model that will be presented in a forthcoming paper. REFERENCES
[1] C. Girard, M.-L. Dano, A. Picard, and G. Gendron, Bearing Behavior of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Composite Laminates-Part I: Strength and Local Strains, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 121, 2003. [2] T. A. Collings, The Strength of Bolted Joints in Multi-Directional CFRP Laminates, Composites, vol. 8, pp. 4354, 1977. [3] T. A. Collings and M. J. Beauchamp, Bearing Deection Behaviour of a Loaded Hole in CFRP, Composites, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3338, 1984. [4] H. Hamada, K. Haruna, and Z.-I. Maekawa, Effects of Stacking Sequences on Mechanically Fastened Joint Strength in Quasi-Isotropic Carbon-Epoxy Laminates, Journal of Composites Technology and Research, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 249259, 1995. [5] H.-S. Wang, C.-L. Hung, and F.-K. Chang, Bearing Failure of Bolted Composite Joints-Part I: Experimental Characterization, Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 12841313, 1996. [6] P. P. Camanho, S. Bowron, and F. L. Matthews, Failure Mechanisms in Bolted CFRP, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 205233, 1998.

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[7] H. Maikuma and K. Kubomura, Bearing Strength and Damage Progress for PAN-Based and PitchBased Carbon Fiber Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 17391761, 1993. [8] C.-L. Hung and F.-K. Chang, Bearing Failure of Bolted Composite Joints-Part II: Model and Verication, Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 12841313, 1996. [9] M.-L. Dano, G. Gendron, and A. Picard, Stress and Failure Analysis of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Composite Laminates, Composite Structures, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 287296, 2000.

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