UNIT 11 ENTROPY - PART 2

Unit Structure
11.0 Overview
11.1. Learning Objective
11.2. Pr!"ert# $iagra% Inv!&ving Entr!"#
11.2.1. T'e Te%"erature Entr!"# (T-) $iagra%
11.2.2. T'e *!&&ier $iagra% ('-)
11.+. A""&icati!n !, Entr!"# t! SSS- $evice
11.+.1. Reverib&e Stea.# -&!w /!r0
11.+.2. A.iabatic E,,iciencie !, Stea.# -&!w $evice
11.1. Tut!ria& S'eet
11.2. Su%%ar#
11.3. Anwer t! Activitie an. Tut!ria& S'eet
11.0 O4ER4IE/
Unit 10 dealt with the definition of entropy and its determination for ideal gases and
pure substances. The second-law analysis by property diagrams serve as great visual
aids to plot the processes on diagrams for which one of the co-ordinates is entropy.
This unit will introduce two property diagrams used in second law analysis called the
temperature-entropy (T-s) and the enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagrams also known as the
ollier diagram.
!t will be followed by the application of entropy in commonly encountered engineering
processes. The reversible steady flow work and the isentropic efficiencies of various
engineering devices such as turbines and compressors will be discussed.
Unit 11
1
11.1 LEARNIN5 O67E8TI4ES
"y the end of this unit you will be able to do the following#
1. $alculate reversible steady flow work for a number of processes in steady state
steady flow (%%%&) devices
'. (efine the representation of processes on T-s diagrams and ollier charts.
). (etermine isentropic efficiencies of turbines and compressors.
11.2 PROPERTY $IA5RA*S IN4OL4IN5 ENTROPY
!t is very helpful to plot the processes on diagrams for which one of the co-ordinates is
entropy. The two diagrams used most e*tensively in the second-law analysis are the
temperature + entropy (T-s) and the enthalpy-entropy diagrams (h-s).

11.2.1 T'e Te%"erature Entr!"# (T-) $iagra%
&rom the definition of entropy, q
int,rev
= Tds
Therefore, the total heat transfer during an internally reversible process can be obtained
by#
T

'
1
int
Tds q
rev 1 '
s
-igure 12.+9 T'e T- $iagra%
which corresponds to the area under the process curve. To perform the above integral,
the relationship between T and ds has to be known.
Unit 11
'
&or e*ample
(a) for an internally reversible isothermal process#
-
int, rev
( )
1 '
'
1
S S T dS T

(b) for an isentropic process, d% . entropy change . 0
-igure 12.19
Re"reentati!n !, reverib&e
I!t'er%a&
"r!ce !n T- .iagra%
N!te9 /n isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic
process. &or irreversible adiabatic processes,
% 0 0 (represented by dotted line)

-igure 12.29 Re"reentati!n !,
actua& an. ientr!"ic
"r!ce !n T- .iagra%
1eneralities about the T-s diagram for li2uid and vapour regions of a pure
substance#
Unit 11
)
T
s
1 '
's 'a
1
3.0.' 3.0.4
h. cst
h . cst
p . cst
v . cst
SUPER:EATE$ RE5ION
s
T
(a) 5ines of constant 6nthalpy#
(b) 5ines of constant 2uality#
(c) constant specific volume lines#
(d) constant specific pressure lines
7bservations
(a) /t any point in a single phase region, the constant volume lines are steeper
than the constant pressure lines.
(b) !n the saturated vapour li2uid region, the constant pressure lines are parallel
to constant temperature lines.
(c) !n the compressed li2uid region, the constant pressure lines almost coincide
with the saturated li2uid line.
11.2.2 T'e *!&&ier $iagra%
The co-ordinates of the ollier diagram represent two properties of ma8or interest#
enthalpy and entropy (which is the property that accounts for irreversibilities during
adiabatic processes).
-igure 11.;9 *!&&ier ('-) $iagra%
1 5ines of constant 2uality ( x . 0.40 )
Unit 11
9
x . 0.4
T . :0
0
$
T . ''0
0
$
s
h
; . 400 k;a
; . 1<0 k;a
x . 1.00
' 5ines of constant pressure (p cst)
) 5ines of constant volume (v cst)
7bservations#
(a) The vertical distance between state 1 and state ' (h) is a measure of the
work done.
(b) The hori=ontal distance between state 1 and state ) (s) is a measure of the
irreversibilities associated with the process.
Activit# 1
>epresent the $arnot $ycle with Temperature T
?
and T
5
on a T-s diagram
11.+ APPLI8ATION O- ENTROPY TO SSS- $E4I8ES
11.+.1 Reverib&e Stea.# -&!w /!r0
7ne way of calculating the work associated with steady flow devices in terms of
properties of fluids, is shown below#
Unit 11
<

'
'
1
2
+
&rom the 1
st
law of thermodynamics applied to OPEN PRO8ESSES (e2uation @.A)
dPe dke dh w q
rev rev
+ +
E<uati!n 11.1
where q
rev
. heat transferred during a reversible process
w
rev
. reversible work done
h . enthalpy
Ke = kinetic energy
Pe . potential energy
Be know that from the definition of entropy for internally reversible processes,
Tds q
rev

E<uati!n 11.2
and furthermore from e2uation 10.9,
6ntropy relation, Tds = dh-vdP
&rom (11.1), (11.') and (10.9) and assuming changes in Ce and ;e to be negligible
vdP Tds Tds
rev
+

vdP
rev

E<uati!n 11.+
This e*pression of the reversible work done can be used for steady state steady flow
devices for different processes as follows#
a) &or incompressible fluids
5et us evaluate the reversible work done per unit mass for an incompressible fluid that
is when the specific volume, v . constant
Unit 11
A
( )
' 1
P P v w
rev

(kDEkg) E<uati!n 11.1
This e2uation is applicable for pumps handling li2uids
b) !sobaric processes
&or processes at constant pressure, the reversible work done per unit mass will be =ero
since the change in pressure is =ero.
0
rev
w
c) !sentropic processes
&or isentropic processes, where ;v

. C and for mi*tures obeying the ideal gas law
behaviour, the reversible work done per unit mass will be given as
w
rev
=
( )

1
1 '
T T R
(kDEkg) . ratio of %pecific heat capacities

M
R
R
u
and #molecular weight
d) ;olytropic processes
&or polytropic processes, where ;v
n
. C (n . polytropic inde*) and for mi*tures
obeying the ideal gas behaviour, the reversible work done will be given as
w
rev
.
( )
n
T T nR

1
1 '
(kDEkg)
M
R
R
u
and #molecular weight
e) !sothermal processes
&or isothermal processes where ;v . C and for mi*tures obeying the ideal gas
behaviour, the reversible work done per unit mass will be given as
w
rev
= R T 1n
'
1
P
P
(kDEkg)
M
R
R
u
and #molecular weight
Unit 11
@
Activit# 2
(etermine the work re2uired to compress steam isentropically from 100 C;a to 1 ;a,
assuming that the steam e*ists as
(a) %aturated li2uid
(b) %aturated vapour at the initial state.
Feglect changes in ;otential and Cinetic energies.
11.2.2 A.iabatic E,,iciencie !, Stea.# -&!w $evice
Be have seen previously that irreversibilities accompany all actual processes and their
effect is to downgrade the performance of devices. !n unit 4, we were able to assess the
performance of various cyclic devices, for e*ample refrigerators, heat pumps, heat
engines when we compared the actual cycles to the idealised ones for e*ample the
$arnot cycle. Be will now use the same approach to analyse the performance of %%%&
devices.
Be have therefore to define an ideal process, which will serve as model to actual
processes to be able to determine their behaviour.
ost steady state steady flow devices (%%%&) are intended to operate under adiabatic
conditions, and for the ideal case, there should not be irreversibilities.
?ence, the ideal process used for modelling %%%& devices is the reversible adiabatic or
isentropic process.
The more closely the actual process appro*imates the idealised isentropic process, the
better the device will perform.
Unit 11
:
A.iabatic E,,icienc#
/diabatic or !sentropic 6fficiency is a measure of the deviation of actual processes
from corresponding ideal ones. The efficiencies are defined differently for different
devices since each device is set up to perform different tasks. Be shall define the
adiabatic efficiencies of turbines and compressors by comparing the actual performance
of these devices to their performance under isentropic conditions for the same inlet and
e*it pressure.
A.iabatic E,,icienc# !, Turbine
Gou will recall that a turbine is a device in which work is developed as a result of a gas
or li2uid passing through a set of blades attached to a shaft free to rotate.
The desired output of a turbine is the work produced. &or a turbine under steady
operation, the inlet state of the working fluid and the e*haust pressure are fi*ed.
Therefore, the ideal process for an adiabatic turbine is an isentropic process between
the inlet state and the e*haust pressure.





-igure 11.19 T'e ' = .iagra% ,!r t'e actua& an. ientr!"ic "r!cee !,
an a.iabatic turbine.
Unit 11
4
1
2a
P
2
P
1
2
S
'
'
1
'
2a
'
2
w
Ientr!"ic Pr!ce
Actua& Pr!ce
The adiabatic efficiency, n
T
, of a turbine is defined as the ratio of the actual work output
of the turbine to the work output that would be achieved if the process between the inlet
state and the e*it pressure were isentropic.
s
a
T
h h
h h
s W
Wa
n
' 1
' 1
work turbine isentropic
work turbine actual

where, h
'a
and h
's
are the enthalpy values at the e*it state for actual and isentropic
processes respectively and h
1
is the enthalpy value at the beginning of the process.
Activit# +
%team enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at ) ;a and 900
0
$, and leaves at <0 C;a
and 100
0
$. !f the power output of the turbine is ' B and the Cinetic energy changes
are negligible, determine the adiabatic efficiency of the turbine and the mass flow rate
of steam flowing through the turbine.
Activit# 1
Use T-s diagram to find adiabatic efficiency of the turbine and the mass flow rate of
steam flowing through the turbine for /ctivity 9.
A.iabatic E,,icienc# !, 8!%"re!r9
The adiabatic efficiency of a compressor, n
c
is defined as the ratio of the work input
re2uired to raise the pressure of a gas to a specified value in an isentropic manner to the
actual work input#
1 '
1 '
work compressor actual
work compressor isentropic
h h
h h
W
W
n
a
s
a
s
c

Unit 11
10
where h
'a
enthalpy value at the e*it state for actual process, h
's
enthalpy value
at the e*it state for isentropic process and h
1
enthalpy value at beginning of
process
h ;
'
's 'a
/ctual ;rocess
!sentropic
;rocess ;1
1
s
1
. s
's
-ig11.2 9 T'e ' = .iagra% ,!r an a.iabatic c!%"re!r.

A.iabatic E,,icienc# !, Pu%"
The adiabatic efficiency of a pump, n
p
is defined in a similar way as for the compressor
and is e2ual to
( )
1 '
1 '
h h
P P v
W
W
n
a a
s
p

where h
'a
enthalpy value at the e*it state for actual process and h
1
enthalpy
value at beginning of process
Activit# 2
/ir is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 C;a and 1'
0
$ to a pressure of
:00 C;a at a steady rate of 0.' kgEs. !f the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor is
:0H, determine
(a) 6*it temperature of /ir
(b) >e2uired power input to compressor
Unit 11
11
h1
h's
h'a
(ata#
air
. 1.9, c
p air
. 1.00< CDEkg.k
11.1 TUTORIAL S:EET
1 /ir is compressed steadily by a reversible compressor from an inlet state of
100 C;a and )00 C to an e*it pressure of 400 C;a. (etermine the compressor
work per unit mass for
(a) isentropic compression with . 1.9
(b) polytropic compression with n . 1.)
(c) isothermal compression
' (etermine the work re2uired to compress steam isentropically from 1 bar to
10 bars, assuming that the steam e*ists as
(a) %aturated li2uid at the initial state
(b) %aturated vapour at the initial state, using (i) property table (ii)
ollier diagram
11.2 SU**ARY
!n this unit, you have seen the application of entropy relations to steady state steady
flow devices and the use of diagrams involving entropy such as the T-s diagram and the
ollier chart ( h-s).
!t has been seen that the steady flow work for reversible process per unit mass can be
e*pressed in terms of the fluid properties as follows#

'
1
pe ke vdP w
rev
Unit 11
1'
/lso, most steady flow devices operate under adiabatic conditions, and the ideal
process for these devices is the isentropic process. The parameter that describes how
efficiently a device appro*imates a corresponding isentropic device is called isentropic
or adiabatic efficiency. !t is defined for turbines and compressors as follows#

turbine
n
s
a
W
W

work turbine isentropic

work turbine actual
a
s
W
W
n
work compressor actual
work compresor isentropic

compressor
Unit 11
1)
11.3 ANS/ER TO A8TI4ITIES AN$ TUTORIAL S:EET
Activit# 1
(a) >epresentation of $arnot $ycle on T-s diagram.
The $arnot $ycle is comprised of the following processes
1. 6vaporation in boiler at constant temperature T
?
'. >eversible adiabatic e*pansion in turbine.
). $ondensation in condenser at constant temperature T
5
9. >eversible adiabatic compressions in pump.
Activit# 2
(a) (evice is a pump compressing a li2uid.
%aturated li2uid#

1
. f I 100 C;a . 0.00109) m
)
Ekg
%ince it is an incompressible fluid, remains constant in the process.
Unit 11
19
1 '
)
9
( )
{ }
kg k KPa
k
!
P P v dP v w
rev
E 49 . 0
1000 100 00109) . 0

)
'
1
' 1 1

(b) %team is a saturated vapour initially and remains a vapour during the entire
compression process.
!n this case, the specific volume of the gas changes considerably.
&rom entropy relation# Tds . dh + vd;
and ds . 0 vd; . J dh


' 1
h h dh dp w
rev

6nthalpy at point 1 # ;
1
.100 C;a
tables steam from
kDEkg.C )<49 . @ s
kDEkg < . 'A@<
1
1

h
!sentropic ;rocess, s
1
. s
'

;oint '#
tables steam from kDEkg 9< . )14<
s
a 1
'
1 '
'

h
s
MP P

w
rev
. ('A@<.<-)14<.9<) kDEkg . -<14.4< kDEkg
Activit# +

Unit 11
1<
1
200Pa
%tate 1 #

" "
MPa P
0 0
100 T 900 T
C;a <0 ; # ' %tate )




6nthalpy at state 1, superheated steam#
h
1
. )')0.4 kDEkg
and s
1
. A.4'1' kDEkg.C
!sentropic process, therefore s
'
. s
1
and ; . <0 C;a . 0.0< ;a.
!t is in the saturated li2uid-vapour region and
<0'4 . A
0410 . 1 4'1' . A
x
x . 0.:4@
/t ; . <0 C;a
T . 100
0
$
hf . )90.94 kDEkg
hg . 'A9<.4 kDEkg
h . hf J xhfg . )90.94 J 0.:4@ (')0<.91)
h
'%
. '90: kDEkg
vap#ur d Superheate " 1$$ T
KPa P ta%&es Stea! 'r#!
$

<0
and h
'a
. 'A:'.< kDEkg
/diabatic efficiency
A@ . 0
1) . '90: 4 . )')0
< . 'A:' 4 . )')0
' 1
' 1

S
a
h h
h h
ass flow rate
( )
s Kg
h h
W
a
E A . )
< . 'A:' 4 . )')0
10 '
)
' 1

Unit 11
1A
2
2a
Activit# 1

900
' B
$ 100 T
C;a <0 ; # ' state
;a ) 1
0
s
0
" T
MW
P State

&rom T-% diagram, h

1
= )'<0 CDEkg
h
's
. '900 kDEkg
and h
'a
. '@00 kDEkg
( )
s kg
h h
W
!
h h
h h
n
a
s
a
th
E A) . )
'@00 )'<0
10 '
A< . 0
'900 )'<0
'@00 )'<0

A
' 1
' 1
' 1

Activit# 2
%tate 1# T . 1'
0
$ %tate ' # ; . :00 C;a
; . 100 C;a
ass flow rate,
s Kg ! E ' . 0

/diabatic efficiency . :0H

1
st
law of thermodynamics # --B
%
. ? J C6 J ;6
adiabatic process - . 0
( ) ( ) ( )
T 1($$) $(* -
T T c ! T "p h h ! W
p s



1 ' ' 1
/diabatic ;rocess ;K

. k
Unit 11
1@
1
's
'a
T.100
0
$
;.<0 C;a
K T
T
a
T
T
P
P
T P T P
K T + P + P
<1A
':< :00
100
) (
; or
'
9 . 1
'
9 . 0
1
'
1
'
1
'
1
' 1
1
1
- 1
' ' 1 1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

(b) !sentropic work, Bs. -9A.9) kB
/diabatic efficiency,
a
s
c
W
W
n
work compressor actual
work compressor isentropic
/ctual $ompressor work, Ba . -<:.09 kB.
Tut!ria& S'eet
1. (a) +'A).' kDEkg
(b) + '9A.9 kDEkg
(c) +1:4.' kDEkg
'. (a) +0.49 kDEkg
(b) (i) +<14.4< kDEkg
(ii) +<@0 kDEkg
Unit 11
1: