have chosen the particular conditions Nwhich suit the method best-a fairly high ratio of 300/5 arid

a silicon steel core. Evenl then the results are not really good enough for metering and recourse must be made to the fine adjustments to which he refers, adjustments which are extremely complicated if one is to judge by J. W. Farr's paper on the subject. Much better figures could have been obtained with a Mumetal core of the same size using zero-flux compensation alone. The total cost would be little or no greater since no triple frequency transformer would be needed, and the extra trouble of a separate source of supply would be avoided. It is impossible to judge the merits of Mr. Woods' biased-core tranisformer from

his test results since no information is given either about the core size and material or the performance of an equivalent plain transformer. His wording seems to suggest that Hipernik may have been the core used in the tests. If this is so, then zero-flux compensation would undoubtedly have given better figures, while the change in error with burden would not have been appreciably greater. I am familiar with the paper by Mr. Specht referred to by Mr. Woods and I just do not see how the biased-core design can be considered as either simpler or more rugged than the zero-flux transformer, which does not require any installation adjustment as he suggests. Strictly speaking, of course, the two

biased-core methods quoted by Mr. Camilli and Mr. Marks and by Mr. Woods should be compared with each other, but not with my transformer which is totally different in character and conception. Both their schemes aim at an artificial improvement of the core material, and although the orthomagnetic transformer gives the better results it is much more trouble to apply. On the other haiid the zero-flux transformer aims at eliminating the core flux, and in difficult conditions the addition of bias flux helps it to do its job more effectively. Used separately then, each method has its merits. Used side by side, the zero-flux arid biased-core principles form a powerful tool in the difficult task of constructing low-ratio bushing transformers of high accuracy.

Negative-Phase-SequenceGenerator

O vercurrent Relay ror

withstand unbalanced faults has been expressed as a function of 12 and of time t, present relay practices should be examined to determine whether they provide adequate generator protection.

Protection
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE

Present Relaying
\When a generator is connected to a system in which all elements have primary and backup protection such that any fault is cleared before the ]22t characteristic of the machine is exceeded, there is no need for additional backup relaying at the generator. In many instances this desirable condition is not realized and hence additional relaying is necessary to p)rovide adequate protection of the generator against unbalanced faults. Some of the relays now used for this purpose are time-overcurrent relays, time-overcurrent relays with voltage restraint, single-zone distance relays, and phase-balance relavs. W"hen time-overcurrent relays are used, their application is limited by the requirement that they be adjusted for sufficient time delay to co-ordinate with the other relays on the system, and for high enough pickup to prevent operation on anticipated overloads. Frequently the sustained fault current is too low to operate such a relay reliably. The addition of voltage restraint to the overcurrent relay overcomes the problem of sensitivity but requires that the voltage at the generator be determined for the various fault conditions. Furthermore, after the voltages have been calculated, it is still necessary to determine whether a time setting can be made which will co-ordinate with other relays on the system and still provide adequate generator protection. Single-zone distance relays have been used to back up the generator bus and part of the system. However, such relays are instantaneous in operation, and

W. C. MORRIS

ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE

L. E. GOFF

R ECENT investigations,'-' including tests and theoretical considerations,

by the manufacturers of synchronous machines, have indicated that a revision in the ASA Standard C50, paragraph 3.1301 is desirable. The reference papers show that when a generator is sutbjected to an unbalanced fault, the stator current inclucdes a negative-phase-sequence component which causes a double-frequency current to flow in the rotor iron, slot wedges, and amortisseur windings, resulting in local heating. This heating has been expressed by the following relationship

clause is:

heating is proportional to aI,(t. IThiis

"A machine shall be capable of withstanding, without injury, a 30-second, t :hree-phase short circuit at its terminals whet 1 operatinlg at rated kva and power factor, with fixed excitation at 5 per cent overvolttage. The machine shall also be capable of withstanding without injury any other shor t circuit at its terminals, provided the maclhine phase currents under fault conditions are such that the negative-phase-sequence current in machine per unit stator curren t (1c2) and the duration of the fault in seco nnds (t) are limited to values which give an integrated product 122t of values equal to o Ir less than those shown in the accompanyring table, Also the maximum value of ins tantaneous phase current shall be limited b3y means of suitable reactance or resistance to a value which does not exceed the maxirnum phase current obtained from the three-p)hase fault,
Type of Synchronous Machine

f,122d t=K
where 12 = negative-ph;ase-sequence currenit t = time K = a constant A revised clause has been suggested which takes inito account the factors influencing the magnitude of the negative-phase-sequence current, and which takes advantao-e of the fact that rotor
Paper 53-178, recommended by the AIEE Relays Committee and alpproved by the AIEE Committee on Technical Operations for presentation at the AIEE North Eastern District Meeting. Boston, Mass., April 29- May 1, 1953. Mianuscript submitted Februars 2, 1953; made available for printing March 2, 1953. M;. C. MORRIS and L. E. GOFF are wvitli the General Electric Companv, Philadelphia, Pa.

Permissible 12t*

Turbine generators.................. 30 Hydraulic-turbine- driven generators .. ... .40 Engine-driven generators............ .. 40 30 Synchronous condensers............. Frequency-changer sets.............. ....30
* "Machines subjected to faults falling between the above limits and 200 per cent of thes ;e limits may suffer varying degrees of damage and an early inspection of the rotor surface is recomi mended, and for faults in excess of 200 per cent limits, serious damage should be expe ct:ed."

Now that the capability of mlachines to

AUGUST 1953

Morris, Goff Relay for Generator Protection6

610-

it is then necessary to introduce a time delay to co-ordinate with other relays. Since this time delay is a constant, it sometimes is not possible to obtain satisfactory co-ordination and still provide adequate generator protection. The performance of a phase balance relay is analyzed in Appendix I for two extreme system conditions. It has been shown that when the local generator is the only source on a system, a phase-balance relay with a typical slope of 125 per cent will detect a phase-to-phase fault, since the unfaulted phase carries no fault cutrent. However, the time characteristic of such a relay will not match the 122t characteristic of the machine. Consequently, the generator will be removed from the system prematurely for light faults, but for severe faults may not be removed before its 122t characteristic has been exceeded. WRhen the local generator represents only a small part of the system generation, it has been shown that the sustained negative-phase-sequence current from the machine resulting from system feedback will be much greater than the positivephase-sequence current. As a result, the phase-balance relay may fail to operate, as in the example in Appendix I, second
case.
0

A Negative-Phase-Sequence Relay
The ideal relay for the protection of generators against unbalanced faults is one which responds only to the negativephase-sequence component of generator current, and has a time characteristic parallel to, but slightly lower than, the I22t characteristic of the machine. Such a characteristic insures that a machine will remain on the system as long as possible without exceeding its short-time capacity. A relay has been developed which has these desirable features. A time-overcurrent relay unit of the familiar induction-disk construction is connected across the output of a negative-phase-sequence segregating network so that the unit will respond only to the negative-phasesequence component of line current. The time characteristic of the unit can be closely matched to the 122t characteristic of the machine. Fig. 1 shows the relay time-current characteristics for several time dial settings, as well as the typical machine characteristic 122t = 30. For a time-dial setting of 7, the relay characteristic coincides with the machine characteristic at I2=1 per unit, and is slightly below and reasonablv parallel to the machine charac-

teristic for higher values. For a tilnedial setting of 81 2 the 122t = 40 characteristic is as closely matched. An alarm unit has been included in the relay to provide -isual or audible warning of negative-phase-sequence current down to 0.25 per unit, a value which should not, however, be construed as a continuous machine rating. The alarm unit permits the manual correction of unbalanced conditions which are not severe enough to operate the main unit but which nevertheless could cause eventual damage to the machine. Furthermore, for faults above the pickup of the main unit, but below 1 per unit, the operator, if alerted, may have time to correct the unbalance before the machine is automatically removed from the system.

The Circuit
An elementarv diagram of the circuit for the new relay is shown in Fig. 2. The negative-phase-sequence segregating network consists of two auxiliarv current transformers, T1 and T., each with a 3winding primnary and a tapped secondary. The secondaries feed a circuit consisting of two resistors and a capacitor, which are selected and adjusted so that with the primary connections shown, the voltage drop between points A and B, and consequently across the operating coils of the induction-disk unit, will be proportional to the negative-phase-sequence compo-

- -1 -

Figure 1 (left). i m e urrentt Time-c characteristics of the negative-

phase-sequence-

w
0

__

overcurrent relay,

type INC

|BREAKEF

f.,.

I-V

1.

..u

'.t

X,% .

_._7

EQUIVALENT NEGATIVE- PHASE-SEQUENCE CURRENT (12) IN PER UNIT.

gram of connections for the negative - phase sequence - over current relay, type INC

Figure 2 (right). Elementary dia-

616

Morris, Goff Relay for Generator Protection

AUGUST 1 953

FAULT

A
I

Vz 1.0

p.u.

faults should respond only to the negative-phase-sequence component of generator current and should have a time-current characteristic which matches the 122t characteristic of the machine. A relay has been developed which closely approaches these desirable features. When properly applied, the relay will sound an alarm for all faults where 12 exceeds 0.25 per unit. When '2 is greater than 1 per unit, the relay will trip the generator breaker before the limit defined by the 122t characteristic is exceeded.

XI
Xn 0.

X z0 1.
L)
, =

V=

p.u.

Appendix I
Ib

ca,
Ia2
C

Ib

Icz

laz
C

W'hen phase-balance relays are used for system backup protection at a generator, their response to a fault at a given location will vary greatly depending upon the generating capacity connected to the system.

Figure 3. Condition where local generator is the only source on the system A. System B. Sequence network C. Phasor diagram
nent of line current. This is proved by the anal-sis in Appendix II. The alarm unit, a sensitive hinged-armature relay. is fed from a full-wave rectifier, which in turn is connected across the lower windings of the induction-disk element. Therefore, the alarm unit is also sensitive to the negative-phase-sequence component. The Thvrite resistor across the rectifier protects against the high crest voltage, which would otherwise occur during a severe fault. The auxiliarv transformer secondaries are connected to a tap block marked in terms of secondary amperes. The taps available are 3.0, 3.7, and 4.5. For a given application, both tap screws will be set in the position most nearly matching the machine full-load current, expressed in secondary line amperes. This marking is logical, since the limitation on generator unbalance has been expressed in terms of stator per unit current. If it is desired to obtain a closer match than is possible with the three tap settings, the relay can be set for any value between taps by means of an adjustable resistor.

First Case
Consider first the system shown in Fig. 3(A), where a generator is feeding a system consisting only of load. Assume a typical positive-phase-sequence impedance to the fault of 1.0 per unit, and a negative-phasesequence impedance of 0.1 per unit. The system can then be represented by the sequence network diagram illustrated in Fig. 3(B). The total impedance will be

Figure 4. Condition where the local generator is a small part of the system generation A. System B. Sequence network C. Phasor diagram
and since there would be no restraint current the relay would operate.

Second Case
Now consider the system shown in Fig. 4(A) where the generator in question represents only a small part of the generation connected to the system. If the positiveand negative-phase-sequence impedances of the system beyond the fault are both assumed to be 0.04 per unit, the sequencenetwork diagram will be as shown in Fig. 4(B). The total positive- and negative-phasesequence impedances will then be

ZT=Xi+X2= 1.0+0.1 = 1.1 per unit and since the positive- and negative-phasesequence impedances are in series V 1 =I9= 0.91 per unit

ZT11

where
I= positive-phase-sequence current 2= negative-phase-sequence current

X,=

If it is assumed that the phase-to-phase fault involves lines b and c, we know that Ia =O; and furthermore, since the fault does not involve ground, that I0-0. Thus it is obvious that

(1 .0)(0.04) 0.0384 per unit 1.0+0.04

=

Xr2-= 0.1+0.04 0.0285 per unit

=

(0.1)(0.04)

Total fault current will be

Ia2=

ITr = IT 2 =

1.0

Therefore, the positive- and negativephase-sequence components in lines b and c will be equal in magnitude but in each case will be 60 degrees apart, as shown in Fig.

0.0384+0.0285

15.1 per unit

3(C).
=

The positive- and negative-phase-sequence contributions from the generator will be

That is

lb lbl + IN9= (-\//3/2 +jO. W)Io + /(2 -3jO.+5)j5)2 (1b+3=

Since
lIb,N Ib2!

it = 15.1

/0.04\

=0.58 per unit

= 4.30

I2= 15.1(14 \0.14/

per unit

Conclusion
The capability of generators on unbalanced faults has been expressed as a function of the equivalent negative-phasesequence current '2 and of the duration of the fault t. Ideally, a relay used solely to protect a generator against unbalanced

It =-/33b, = V\3Ib2 = 0.91 XV'3 = 1.58 per unit Similarly [c = 0.91\/3 = 1.58 per unit A current of this magnitude would be above the pickup of a phase-balance relay,

It is apparent at once that the unfaulted line will now carry a current, since
Ia ?

-la2

However, the positive- and negativephase-sequence components of line a will be 180 degrees apart, and the components of phases b and c will be in the relative positions shown in Fig. 4(C).

AUGUST 1 953

Morris, Goff Relay for Generator Protection

617

2xd 31a

R1=0.5R

-Ib

"

>-IC

Xc = -jO.866R
Therefore

Substitiitilg these values of Ix aild Jy inlto equatioin 5

IL

K
L (2lal+2Ia2-a2lai -aIa2-aIa -a2Ia2)Z

-Ib'
Iy0

Z=0.5R-jO.866R = -aR

3IC

/'
-.Ia

21c

If the auxiliary currenlt tranisforiner turnls ratio is K, the secondary currents Ix and Iy can be expressed as followvs

Z+R+ZL

2(zI, +2a2Ia2-a 2Jal -aIa2 -Ial -Ia2)R J Z+R+ZL

(11)

Ty K (2Ia -Ib -Ic)

=

(1)
(2)

3Ia
VR
31c
B

IY = (2Ic-Ib -Ia) K

IL =X K

For the balaniced 3-phase collditioni, where Ia+Ib+Ic=0, it can be shown in phasor form, see Fig. 5(A), that
Iy
-

FIa,(2Z-a2Z-aZ+2aR-a2R-R) +
L

Z+R+ZL

112(2Z-aZ-a2Z+2a2R -aR -R)

Z+R+ZL
But
j

31a

(3)
(4)

(12)
Z= -(R

Figure 5. Phasor relation of currents and voltages in the type INC negative-phasesequence relay, with a balanced load A. Current phasor diagram the phase sequence is a-b-c B. Voltage phasor diagram
Consequently

Iyr 3Ic

,a = Ial + Ia2
Ib = Ib, + Ib2
IC =ICI+IC2

Since Ial and Ia2, representilng current iii the unfaulted line, are 180 degrees apart, the absolute magnitude of Ia can be expressed as the difference of the components
Ia = 4.30-0 .58 = 3.72 per unit Likewise, using Ial as a reference

Ib = 4.3/ -60 degrees+0.58/ -120 degrees

= 4.601 per unit

and

Assume for the imoment that the circuit through ZL is open. The currenlt Ix flowing through the capacitive branch Z will result in a voltage drop which lags the current by 60 degrees, and current Iy flowing in the resistive branch R will result in an in-phase drop. This is represented in Fig. 5(B) by the voltage phasors Vz and VR, which are equal and 180 degrees apart, and hence add to zero. It is apparent then that with a balanced load there will be zero voltage between points A and B of the network and consequently, if a relay is connected between these points, no current will flow in its operating coil. Any unbalance in the load will upset this phasor relationship and cause current to flow in the relay coil. The more rigorous proof outlined in the following shows that this current in the relay will be proportionial to the negative-phase-sequence component of the line current. By the superposition theorem, the currenits IT and ly will divide between the nietwork impedanice and the relay ZL, so that the relay current can be expressed as follows

Therefore

IL =KX K

FIa,(-2aR+R+a2R+2aR-a2R-R)
lao(-2aR+a2R+R+2a2R-aR- -R)] -aR +R +ZL (13)
-aR+R+ZL

Sinlce the coefficienit of Ial=O 0

1 -3aR)1 iIao,(3aR

KL ZL+R(1-a) j IF 3R(a 2-a) kIa, j a-= k X [Zl.+ R( -n -a))]Ia, KLZL+R(1

Thus the current wNrhich flows in the relayoperating coil ZL will be proportiotnal to the negative-phase-sequence current only.

References
1. SHOR r-CIRCUIT CAPABILITIES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES FOR tTNBALANCED FAULTS, P. L. Alger, R. F. Franklin, C. E. Kilbourne, J. B. McClure.
pages

lines to the current in the unfaulted line is

Ic = 14.601 per unit The ratio of current in each of the faulted

Z+R+ZL. Z+R+ZL
Resolvinig the curreints a Ibb aIl(li I, inlto their symmetrical componients

ZIY

RIY

.4IEE Tran saclionts, vol. 72, part III, Junie 1953, 394-404.
ING

4.60/3.72 = 1.24
Hence, a phase-balanice relay with 125per-cent slope characteristic would not operate.

2.

Appendix 11
It can be readily shown, both by phasor analysis, and by means of the theory of symmetrical components, that the arrangement shown in Fig. 2 results in a relay sensitive only to the negative-phase-sequence component of line current. Consider first the relative magnitudes of the network constants. The primaries of the auxiliary current transformers each consist of three windings, one of which has twice the turns of the other two. The network impedances have the following relationship

Ia =Ia1+Ia2+Iao Ib = a 2Ia + aIa, + laO I, =-aIa +aIa2a+IaO

Substituting into equatioins 1 'and 2

(6)

(7) (8)
-

TYIN==K [2Ia, + 2Ia2 + 2Iao aIa, -Iaa -

E. I. King. AIEE 7-rantsactions, vol. 72, part III, Febriuary 1933, pp. 40-45. 3. EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE CUlRRENTS ON TURBINE GENERATOR ROTORS, E. I. Pollard. AIEE Tranisactionis, -ol. 72, part III, Jtune 1953, pages 404-06. 4. ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINERY. Publicalionz No. C50-1943, American Standar(is Association (New York, N. Y.). 1943.

TURBINF GENFRATOR ROTOR HEATING DURSINGLE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUITS, M. D. Ross,

1J Iao0ala,Ial.Iao

(9)

IY= K[2a1a0-+-2o21a +2 2O-a21a1 -alao-

Discussion
H. C. Barnes (American Gas and Electric Service Corporation, New York, N. Y.): If it is proved that a negative-sequence relay is needed, it appears that the one which the authors describe approaches the probleln in the proper manner since its
3 ALTG UST 1 953

IaI-Ia,-Ia2-Iao]

(10)

It is appareint from these expressions that the Iao terms cancel, and that consequently the relay will be insensitive to the zero-phase-sequence component of a fault current.

618

Morris, Goff Relay for Generator ProtectionT

characteristics are designed to correlate with the heating of the generator under the various combinations of current and time. The elements used are service-proved and their characteristics established. Also the method of adjusting, in that the current tap is associated directly to the secondary current of the generator current transformers at full load, should afford simplicity in calculations for settings. One of the points which was not quite clear was the minimum pickup of the tripping element. The curve does not seem to appear asymptotic, and it would be well to know the exact minimum point. Since the operating torque for the relay is provided from a negative-sequence filter, which has limited output, the reset torque must also be limited. We are therefore wondering what the reset time is and if we are going to be subject to false tripping due to ratcheting of the relay on line reclosures. The value of the alarm unit is not readily discernible, and the action which operating personnel would take under such a condition that would cause the alarm to sound is not apparent. Provision of the alarm unit calls for another annunciator drop with its asociated control cable and installation costs. Before adding another annunciator drop, consideration should be given to the fact that there has been a tendency to add an annunciator for about everything anyone happened to think of, since the cost per drop appears rather reasonable. However, as a result of this the number of annunciator drops for a 200-megawatt unit is nowv several hundred. The total cost of these amounts to a considerable sum of money. Therefore, one should be sure that any annunciator is really needed before adding it. Also with this relay the tendency is to say it does not cost very much to put it iu. It should be remembered that the first cost is not the only thing to be considered. Every device added increases the maintenance burden. With the expansion that is going on, maintenance usually lags since it is not always possible to get trained maintenance personnel in direct proportion to the amount of equipment being maintained. Therefore, maintenance of all equipment suffers and for each device added such as this relay there is a further decrease in maintenance of all equipment. This should, of course, not preclude the installation of the device if proved necessary, but it should be remembered that relays are of little value, and also that they may trip falsely unless properly maintained. Since the source of the trouble originates out on the system and not in the generator, it would appear that the first step should be to make sure that the system relaying is such, and that it is so maintained, that this type of fault is cleared before the generator can get into difficulty. We have had two cases which could have resulted in damage from negative-sequeince currents. One was a circuit breaker at a generating station failing to trip for a fault at the remote end of a 132-kv 60-mile transmission line because of having lost its d-c supply. The fault was on for 8 minutes until the operator tripped the circuit breaker by mechanical means. The other case was caused by a crane boom getting into the 132-kv bus of a 200,000-kw unit during a period when the bus differentials were out of service for test purposes. This fault w-as

Fig 1. 11 5-kv system

LOCKPORT

SYSTEM

10 121 21 Mi.)

C.R.H. N
2-100 MVA 100 MVA N

.71 (23
23 KV

9*

* NUMBER OF TIMES RESPEECTIVE LINE TRIPPED

GARDEN VILLE

of a varying nature owing to its changiiig from phase-to-ground to phase-to-phase. It was cleared from the generator by the operator pushing the emergency trip button. The exact duration of the fault on the generator is not exactly known, although it is estimated to have been at least 30 seconds. In neither of these cases was any burning of the iron found on later routine maintenance inspections. It would be interesting to have a tabulalation of all of the troubles known to have caused damage to generators and also of all those which did not cause trouble. If there is such a listing available we would appreciate knowing where it can be found.

11l
NO.142 NO.141

13*
NO. 152 NO.151

SYSTEM WITH SMALL GENERATION

bedded resistor element on a critical location at the rotor, give better results? I am aware of the problem of lead-in wire, but that should not be too difficult a thing to

George Steeb (Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y.): I should like to ask the following questions: Will this negative-phase-sequence relay require another set of current transformers, or is the burden low enough that these relays could be combined on the same current transformers that are provided for 3-phase fault backup protection? In Fig. 2 of the paper, the current transformers are shown between the breaker and the generator; would it not be better practice to locate them at the wye point of the generator for the purpose of reduced voltage stress and mechanical simplicity? As to Fig. 1 of the paper, what are the resetting times of the relay in relation to the various time dial settings? How long will it take to operate the alarmn device whenever 12 exceeds 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 per unit? This relay will undoubtedly be useful in some installations. However, the question arises: have other avenues and methods been sufficiently explored to produce similar or better results? For instance, why would not a more direct approach, with an im-

overcome. Or, since an unbalanced fault will cause an unbalanced magnetic flux, which in turn will result in violent vibration on the generator frame and foundation, could not a simple vibration device be utilized? On the Niagara Mohawk Power System, each of the 100-megavolt-ampere turbogenerator sets is equipped with a vibration amplitude recorder. During a 45-minute period of extended sleet conditions, on December 26, 1945, there were 17 115-kv phase-to-phase faults between 10: 12:52 a.m. and 10: 57:24 a.m., all caused by jumping conductors. Fig. 1 of the discussion shows in simplified form this 115-kv system. It indicates line numbers and lengths and number of trip-outs. Table I of the discussion shows the respective time intervals in which the corre-

Table I. Disturbances W-W Faults on December 26, 1945

Time, A.M.
Line Relay

10:12:52 ...152. .............. DD 10:15:39 ...123............... DD, 10:20:16 ...71............... DD 10:20:31 ...71............... DD 10:23:15 ... 71. .DD 10:23:36 ...71.............. DD 10:49:16 .............. 72 . . DD3 10:49:36 .............. 72 ..... DD 10:50:50 ..... 72+123 ..... DDs 71 ..... 10:51:28 ..... DD 10:52:44 ..... 71 ..... DD 10:54:16 ..... 152 ..... DD 10:55:30 ..... 123 ..... DD2 71 ..... 10:50:40 ..... DD 10:56:54 ..... 152 ..... DD 10:57:01 ..... 71 ..... DD 10:57:24 ..... 71 ..... DD 11:03:42 ..... 72 ..... DD2 From 10:12:52 a.m. to 10:57:24 a.m., that is, in 44 minutes, 32 seconds, there were 17 disturbances

AUG-UST I 953

9Iforris,

Goff-Relay for Generator Protection

6)19

sponding lines tripped off. Some of the disturbances were in rather quick succession; that is why fast resetting time on relays is important. During this period an interesting record, as shown in Fig. 2, of the discussion, was obtained on the vibration amplitude recorder of generator number 63. Progressively, vibrations increased from an average normal of 0.5-mil amplitude to 2.4 mils. The fault-clearing times varied from 8 cycles to 24 cycles. All faults had parallel paths with the result that generator number 63 contributed not quite a quarter (2 per unit) of the total negative-phase-sequence current. Also at 3:19:54 p.m. another record, Fig. 3 of the discussion, was obtained on a similar disturbance: the fault was near Lockport on line number 61. Line number 72 was out of service; the clearing time of the circuit breaker near the generator was 26 cycles. As a result of I2 vibrations of 1.5 mils were recorded. How much greater these vibrations would be in case of a prolonged electrical disturbance is not known. However, the vibration amplitude recorder will not only show mechanical unbalance but it will also respond to unbalanced current conditions. Therefore, it could serve a dual purpose. In conclusion, the negative-phase-sequence relay, in relation to the frequent disturbances as shown in Table I of the discussion, would reset after each disturbance. The temperature on the rotor slots would, however, progressively increase without the relay ever responding to it.

Fig. 2 (above). Record of generator

no. 63

Fig. 3 (right). Record of line no. 72

i<@
has been presented to the industry as to the capability of generators to withstand unbalanced currents. This information is very well condensed in the beginning of the paper. The section entitled "Present Relaying" outlines, in general, present relaying practice and indicates the need of a negativesequence relay with which this writer is in agreement. Negative-sequence relays are now on order for some of the large generators being shipped to this area of north Texas. It seems well that the relay has been designed to match the I22t=30 or I22t=40 characteristics for machines falling in those two classifications. This discusser is also thoroughly in agreement with the provision of an alarm unit to provide visual or audible warning of negative-sequence current down to 0.25 per unit. As indicated in the paper, 0.25 per unit should not be construed as a continuous machine rating for negative-sequence current. It may seem unfortunate that a relay has not or perhaps cannot at the present time be built to protect against both short-circuit conditions and unbalanced currents down to, say, 0.10 per unit. This leaves the responsibility, as in the past, to the operator with very little definite information to guide him. It is to be hoped that further information as to generator unbalance capability may be available in the near future. Such information should be useful to the operator and also to the relay design engineer.

Eric T. B. Gross (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill.): It appears that this new relay has very desirable features since it evaluates the heating of the rotor caused by negative-sequence stator currents. For line-to-line short circuits at generator voltage, operating times of as little as 1.5 to 2 seconds may result if fo,I22dt equals 30.1 Such relay time may well be near the range of other backup protection, especially when

long radial feeders with through substations are present. An inverse time relay, such as described in this paper, will provide an excellent backup protection and will prevent damage to the generator. For generators in unit connection, however, phase-to-phase short circuits at generator voltage will be in the protective zone of differential relays, which operate very fast. Therefore, this new relay will be in use only for faults outside the zone of differential protection, that is, for faults on the high-voltage side of the transformer. As pointed out in a companion paper,' the minimum time for faults at such locations to produce excessive heating is about 5 seconds. Depending upon the magnitude and the decay of the negative-sequence stator current, actual relay times should then be 5 seconds and more. It seems that not much is gained by increasing the time above 5 seconds, since the unit must be disconnected anyway, under conditions of persisting short circuits requiring backup relaying. Therefore, it may be concluded that any generator relay which can detect the existance of an unbalanced fault on the high-voltage side should provide satisfactory protection if it is equipped with a time element set for a definite time of about 5 seconds. REFERENCE
T. B. Gross, Lester B. LeVesconte. AIEE Transactions, vol. 72, pt. III, June 1953, pp. 585-92.
1. BACKUP PROTECTION
FOR

GENERATORS, Eric

R. A. Larner (Texas Electric Service Company, Fort Worth, Tex.): During the past year, a considerable volume of information

W. C. Morris and L. E. Goff: We wish to thank the discussers for contributing to the

620

Morris, Goff-Relay for Generator Protection

AUGUST 1953

value of the paper by their interesting questions and comments on this new negative-phase-sequence overcurrent relay. Mr. Barnes and Mr. Steeb have raised several questions concerning the characteristics and performance of this new relay which unquestionably have occurred to others. The pickup of the induction-disk unit in terms of negative-phase-sequence current is approximately 0.65 per unit, referred to the tap setting as a base. The maximum burden imposed on any one current transformer is 7.6 volt-amperes with a balanced 3-phase secondary load of 5 amperes. Therefore in most cases it should be possible to operate this relay from current transformers provided for other protective relaying. The fact that the neutral point for the network is made external to the relay facilitates general application with other relays. Although the connection diagram, Fig. 2 of the paper, shows the current transformers on the line side of the protected machine, the authors agree that they could be located on the neutral side, as Mr. Steeb has suggested. If the extremely inverse time characteristic required to match the 122t characteristics of generators is to be realized, it is necessary that a strong drag magnet be used. A long reset time is a natural consequence of this, and is not the result of a limited output from the negative-phasesequence network. For the relay in question the reset time is approximately 50

seconds for the time dial setting required to match the 122t = 30 characteristic. Mr. Barnes has suggested that as a result of this characteristic the relay may tend to ratchet or inch closed if several unbalanced faults occur in rapid succession. It must be remembered, however, that the temperature of the vulnerable rotor parts will also progressively increase as the result of the successive faults. Consequently, the long reset time from this viewpoint is desirable. A difference of opinion on the need for an alarm unit was anticipated. Hence, the relay is available either with or without this unit. Whether the contribution of the alarm justifies the expense of an additional annunciator drop, with associated control cable, installation, and maintenance costs, will have to be evaluated for each installation. The unit which is furnished for the alarm function is a sensitive hinged-armature relay which will respond to negativephase-sequence current as low as 0.2 per unit, referred to the tap setting, and will close the alarm circuit in 1 to 2 cycles when the negative-phase-sequence current exceeds 0.25 per unit. Mr. Steeb has asked whether other methods have been considered for protecting synchronous machines against unbalanced faults, and has suggested two interesting schemes. We feel, however, that neither an imbedded temperature detector nor a vibration indicating device would offer a practical solution for general

application. As Mr. Steeb notes, the imbedded resistor would require an additional set of slip rings for the lead in wires, which would certainly prove expensive and would restrict application of the scheme to new machines, a serious limitation. Figs. 2 and 3 of the discussion indicate that the vibration in the generator frame bears some relationship to the magnitude of unbalanced fault. However, we feel that so many known and unknown factors contribute to this relationship that each application would require extensive study and investigation. From the standpoint of ease of application, testing, and maintenance, and the degree of protection provided, we believe that a negative-phase- sequence overcurrent relay provides the most practical means of protecting a generator against unbalanced faults. We agree with Mr. Barnes that if possible the primary and backup relaying should be such that all unbalanced faults are removed before the machine is damaged. However, as Mr. Gross points out, phase-to-phase faults at generator voltage may require clearing in as little as 1.5 to 2 seconds if we are to stay within the limits defined by the new standard. It is frequently difficult to accomplish this and still maintain the desired co-ordination between primary and backup relaying. The negative-phasesequence overcurrent relay with inverse time characteristics will prove valuable in such instances.

Symposium

on

Design

of Double-Cage

Induction Motors

The first six papers of this symposium were presented at the AIEE Middle Eastern District Mleeting, Toledo, Ohio, October 28-30, 1952. They were deferred from Volume 71 of the 1952 AIEE Transactions by request of the Committee on Rotating Machinery so that they could be

published together with the seventh paper by John J. Courtin, which summarizes and compares the different test results reported in each of the papers, and which was presented at the AIEE North Eastern District 'Meeting, Boston, Mass., April 29-May 1, 1953.
method2 with
an infinite number of circuit elements. However, manipulations with complex quantities are eliminated entirely.

Grapkical Method

for

Determining the

Impedance of

Multiple-Cage Conductors
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE

Nomenclature
e= instantaneous value of the applied voltage across the conductor e = instantaneous value of the voltage across the conductor at y with voltage drop due to leakage flux deducted E5, E=effective values of el and e respec-

S. S. L. CHANG

IN AN earlier paper' a method was given for the direct determination of approximate slot dimensions of a doublecage rotor from desired performance characteristics. This paper is aimed at the inverse problem of calculating the impedance of a multiple-cage conductor from known dimensions and resistivity. From the current and magnetic flux relations, a differential equation, together with its boundary condition, is derived

for the admittance of the conductor at its various depths in a slot of arbitrary shape. For the most useful case of a slot consisting of a few sections with parallel sides, an exact solution of the differential equation can be obtained with the graphical method. The actual calculations are reduced to addition and interpolation. Compared with other published methods,2'3 the graphical method gives the same results as the equivalent circuit

tively

Paper 52-315, recommended by the AIEE Rotating Machinery Committee and approved by the AIEE Committee on Technical Operations for presentation at the AIEE Middle Eastern District Meeting, Toledo, Ohio, October 28-30, 1952. Manuscript submitted October 26, 1951; made available for printing September 5. 1952. S. S. L. CHANG is assistant professor of electrical

engineering at New York University, New York, N. Y., and consulting engineer with Robbins and Myers, Inc., Springfield, Ohio.

AUGUST 1 953

Chang-lIethod for Determining Impedance of Multiple-Cage Conductors

621